Integration by Substitution: 21 Examples

Basic Idea
Z Z
f (g(x)) g ′ (x) dx = f (u) du, u = g(x)

Example 1
Z
(2x + 1)5 dx

Let u = 2x + 1, du = 2 dx ⇒ dx = du
2

1 u6 (2x + 1)6
Z
du
u5 · = · +C = +C
2 2 6 12

Example 2
Z
2
xex dx
du
Let u = x2 , du = 2x dx ⇒ x dx = 2
Z
du 1 1 2
eu · = eu + C = ex + C
2 2 2

Example 3
Z
ln x
dx
x
Let u = ln x, du = x1 dx
u2 (ln x)2
Z
u du = +C = +C
2 2

Example 4
Z
3
x2 ex dx
du
Let u = x3 , du = 3x2 dx ⇒ x2 dx = 3
Z
du 1 1 3
eu · = eu + C = ex + C
3 3 3

Example 5
Z
1
dx
x ln x
Let u = ln x, du = x1 dx Z
1
du = ln |u| + C = ln | ln x| + C
u

1
Example 6
Z
x
dx
x2 +1
Let u = x2 + 1, du = 2xdx ⇒ xdx = du2
Z
1 du 1 1
· = ln |u| + C = ln(x2 + 1) + C
u 2 2 2

Example 7
x2
Z
dx
x3 + 2
Let u = x3 + 2, du = 3x2 dx ⇒ x2 dx = du
3
Z
1 du 1 1
· = ln |u| + C = ln |x3 + 2| + C
u 3 3 3

Example 8
Z
4
x3 ex dx

du
Let u = x4 , du = 4x3 dx ⇒ x3 dx = 4
Z
du 1 1 4
eu · = eu + C = ex + C
4 4 4

Example 9
(ln x)3
Z
dx
x
Let u = ln x, du = x1 dx
u4 (ln x)4
Z
u3 du = +C = +C
4 4

Example 10
√
e x
Z
√ dx
x
√ 1
Let u = x = x1/2 , du = √ dx ⇒ √1 dx = 2du
2 x x

√
Z
eu · 2du = 2eu + C = 2e x
+C

Example 11
e2x
Z
dx
1 + e2x
Let u = 1 + e2x , du = 2e2x dx ⇒ e2x dx = du
2
Z
1 du 1 1
· = ln |u| + C = ln(1 + e2x ) + C
u 2 2 2

2
Example 12
Z
2
x · 2x dx
du
Let u = x2 , du = 2xdx ⇒ xdx = 2
2
1 2u 2x
Z
du
2u · = · +C = +C
2 2 ln 2 2 ln 2

Example 13
Z
1
dx
x(2027 + ln x)
Let u = lnx, du = x1 dx Z
du
= ln u + C = ln(2027 + ln x) + C
u

Example 14
ln(x2 )
Z
dx
x
ln(x2 ) = 2 ln x, so
(ln x)2
Z
2 ln x
dx = 2 · + C = (ln x)2 + C
x 2

Example 15
Z
6
x5 ex dx
du
Let u = x6 , du = 6x5 dx ⇒ x5 dx = 6
Z
du 1 1 6
eu · = eu + C = ex + C
6 6 6

Example 16
Z
ln(ln x)
dx
x ln x
Let u = ln x, du = x1 dx Z
ln u
du
u
Now let v = ln u, dv = u1 du

v2 (ln u)2 (ln(ln x))2

Z
vdv = +C = +C = +C
2 2 2

Example 17
Z
x
dx
(x2 + 1)2
Let u = x2 + 1, du = 2xdx ⇒ xdx = du
2

1 u−1
Z Z
1 du 1 1 1
2
· = u−2 du = · +C =− +C =− +C
u 2 2 2 −1 2u 2(x2 + 1)

3
Example 18
Z
r
xr−1 ex dx (r ̸= 0)

du
Let u = xr , du = rxr−1 dx ⇒ xr−1 dx = r
Z
du 1 1 r
eu · = eu + C = ex + C
r r r

Example 19
Z
dx
x ln(x2 )
ln(x2 ) = 2 ln x, so Z Z
dx 1 1
= dx
x · 2 ln x 2 x ln x
Let u = ln x, du = x1 dx Z
1 1 1 1
du = ln |u| + C = ln | ln x| + C
2 u 2 2

Example 20
x6
Z
dx
x7 + 1
Let u = x7 + 1, du = 7x6 dx ⇒ x6 dx = du
7
Z
1 du 1 1
· = ln |u| + C = ln |x7 + 1| + C
u 7 7 7

Example 21
Z
1
√ √ dx
x(2027 + x)
√ 1
Let u = 2027 + x, du = √
2 x
dx

√
Z
du
= ln u + C = ln(2027 + x) + C
u

4
 Area Between Two Curves: 22 Examples

Formula
Z b

Area = f (x) − g(x) dx where f (x) ≥ g(x) on [a, b]
a

Example 1
y = x2 , y=x
Find intersection: x = x ⇒ x(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1. On [0, 1], x ≥ x2 .
2

1 1
x2 x3
Z 
2 1 1 1
Area = (x − x )dx = − = − =
0 2 3 0 2 3 6

y = x2

Example 2
y = x2 , y = x3
Intersection: x2 = x3 ⇒ x2 (1 − x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1. On [0, 1], x2 ≥ x3 .
1 1
x3 x4
Z 
1 1 1
Area = (x2 − x3 )dx = − = − =
0 3 4 0 3 4 12

y = x32

1
Example 3
√
y= x, y = x2
√ √
Intersection: x = x2 ⇒ x1/2 = x2 ⇒ x1/2 − x2 = 0 ⇒ x1/2 (1 − x3/2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1. On [0, 1], x ≥ x2 .
Z 1 1
2 3/2 x3

1/2 2 2 1 1
Area = (x − x )dx = x − = − =
0 3 3 0 3 3 3

y
√
y = x2x

Example 4
y = x3 − x, y=0
Intersection: x3 − x = x(x − 1)(x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −1, 0, 1. On [−1, 0], x3 − x ≥ 0; on [0, 1], x3 − x ≤ 0 (so
area uses absolute value).
Z 0 Z 1  4 0 1
x2
 4
3 3 x x x2
Area = (x − x)dx + (−(x − x))dx = − + − +
−1 0 4 2 −1 4 2 0

First: 0 − ( 14 − 12 ) = −(− 14 ) = 14 . Second: (− 14 + 12 ) − 0 = 41 . Total = 12 .

Example 5
y = ex , y = x2
Intersection: ex = x2 at x ≈ −0.703 (numerical). On [−1, 0], ex ≥ x2 . Approximate area:
Z 0 0
x3
  
−1 1 2 1
Area ≈ (ex − x2 )dx = ex − = (1 − 0) − e−1 − = 1 − e−1 − = − ≈ 0.298
−1 3 −1 3 3 3 e

y = ex

y = x2 x

2
Example 6
y = ln x, y = 0, x=e
On [1, e], ln x ≥ 0. Z e
e
Area = ln x dx = [x ln x − x]1 = (e · 1 − e) − (0 − 1) = 1
1

y = ln x

Example 7
y = x2 − 4, y = −x2 + 4
Intersection: x2 − 4 = −x2 + 4 ⇒ 2x2 = 8 ⇒ x2 = 4 ⇒ x = −2, 2. On [−2, 2], −x2 + 4 ≥ x2 − 4.
2 2 2
2x3
Z Z 
2 2 2


Area = (−x + 4) − (x − 4) dx = (−2x + 8)dx = − + 8x
−2 −2 3 −2
   
16 16 32 64
= − + 16 − − 16 = 32 − =
3 3 3 3

y = x2 − 4
x
y = −x2 + 4

Example 8
y = ex , y = e2x
Intersection: ex = e2x ⇒ ex (1 − ex ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0. On [−1, 0], e2x ≥ ex .
0 0   −2
e2x 1 e−2
Z   
1 e
Area = (e2x − ex )dx = − ex = −1 − − e−1 = − − + e−1
−1 2 −1 2 2 2 2

3
Example 9
y = x1/3 , y = x3
Intersection: x1/3 = x3 ⇒ x1/3 − x3 = 0 ⇒ x1/3 (1 − x8/3 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1. On [0, 1], x1/3 ≥ x3 .
Z 1 1
3 4/3 x4

1/3 3 3 1 1
Area = (x − x )dx = x − = − =
0 4 4 0 4 4 2

Example 10
y = x−1/2 , y = x2
Intersection: x−1/2 = x2 ⇒ 1 = x5/2 ⇒ x = 1. On [0.1, 1], x−1/2 ≥ x2 .
1
Z 1
x3 √

−1/2 2 1/2 1 0.001
Area = (x − x )dx = 2x − = (2 − ) − (2 0.1 − )
0.1 3 0.1 3 3

Example 11
y = x, y = x4
Intersection: x = x4 ⇒ x(1 − x3 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1. On [0, 1], x ≥ x4 .
Z 1  2 1
4 x x5 1 1 3
Area = (x − x )dx = − = − =
0 2 5 0 2 5 10

Example 12
y = ex/2 , y = e−x
Intersection: ex/2 = e−x ⇒ x/2 = −x ⇒ 3x/2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0. On [−1, 0], e−x ≥ ex/2 .
Z 0 h i0
Area = (e−x − ex/2 )dx = −e−x − 2ex/2 = (−1 − 2) − (−e1 − 2e−1/2 ) = −3 + e + 2e−1/2
−1 −1

Example 13
y = ln(x2 ), y = 0, x=e
On [1, e], ln(x2 ) = 2 ln x ≥ 0.
Z e
e
Area = 2 ln xdx = 2 [x ln x − x]1 = 2(1) = 2
1

Example 14
y = x−2 , y = x−1
Intersection: x−2 = x−1 ⇒ 1 = x ⇒ x = 1. On [1, 2], x−1 ≥ x−2 .
Z 2
2 1 1
(x−1 − x−2 )dx = ln x + x−1 1 = (ln 2 + ) − (0 + 1) = ln 2 −

Area =
1 2 2

Example 15
y = x5/2 , y = x3/2
Intersection: x5/2 = x3/2 ⇒ x3/2 (x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1. On [0, 1], x3/2 ≥ x5/2 .
Z 1  1
2 5/2 2 7/2 2 2 4
Area = (x3/2 − x5/2 )dx = x − x = − =
0 5 7 0 5 7 35

4
Example 16
y = ex , y = e−x , x = 0, x=1
x −x
On [0, 1], e ≥ e .
Z 1 1
(ex − e−x )dx = ex + e−x 0 = (e + e−1 ) − (1 + 1) = e + e−1 − 2

Area =
0

Example 17
y = x5 , y = x3
Intersection: x3 (x2 − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −1, 0, 1. On [−1, 0], x5 ≥ x3 ; on [0, 1], x3 ≥ x5 .
0 1 1 1
x4 x6
Z Z Z 
1 1 1
Area = (x5 − x3 )dx + (x3 − x5 )dx = 2 (x3 − x5 )dx = 2 − = 2( − ) =
−1 0 0 4 6 0 4 6 6

Example 18
y = ln x, y = (ln x)2
Intersection: ln x = (ln x)2 ⇒ ln x(1 − ln x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1, e. On [1, e], ln x ≥ (ln x)2 .
Z e
Area = (ln x − (ln x)2 )dx
1

2 2
R
Use (ln x) dx = x(ln x) − 2x ln x + 2x:

e  e
= x ln x − x − x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x 1 = 3x ln x − x(ln x)2 − 3x 1 = (3e − e − 3e) − (0 − 0 − 3) = 3 − e


Example 19
y = x3/4 , y = x5/4
Intersection: x3/4 = x5/4 ⇒ x3/4 (1 − x1/2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1. On [0, 1], x3/4 ≥ x5/4 .
Z 1  1
3/4 5/4 4 7/4 4 9/4 4 4 8
Area = (x −x )dx = x − x = − =
0 7 9 0 7 9 63

Example 20
y = e2x , y = ex , x = 0, x = ln 2
2x x
On [0, ln 2], e ≥e .
ln 2 ln 2
e2x
Z     
2x x 4 1 1 1
Area = (e − e )dx = − ex = −2 − − 1 = (2 − 2) − (− ) =
0 2 0 2 2 2 2

Example 21
y = x−3 , y = x−2
Intersection: x−3 = x−2 ⇒ 1 = x ⇒ x = 1. On [1, 2], x−2 ≥ x−3 .
Z 2  2    
−2 −3 −1 1 −2 1 1 1 3 1 1
Area = (x −x )dx = −x + x = − + − −1 + =− + =
1 2 1 2 8 2 8 2 8

5
Example 22
y = ln x, y = 0, x = e2
On [1, e2 ], ln x ≥ 0.
Z e2
e2
Area = ln xdx = [x ln x − x]1 = (e2 · 2 − e2 ) − (0 − 1) = e2 + 1
1

6
 Integration by Parts: 20 Examples with Polynomials, xr , ex, ln x

Basic Formula
Z Z
u dv = uv − v du

Example 1
Z
xex dx

Let u = x, dv = ex dx. Then du = dx, v = ex .

Z Z
xe dx = xe − ex dx = xex − ex + C = ex (x − 1) + C
x x

Example 2
Z
x2 ex dx

Let u = x2 , dv = ex dx. Then du = 2xdx, v = ex .

Z Z
x2 ex dx = x2 ex − 2 xex dx = x2 ex − 2 ex (x − 1) + C = ex (x2 − 2x + 2) + C

Example 3
Z
x3 ex dx

Let u = x3 , dv = ex dx. Then du = 3x2 dx, v = ex .

Z Z
x e dx = x e − 3 x2 ex dx = x3 ex − 3ex (x2 − 2x + 2) + C = ex (x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 6) + C
3 x 3 x

Example 4
Z
ln x dx

Let u = ln x, dv = dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = x.

Z Z Z
1
ln x dx = x ln x − x · dx = x ln x − 1 dx = x ln x − x + C
x

Example 5
Z
x ln x dx
2
Let u = ln x, dv = xdx. Then du = x1 dx, v = x2 .
x2
Z 2
x2 x2 x2
Z Z
x 1 1
x ln x dx = ln x − · dx = ln x − x dx = ln x − +C
2 2 x 2 2 2 4

1
Example 6
Z
x2 ln x dx
3
Let u = ln x, dv = x2 dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = x3 .

x3
Z 3
x3 x3 x3
Z Z
2 x 1 1
x ln x dx = ln x − · dx = ln x − x2 dx = ln x − +C
3 3 x 3 3 3 9

Example 7
Z
ln x
dx
x2
Let u = ln x, dv = x−2 dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = −x−1 .
Z Z   Z
ln x ln x 1 1 ln x 1 ln x 1 ln x + 1
2
dx = − − − · dx = − + 2
dx = − − +C =− +C
x x x x x x x x x

Example 8
Z
x1/2 ln x dx

Let u = ln x, dv = x1/2 dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = 23 x3/2 .

√
Z Z Z
2 2 3/2 1 2 2 2 4
x ln x dx = x3/2 ln x − x · dx = x3/2 ln x − x1/2 dx = x3/2 ln x − x3/2 + C
3 3 x 3 3 3 9

Example 9
Z
x3/2 ln x dx

Let u = ln x, dv = x3/2 dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = 25 x5/2 .

Z Z Z
2 2 5/2 1 2 2 2 4
x3/2 ln x dx = x5/2 ln x − x · dx = x5/2 ln x − x3/2 dx = x5/2 ln x − x5/2 + C
5 5 x 5 5 5 25

Example 10
Z
ln x
dx
x1/2
Let u = ln x, dv = x−1/2 dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = 2x1/2 .
√ √ 1 √ √ √
Z Z Z
ln x
√ dx = 2 x ln x − 2 x · dx = 2 x ln x − 2 x−1/2 dx = 2 x ln x − 4 x + C
x x

Example 11
Z
ex ln x dx

Let u = ln x, dv = ex dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = ex .

Z Z x
x x e
e ln x dx = e ln x − dx
x
R ex
(Note: x dx is the exponential integral Ei(x); the integration by parts is valid but the result is not
elementary.)

2
Example 12
Z
xe2x dx

Let u = x, dv = e2x dx. Then du = dx, v = 12 e2x .

Z Z  
x 2x 1 x 2x 1 2x x 1
xe2x dx = e − e2x dx = e − e + C = e2x − +C
2 2 2 4 2 4

Example 13
Z
x2 e−x dx

Let u = x2 , dv = e−x dx. Then du = 2xdx, v = −e−x .

Z Z
x e dx = −x e + 2 xe−x dx
2 −x 2 −x

xe−x dx: let u = x, dv = e−x dx, du = dx, v = −e−x :

R
Now
Z Z
xe−x dx = −xe−x + e−x dx = −xe−x − e−x + C

Thus Z
x2 e−x dx = −x2 e−x + 2(−xe−x − e−x ) + C = −e−x (x2 + 2x + 2) + C

Example 14
Z
x3 e−x dx

Let u = x3 , dv = e−x dx. Then du = 3x2 dx, v = −e−x .

Z Z
x3 e−x dx = −x3 e−x + 3 x2 e−x dx = −x3 e−x + 3 −e−x (x2 + 2x + 2) + C = −e−x (x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 6) + C
 

Example 15
Z
x4 ex dx

Using the reduction from Example 3 pattern: Let u = x4 , dv = ex dx, du = 4x3 dx, v = ex .
Z Z
x4 ex dx = x4 ex − 4 x3 ex dx = x4 ex − 4ex (x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 6) + C = ex (x4 − 4x3 + 12x2 − 24x + 24) + C

Example 16
Z
x1/3 ln x dx

Let u = ln x, dv = x1/3 dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = 34 x4/3 .

Z Z Z
3 3 4/3 1 3 3 3 9
x1/3 ln xdx = x4/3 ln x − x · dx = x4/3 ln x − x1/3 dx = x4/3 ln x − x4/3 + C
4 4 x 4 4 4 16

3
Example 17
Z
ln x
dx
x2/3
Let u = ln x, dv = x−2/3 dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = 3x1/3 .
Z Z Z
ln x 1/3 1
dx = 3x1/3
ln x − 3x · dx = 3x1/3
ln x − 3 x−2/3 dx = 3x1/3 ln x − 9x1/3 + C
x2/3 x

Example 18
Z
xr ln x dx (r ̸= −1)

xr+1
Let u = ln x, dv = xr dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = r+1 .

xr+1 xr+1 1 xr+1 xr+1 xr+1

Z Z Z
r 1
x ln xdx = ln x − · dx = ln x − xr dx = ln x − +C
r+1 r+1 x r+1 r+1 r+1 (r + 1)2

Example 19
Z
ekx ln x dx

ekx
Let u = ln x, dv = ekx dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = k .

ekx ekx
Z Z
kx 1
e ln xdx = ln x − dx
k k x

(Again, the remaining integral is the exponential integral.)

Example 20
Z
xn eax dx (reduction formula)
ax
Let u = xn , dv = eax dx. Then du = nxn−1 dx, v = ea .

xn eax
Z Z
n
xn eax dx = − xn−1 eax dx
a a
This recurrence allows computing for any positive integer n.

4
 Partial Fractions: 20 Examples with Two Linear Factors

General Form
px + q A B
= + , a ̸= b
(x − a)(x − b) x−a x−b

Example 1
Z
1
dx
(x − 1)(x − 2)
1 A B
= +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x−1 x−2
Multiply by (x − 1)(x − 2):
1 = A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)
Set x = 1: 1 = A(−1) ⇒ A = −1
Set x = 2: 1 = B(1) ⇒ B = 1
Z  
x−2
Z
1 1 1
dx = − + dx = − ln |x − 1| + ln |x − 2| + C = ln +C
(x − 1)(x − 2) x−1 x−2 x−1

Example 2
Z
2x + 3
dx
(x + 1)(x − 3)
2x + 3 A B
= +
(x + 1)(x − 3) x+1 x−3
Multiply:
2x + 3 = A(x − 3) + B(x + 1)
x = −1: −2 + 3 = A(−4) ⇒ 1 = −4A ⇒ A = − 41
x = 3: 6 + 3 = B(4) ⇒ 9 = 4B ⇒ B = 94
Z Z  
2x + 3 1 1 9 1 1 9
= − · + · dx = − ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 3| + C
(x + 1)(x − 3) 4 x+1 4 x−3 4 4

Example 3
5x − 2
Z
dx
(x − 2)(x + 4)
5x − 2 = A(x + 4) + B(x − 2)
x = 2: 10 − 2 = A(6) ⇒ 8 = 6A ⇒ A = 34
x = −4: −20 − 2 = B(−6) ⇒ −22 = −6B ⇒ B = 11 3

5x − 2
Z
4 11
dx = ln |x − 2| + ln |x + 4| + C
(x − 2)(x + 4) 3 3

1
Example 4
Z
1
dx
(2x − 1)(x + 3)
1 A B
= +
(2x − 1)(x + 3) 2x − 1 x + 3
Multiply:
1 = A(x + 3) + B(2x − 1)
x = 21 : 1 = A( 12 + 3) = A( 72 ) ⇒ A = 27
x = −3: 1 = B(2(−3) − 1) = B(−7) ⇒ B = − 71
Z
1 2 1 1 1 1
dx = · ln |2x − 1| − ln |x + 3| + C = ln |2x − 1| − ln |x + 3| + C
(2x − 1)(x + 3) 7 2 7 7 7

Example 5
Z
3x + 1
dx
(x − 5)(x + 2)
3x + 1 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 5)
x = 5: 15 + 1 = A(7) ⇒ 16 = 7A ⇒ A = 167
x = −2: −6 + 1 = B(−7) ⇒ −5 = −7B ⇒ B = 57
Z
3x + 1 16 5
dx = ln |x − 5| + ln |x + 2| + C
(x − 5)(x + 2) 7 7

Example 6
2x − 7
Z
dx
(x + 2)(x − 3)
2x − 7 = A(x − 3) + B(x + 2)
x = −2: −4 − 7 = A(−5) ⇒ −11 = −5A ⇒ A = 11 5
x = 3: 6 − 7 = B(5) ⇒ −1 = 5B ⇒ B = − 15
Z
3x + 1 11 1
dx = ln |x + 2| − ln |x − 3| + C
(x − 5)(x + 2) 5 5

Example 7
Z
4x
dx
(x − 1)(x + 5)
4x = A(x + 5) + B(x − 1)
x = 1: 4 = A(6) ⇒ A = 23
10
x = −5: −20 = B(−6) ⇒ B = 3
Z
4x 2 10
dx = ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 5| + C
(x − 1)(x + 5) 3 3

2
Example 8
Z
1
dx
(3x + 1)(2x − 5)
1 = A(2x − 5) + B(3x + 1)
x = − 13 : 1 = A(− 23 − 5) = A(− 17 3
3 ) ⇒ A = − 17
5 15 17 2
x = 2 : 1 = B( 2 + 1) = B( 2 ) ⇒ B = 17
Z
1 3 1 2 1 1 1
dx = − · ln |3x + 1| + · ln |2x − 5| + C = − ln |3x + 1| + ln |2x − 5| + C
(3x + 1)(2x − 5) 17 3 17 2 17 17

Example 9
7x − 3
Z
dx
(x + 4)(x − 1)
7x − 3 = A(x − 1) + B(x + 4)
x = −4: −28 − 3 = A(−5) ⇒ −31 = −5A ⇒ A = 31 5
x = 1: 7 − 3 = B(5) ⇒ 4 = 5B ⇒ B = 54
7x − 3
Z
31 4
dx = ln |x + 4| + ln |x − 1| + C
(x + 4)(x − 1) 5 5

Example 10
Z
2
dx
(x + 3)(x − 4)
2 = A(x − 4) + B(x + 3)
x = −3: 2 = A(−7) ⇒ A = − 27
x = 4: 2 = B(7) ⇒ B = 27

7x − 3 x−4
Z
2 2 2
dx = − ln |x + 3| + ln |x − 4| + C = ln +C
(x + 4)(x − 1) 7 7 7 x+3

Example 11
Z
9x + 5
dx
(2x + 1)(x − 2)
9x + 5 = A(x − 2) + B(2x + 1)
x = − 12 : − 92 + 5 = A(− 12 − 2) ⇒ 12 = A(− 52 ) ⇒ A = − 15
x = 2: 18 + 5 = B(5) ⇒ 23 = 5B ⇒ B = 23 5
Z
9x + 5 1 1 23 1 23
dx = − · ln |2x + 1| + ln |x − 2| + C = − ln |2x + 1| + ln |x − 2| + C
(2x + 1)(x − 2) 5 2 5 10 5

Example 12
8 − 3x
Z
dx
(x + 1)(x − 5)
8 − 3x = A(x − 5) + B(x + 1)
x = −1: 8 + 3 = A(−6) ⇒ 11 = −6A ⇒ A = − 11 6
x = 5: 8 − 15 = B(6) ⇒ −7 = 6B ⇒ B = − 76
8 − 3x
Z
11 7
dx = − ln |x + 1| − ln |x − 5| + C
(x + 1)(x − 5) 6 6

3
Example 13
Z
1
dx
(x + 2)(x + 5)
1 = A(x + 5) + B(x + 2)
x = −2: 1 = A(3) ⇒ A = 13
x = −5: 1 = B(−3) ⇒ B = − 31
Z
1 1 1 1 x+2
dx = ln |x + 2| − ln |x + 5| + C = ln +C
(x + 2)(x + 5) 3 3 3 x+5

Example 14
Z
5
dx
(x − 3)(x + 6)
5 = A(x + 6) + B(x − 3)
5
x = 3: 5 = A(9) ⇒ A = 9
x = −6: 5 = B(−9) ⇒ B = − 59

x−3
Z
5 5 5 5
dx = ln |x − 3| − ln |x + 6| + C = ln +C
(x − 3)(x + 6) 9 9 9 x+6

Example 15
6x − 1
Z
dx
(2x − 3)(x + 4)
6x − 1 = A(x + 4) + B(2x − 3)
x = 32 : 9 − 1 = A( 32 + 4) ⇒ 8 = A( 11 16
2 ) ⇒ A = 11
x = −4: −24 − 1 = B(−8 − 3) ⇒ −25 = B(−11) ⇒ B = 25 11

6x − 1
Z
16 1 25 8 25
dx = · ln |2x − 3| + ln |x + 4| + C = ln |2x − 3| + ln |x + 4| + C
(2x − 3)(x + 4) 11 2 11 11 11

Example 16
Z
4x + 9
dx
(x − 2)(x + 3)
4x + 9 = A(x + 3) + B(x − 2)
x = 2: 8 + 9 = A(5) ⇒ 17 = 5A ⇒ A = 17 5
x = −3: −12 + 9 = B(−5) ⇒ −3 = −5B ⇒ B = 53
Z
4x + 9 17 3
dx = ln |x − 2| + ln |x + 3| + C
(x − 2)(x + 3) 5 5

Example 17
Z
1
dx
(x + 1)(2x − 7)
1 = A(2x − 7) + B(x + 1)
x = −1: 1 = A(−9) ⇒ A = − 19
x = 27 : 1 = B( 92 ) ⇒ B = 29
Z
1 1 2 1 1 1
dx = − ln |x + 1| + · ln |2x − 7| + C = − ln |x + 1| + ln |2x − 7| + C
(x + 1)(2x − 7) 9 9 2 9 9

4
Example 18
3x − 8
Z
dx
(x − 5)(x + 1)
3x − 8 = A(x + 1) + B(x − 5)
x = 5: 15 − 8 = A(6) ⇒ 7 = 6A ⇒ A = 67
x = −1: −3 − 8 = B(−6) ⇒ −11 = −6B ⇒ B = 11 6

3x − 8
Z
7 11
dx = ln |x − 5| + ln |x + 1| + C
(x − 5)(x + 1) 6 6

Example 19
2x − 5
Z
dx
(x − 3)(x + 4)
2x − 5 = A(x + 4) + B(x − 3)
x = 3: 6 − 5 = A(7) ⇒ 1 = 7A ⇒ A = 17
x = −4: −8 − 5 = B(−7) ⇒ −13 = −7B ⇒ B = 13 7

2x − 5
Z
1 13
dx = ln |x − 3| + ln |x + 4| + C
(x − 3)(x + 4) 7 7

Example 20
Z
1
dx
(x + 6)(x − 8)
1 = A(x − 8) + B(x + 6)
1
x = −6: 1 = A(−14) ⇒ A = − 14
1
x = 8: 1 = B(14) ⇒ B = 14

x−8
Z
1 1 1 1
dx = − ln |x + 6| + ln |x − 8| + C = ln +C
(x + 6)(x − 8) 14 14 14 x+6