Chapter 4-Bar Development

Lecture Goals
Bar Development
Hook development
Bar Cut-off Points
Splice
Tension Splice
Compression Splice 1
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
A. Concept of Bond Stress and Rebar Anchorage
Internal Forces in a beam
Forces developed in the
beam by loading.
Forces in Rebar
Bond stresses provide mechanism of force transfer between
concrete and reinf.

2
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements

Equilibrium
Condition for Rebar
F  0
 T  Bond Force  0
 d b2
 f y   d b lb   0
4
f y db
 ld 
4
Note: Bond stress is
zero at cracks

3
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Sources of Bond Transfer
(1) Adhesion between concrete & reinforcement.
(2) Friction
(3) Mechanical Interlock.
The edge stress concentration causes cracking to
occur.

Note: These properties are quickly lost for tension.

4
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements

5
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Splitting cracks result in loss of bond transfer.
Reinforcement can be used to restrain these cracks.
Splitting Load is Affected by:

1. Minimum edge distance and spacing of bars ( smaller

distance = smaller load )
2. Tensile strength of concrete.
3. Average bond stress along bar

6
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Typical Splitting Failure Surfaces.

7
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
General splitting of
concrete along the bars,
either in vertical planes
as in figure (a) or in
horizontal plane as in
figure (b). Such splitting
comes largely from
wedging action when the
ribs of the deformed bar
bear against the concrete.
The horizontal type of splitting frequently begins at a diagonal
crack. The dowel action increases the tendency toward splitting.
This indicates that shear and bond failure are often intricately
interrelated. 8
Reinforcement Development Lengths

B. ACI Code expression for development length for bars in

tension/in compression.
Development Length, ld

It is the length of the steel bars that should be embedded

inside the concrete and which is able to resist the
developed tensile force in the steel bars.
It is the steel bars between the position of maximum
stress and the end of the bars.
( ld used since bond stresses, , vary along a bar in a
tension zone)
9
 Development Length for Bars in Tension
The Development length Ld in tension depends mainly
on the bond strength of concrete which itself depends
on several factors:

1-Adhesion between steel and concrete

2-Frictional resistance, depends on the surface of the
bar
3-Concrete strength in tension and compression
4-tranversal reinforcement (Stirrups)
5-Type of concrete (N.W.C, L.W.C,…)
6-End conditions of the steel bars (hooked, not hooked)
7-Surface conditions of the bars (coated, not coated)
8-diameter, spacing and stress in the steel bars

10
Development Length for Bars in Tension
Development length, Ld ACI 12.2.3

With

2.5 limit to safeguard against pullout type failure.

11
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)

yt  reinforcement location factor where yt ye < 1.7

Horizontal reinforcement so placed that

more than 30 cm of fresh concrete is cast 1.3
in the member below the development
length or splice (top reinforcement).
Other reinforcement 1.0

12
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
ye  coating factor (epoxy prevents adhesion &
friction between bar and concrete.)

Epoxy-coated bars or wires with cover less 1.5

than 3db or clear spacing less than 6db
All other epoxy-coated bars or wires 1.2
Uncoated reinforcement 1.0

where yt ye < 1.7

13
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
ys  reinforcement size factor (Reflects more favorable
performance of smaller f
bars)
Bar diameter Φ ≤ 20 mm and deformed wire 0.8
Bar diameter Φ ≥ 22 mm 1.0

14
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
l  lightweight aggregate concrete factor (Reflects
lower tensile strength of lightweight concrete, &
resulting reduction in splitting resistance.)

When lightweight aggregate concrete is used. 0.75

However, when fct is specified, l shall be
permitted to be taken as f ct / 6.7 f c' but not
less than 1.0
When normal weight concrete is used 1.0

When sand-lightweight agg concrete is used 0.85

15
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
c = spacing or cover dimension, mm.
Use the smaller of either
(a) the distance from the center of the bar or wire to
the nearest concrete surface.
or
(b) one-half the center-to-center spacing of the bar or
wires being developed.

16
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)

Ktr = transverse reinf. index (Represents the contribution of

confining reinforcement across potential splitting planes.)

Atr = Total cross-section area of all transverse

reinforcement within the spacing s, which crosses the
potential plane of splitting along the reinforcement
being developed within the development length, mm2.

17
Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
s = max center-to-center spacing of transverse reinf. within ld.
n = number of bars or wires being developed along the plane of
splitting.

Note: It is permitted to use Ktr = 0 as a design simplification even

if transverse reinforcement is present.
Reduction = (As req’d ) / (As provided )
- Except as required for seismic design (see ACI [Link])
- Good practice to ignore this provision, since use of structure
may change over time. Mu
M n req'd  f
- final ld  30 cm. Reduction  
M n provided M n provided
18 
 Factors used in expressions for Development
Length (ACI 12.2.4)
The ACI code also allows a reduction of Ld if the
longitudinal reinf. is in excess of that required and when
the yield stress exceeds 414 PMa.

For fy > 414 MPa

A refined simplification of the development length Ld

is given in the table below. It is based on:

19
Development Length for Bars in Tension

20
 Development Length for Bars in Tension
A further simplification of Ld (cm) is given below:
S ≥ 2db and cover ≥ db Other cases
Bar diameter db≤20 mm, Ld =38d db≤20 mm, Ld =57d
(mm) db≥22 mm, Ld =48d db≥22 mm, Ld =72d
10 38 57
12 46 68
16 61 90
20 76 115
22 105 158
25 120 180
28 134 200
30 144 216
33 158 238
43 206 310
57 270 410
21
Development Length for Bars in Tension

22
Development Length for Bars in
Compression (ACI 12.3)
ldc = ldbc × applicable reduction factors (ACI 12.3.3) > 24 cm
Basic Development Length for Compression, ldbc

- Excessive Reinforcement Factor = A(s req’d ) / A(s provided)

Note: ldc < ld (typically) because

- Beneficial of end bearing is considered
- weakening effect of flexural tension cracks is not
present for bars in compression.
23
Example - Development
For the cross section of a simply
supported beam reinforced with
4 Φ 25 mm bars that are confined
with Φ 10 mm stirrup spaced at
15 cm. Determine the
development length of the bars if
the beam is made of normal
weight concrete fc = 21 MPa and
fy= 414 MPa

24
 Example - Development
Check if conditions for spacing and concrete cover are met:
For Φ 25 mm bars, db = 25 mm.
Clear cover = 60mm – 25/2.= 47.5 mm. > db

Bars are confined with Φ 10 mm stirrups. The conditions are met:

For db > 22 mm
25
Example - Development
Determine the factors; yt = 1.0 (bottom bars), ye =1.0 (no coating)
and l = 1.0 (normal weight concrete) and
fc  4.58 MPa < 6.9 MPa

So ld = 56.46(25) = 1411.6 mm. 1420 mm. Using the

more general formula Ktr = 0.0

26
Example - Development
yt = ye  ys = l = 1.0. Also
c = smaller of distance from center of bar to the nearest concrete
surface c1 or one-half the center-to-center of bars spacing c2

c = 30 mm. controls

 c  K tr 
If   < 1.5 use 1.5. 30/25 = 1.2 1.5
 db 

So Ld = 1420 mm.
27
Example - Development
If the same beam is made of light
weight aggregate concrete and the bars
are epoxy coated and As required for
analysis is 1744 mm2

The conditions are met.

x 𝛌s1

Determine the factors; yt = 1.0 (bottom bars), ye =1.5 (epoxy

coating) and l = 0.85 (lightweight aggregate concrete) and 𝛌s1
= (As(req) / As(provided) ) = 1744/1963 = 0.89.
28
Example - Development
Check that yt ye =1.0(1.5) = 1.5 < 1.7

So ld = 88.68(25 mm.) = 2217 mm. 2220 mm.

29
Standard Hooks for
Tension Anchorage
B. Use of Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage
Hooks provide additional anchorage when there is
insufficient length available to develop a bar.
Note: Hooks are not allowed to developed compression reinf.

30
Standard Hooks for
Tension Anchorage
Standard hooks are defined in ACI 7.1.
Hooks resists tension by bond stresses on bar surface and bearing
on concrete inside the hook.

31
Behavior of Hooks

32
Design of Standard Hooks for
Tension Anchorage (ACI 12.5)

Development length for hooked bar, ldh.

33
Applicable factors (ACI 12.5.3)

34
35
 Standard Hooks
A hook is used at the end
of a bar when its straight
embedment length is less
than the necessary length,
ld. The minimum diameter
of bend, measured on the
inside of the main bar of a
standard hook D is

36
Example- Hook
Compute the development length required for the top Φ 25 mm
bar of the cantilever beam that extend into the column support
if the bars are

a) Straight.
b) Have a 90o hook
c) Have a 180o hook

The bars are confined by Φ 10 mm stirrups spaced at 15 cm.,

and clear cover = 3.75 cm., and clear spacing = 5 cm. and fc =28
MPa and fy = 420 MPa
37
Example- Hook – straight bar
Straight bars: For Φ 25 mm bar, db =25 mm, because the clear
spacing = 2db = 5cm and clear cover is greater than db with the
bars confined condition (case 2) (Φ > 22 mm) are met. For top
bars yt =1.3

38
Example- 90 o Hook
Bar with 90o hook: For Φ 25 mm bar db =25 mm., the basic
equation is

Ld =19 x 25mm= 475 mm

No modification apply, then ldh = 475mm. > 8db = 200mm.
or 150 mm. The factor yt =1.3 does not apply to hooks.

39
Example- 180 o Hook
Bar with 180o hook: For Φ 25 mm bar db =25 mm., the basic
equation is

Ld =19 x 25mm= 475 mm

No modification apply, then ldh = 475mm. > 8db = 200mm. or
150 mm. The factor yt =1.3 does not apply to hooks.
40
Example- Hook summary
The basic summary of the results for the two hooks:

41
Example – Development Length
Design
anchorage of 4
Φ25mm top
bars in column.
4 Φ36mm bars
in the transverse
direction.

f’c=21 MPa
fy = 420 MPa

42
Example – Development Length
Try a straight bar for the development Use 12.2.2

43
Example – Development Length
The spacing 68.33 mm>db = 25mm. So use

The coefficients need to be determined for the reinforcement

coefficient, yt. There is more than 30 cm. of concrete below
the bar.

y t  1.3
Uncoated bar so the
coating factor is:
y e  1.0

44
Example – Development Length
The coefficient for aggregate is l  1.0
The development length of the bar

Check the development length into the column.

45
 Example – Development Length
The clear space between the bars are
Edge

Center to center

The transverse steel area of the column is comprised of 4 Φ36mm

bars (As =1018 mm2) and the coefficient Ktr is defined as:

There are 4 transverse bars Atr = 4(1018) =4072 mm2

46
Example – Development Length

The transverse coefficient is:

The coefficient

Use 2.5

The development
length is:
Ld= 44.6 X 25 =1115 mm
47
Example – Development Length
ACI 12.2.3 gives a significantly small ld = 1115mm. verses
1860mm, however ld = 1115mm. > 600mm. (width of
column).
Use a hook anchorage

Ldh= 550mm
Compute the
coefficients
for the
column.
48
Example – Development Length
Assume that the four Bars will extend into the columns
inside the vertical column bars. ACI code Sec 11.10.2
requires minimum ties in the joint area. Assume that these
are 10 mm ties. The required spacing of 10mm closed ties is
computed using ACI Eq (11.13)

The second expression governs, so:

49
Example – Development Length
The side coverage for a 90o hook.
S = 100 + 37.5 + 10 = 147.5 mm ≥ 60 mm

Top coverage is S = X > 50 mm (Column)

The multiplier is 1.0 – ACI 12.5
Additional ties per ACI 12.5.4 does not apply. Only min ties Φ
10mm at 312 mm. Those are spaced > 3 db. Multiplier is 1.0
Ldh =22 (1) db =550mm ≥ 8db and 150 mm.
Ldh = 550 mm

The available length L = 600 – 37.5 – 10 = 552.5mm>550

The hook extension 4db + 12db = 400 mm
50
51
Bar Cutoff Points
Why do you want to put in cut off points?

Cost!
52
Bar Cutoff Points
Factors Affecting Bar Cut-off Points

1) Bars no longer needed to resist tensile forces or remaining bars

are adequate (Use moment and shear envelopes)
2) Bars must be extended on each side of section to develop bar
force at that section.
3) Major stress concentrations occur when tension bars are
cutoff in regions of moderate to high shear forces.
Leads to cracking.
4) Code specified construction requirements (good practice)
5) Load Uncertainties (Seismic Considerations)
Keep Cutoffs to a minimum 53
Simplify design & const.
Determining
Locations of
Flexural Cutoffs
Given a simply supported
beam with a distributed
load.

54
Determining
Locations of
Flexural
Cutoffs
Development of
flexural reinforcement
in a typical continuous
beam.
ACI 318R-08 - 12.10
for flexural
reinforcement

55
Bar Cutoffs - General Procedure

1. Determine theoretical flexural cutoff points for

envelope of bending moment diagram.
2. Extract the bars to satisfy detailing rules (from
ACI Section 7.13, 12.1, 12.10, 12.11 and 12.12)
3. Design extra stirrups for points where bars are
cutoff in zone of flexural tension (ACI 12.10.5)

56
 Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
All Bars
R1- Bars must extend the longer of d or 12db past
Anchora the flexural cutoff points except at supports
ge La. or the ends of cantilevers (ACI 12.11.1)

R2- Bars must extend at least ld from the point

Develop of maximum bar stress or from the flexural
ment Ld. cutoff points of adjacent bars (ACI 12.10.2
12.10.4 and 12.12.2)

57
 Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Positive Moment Bars
R3-Structural Integrity
Simple Supports At least one-third of the positive
moment reinforcement must be extended 15 cm. into
the supports (ACI 12.11.1).

58
 Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Continuous interior beams with closed stirrups. At
least one-fourth of the positive moment reinforcement
must be extended 15 cm. into the support (ACI 12.11.1
and [Link])

59
 Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Continuous interior beams without closed stirrups. At
least one-fourth of the positive moment reinforcement must
be continuous or shall be spliced near the support with a
class A tension splice and at non-continuous supports be
terminated with a standard hook. (ACI [Link]).

60
 Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Beams forming part of a frame that is the primary
lateral load resisting system for the building. This
reinforcement must be anchored to develop the specified
yield strength, fy, at the face of the support (ACI 12.11.2)

61
 Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Positive Moment Bars
Rule 4. Stirrups
At the positive moment point of inflection and at simple
supports, the positive moment reinforcement must be
satisfy the following equation for ACI 12.11.3. An
increase of 30 % in value of Mn /Vu shall be permitted
when the ends of reinforcement are confined by
compressive reaction (generally true for simply supports).
Mn
ld   la
Vu
62
 Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Negative Moment Bars
Rule 5.
(-) moment reinf. must be anchored into or through
supporting columns or members (ACI Sec. 12.12.1).

63
 Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Negative Moment Bars
Rule 6. Structural Integrity
Interior beams. At least one-third of the negative moment
reinforcement must be extended by the greatest of d, 12 db
or ( ln /16) past the negative moment point of inflection.

64
 Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Perimeter beams. In addition to satisfying rule 6a, 1/6 of
the (-) reinforcement required at the support must be made
continuous at mid-span. This can be achieved by means of
a class A tension splice at mid-span (ACI [Link]).

65
 Moment Resistance Diagrams
Moment capacity of a beam is a function of its depth, d,
width, b, and area of steel, As. It is a common practice to
cut off the steel bars where they are no longer needed to
resist the flexural stresses. As in continuous beams positive
moment steel bars may be bent up usually at 45o, to provide
tensile reinforcement for the negative moments over the
support.
The nominal moment capacity of an under-reinforced
concrete beam is  a As f y
M n  As f y d   where, a 
 2 0.85 fcb

To determine the position of the cutoff or bent point, the

moment diagram due to external loading is drawn. 66
Moment Resistance Diagrams

The ultimate moment resistance of one bar, Mnb is

 a
M nb  Abs f y  d   where, Abs  area of bar
 2

The intersection of the moment resistance lines with the

external bending moment diagram indicates the theoretical
points where each bar can be terminated.

67
Moment Resistance Diagrams
Given a beam with the 4 Φ 25 mm bars and fc = 21 MPa and fy =
340 MPa and d = 500 mm.

68
Moment Resistance Diagrams
The moment resistance of one bar is

69
 Moment Resistance Diagrams
The moment diagram and crossings

70
 Moment Resistance Diagrams
The ultimate moment resistance is 263 kN.m. The moment
diagram is drawn to scale on the basis: A bar can be
terminated at a, two bars at b and three bars at c. These are
the theoretical termination of the bars.

71
 Moment Resistance Diagrams
Compute the bar development length is

72
 Moment Resistance Diagrams
The ultimate
moment resistance
is 263 kN.m. The
moment diagram is
drawn to scale on
the basis. A bar can
be terminated at a,
two bars at b and
three bars at c.
These are the
theoretical
termination of the
bars.
73
 Moment Resistance Diagrams
It is necessary to develop
part of the strength of the
bar by bond. The ACI
Code specifies that every
bar should be continued at
least a distance d, or 12db ,
which ever is greater,
beyond the theoretical cut
points a, b, and c. Section
12.11.1 specify that 1/3 of
positive moment
reinforcement must be
continuous. 74
 Moment Resistance Diagrams
Two bars must extend
into the support and
moment resistance
diagram Mub must
enclose the external
bending moment
diagram.

75
 Example – Cutoff
For the simply
supported beam
with b =250mm.
d = 450mm., fy=
275 MPa and fc =
21 MPa with 4 Φ25
bars. Show where
the reinforcing bars
can be terminated.

76
 Example – Cutoff
Determine the moment capacity of the bars.

Determine the location of the bar intersections of moments.

1 bar = 52.6 kN.m 3 bar = 157.8 kN.m
2 bar = 105.6 kN.m 4 bar = 210.4 kN.m

77
Example – Cutoff
Determine the location of the bar intersections of moments.
M  x   M 0  mx

The minimum
distance is
78
Example – Cutoff
The cutoff for the first bar is 0.624m. and 0.450m. Total
distance is 0.624 + 0.45 = 1.07m.

0.16

4’-11”
79
Example – Cutoff
The cutoff for the second bar is 1.8 + 0.16 +0.45 = 2.41m.

0.16

4’-11”

80
Example – Cutoff
The moment diagram is the blue line and the red line is
the envelope which encloses the moment diagram.

81
 Bar Splices
Why do we need bar splices? -- for long spans
Types of Splices
1. Butted &Welded Must develop 125% of
yield strength ACI
2. Mechanical Connectors [Link] and ACI
3. Lay Splices [Link]

Types of Splices
1. Contact Splice
2. Non-Contact Splice (distance between the bars < 150 mm and
< 1/5 of the splice length (ACI [Link])
Splice length (development length) is the distance the two bars are
overlapped. 82
83
Types of Splices

84
 Tension Lap Splice (ACI 12.15)

 ld = development length for bars (not allowed to use excess

reinforcement modification factor)
 ld must be greater than or equal to 300mm.
 Lap Splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm. (ACI
12.14.2)
 Lap Splices should be placed in away from regions of high
tensile stresses -locate near points of inflection (ACI 12.15.1)
85
 Example – Splice Tension
Calculate the lap-splice length for 6 Φ25mm tension bottom
bars in two rows with clear spacing 60mm. and a clear cover,
37.5mm., for the following cases

a. When 3 bars are spliced and As(provided) /As(required) ≥ 2

b. When 4 bars are spliced and As(provided) /As(required) < 2
c. When all bars are spliced at the same location. fc= 35 Mpa
and fy = 420 MPa

86
Example – Splice Tension
For bar diameter db =25 mm and Yt  Ye  Ys = l =1.0

Ld = 25 (44.37)= 1110 mm
A) The As(provided) /As(required) > 2, class A splice applies;
therefore lst = 1.0 ld >300 mm., so lst = 1120 mm. > 300mm.
The bars spliced are less than half the number

B) The As(provided) /As(required) < 2, class B splice applies;

therefore lst = 1.3 ld >300 mm., so lst = 1.3(1110 mm.) =
1443mm. use 1450 mm. > 300 mm.
C) Class B splice applies and lst = 1450 mm > 300mm. 87
Compression Lap Splice (ACI 12.16)
Llap splice = 0.071fy db for fy ≤ 420 MPa
Llap splice = (0.13fy -24) db for fy > 420 MPa

For fc’ ≤ 21 MPa, Llap splice shall be multiply by (4/3)

In tied column splices with effective tie area throughout splice
length ≥ 0.0015 hs Llap splice shall be multiply by (0.83)
In spiral column splices, Llap splice shall be multiply by (0.75)
L lap splice must be ≥ 300 mm.

88
Compression Lap Splice (ACI 12.17.2)

89
 Example – Splice Compression
Calculate the lap splice length for a Φ 32 mm compression bar
in tied column when fc= 35 MPa and
a) fy = 414 MPa
b) fy = 550 MPa

a) For Φ 32 mm bars, db =32 mm

Check ls > 0.071db fy = 940 mm. So ls = 940 mm. 90

 Example – Splice Compression
b) For Φ 32 mm bars, db =32 mm. The ld = 600mm
Check ls > (0.13fy –24) db
= (0.013×550-24)(32mm.) = 1520 mm
So use ls = 1520 mm.

91