Takeo MARUYAMA

2025 12 25

vc (t) = Vc cos(2πfc t + ϕc ) (1)

s(t) ( |s(t)| < 1)

1.1 AM: Amplitude Modulation

vm (t) = {Vc + δV s(t)} cos(2πfc t + ϕc ) (2)

( )
∆V
= Vc {1 + ms(t)} cos(2πfc t + ϕc ) ∵m= , |m(t)| < 1 (3)
Vc

1.2 FM: Frequency Modulation

ω ϕ
dϕ(t)
ω(t) = (4)
dt

ˆ t ˆ t ˆ t
ϕm (t) = ωm (t) dt = 2π {fc + δf s(t)} dt = 2πfc t + ∆f s(t) dt (5)
0 0 0

1
 1 (a) 10 (b) (c)AM
(d)FM (e)PM

{ ˆ t }
vm (t) = Vc cos 2πfc t + ∆f s(t) dt + ϕc (6)
0

1.3 PM: Phase Modulation

vm (t) = Vc cos{2πfc t + ϕc + δϕ s(t)} (7)

0,1

2
 2

• ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

• FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
• PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
• APSK (Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying)
• QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

vc (t) = Vc cos(2πfc t + ϕc ) (8)



0 (Low)
s(t) = (9)

1 (High)

2.1 ASK



VL s(t) = 0
Vs (t) = (10)

VH s(t) = 1

vm (t) = V (t) cos(2πfc t + ϕc ) (11)

0 ≤ VL < VH ≤ Vc VL = 0, VH = Vc OOK On-Off

Keying 2(c) ASK ϕc = 0

ASK ”0”

2 Modulation Keying
Key Keying
Keying QAM PWM Modulation

3
2.2 FSK

ASK



fL s(t) = 0
fs (t) = (12)

fH s(t) = 1

vm (t) = Vc cos{2πf (t) t + ϕc } (13)

fL < f c < f H 2(d) FSK ϕc = 0

FSK fL

2.3 PSK



 0 s(t) = 0
ϕs (t) = (14)

 π s(t) = 1

vm (t) = Vc cos{2πfc t + ϕs (t)} (15)

2(e) PSK 2 BPSK

Binary Phase-Shift Keying 3(b)
(c)

3(f)


π/4


s(t) = 0, 0



3π/4 s(t) = 0, 1
ϕs (t) = (16)



 5π/4 s(t) = 1, 1



7π/4 s(t) = 1, 0

3
2 QPSK Quadra Phase-Shift Keying
3(d) (e)
2

3 0, π/2, π, 3π/2

4
2 (a) 10110100 (b) (c)ASK (d)FSK (e)PSK

5
 3 PSK (a) (b)BPSK (c)BPSK
(d) (e)QPSK (f)QPSK

2 (0, 0) → (0, 1) → (1, 1) → (1, 0)

4
1
5

8-PSK 16-PSK

2.4 QAM

ASK PSK APSK Ampritude and Phase-Shift

Keying

vm (t) = Vs (t) cos{2πfc t + ϕs (t)} (17)

4 Gray grey
5 1

6
 4 4 (a)16PSK (b)16APSK
(c)16QAM

16-APSK 1 4(a) (b) 16-PSK

16-APSK APSK PSK

QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

4(c)

vm = Vs (t) cos{2πfc t + ϕc (t)} (18)

= Vs (t) cos ϕc (t) cos(2πfc t) − Vs (t) sin ϕc (t) sin(2πfc t) (19)
= I(t) cos(2πfc t) + Q(t) sin(2πfc t) (20)

I(t) = Vs (t) cos ϕc (t), Q(t) = Vs (t) sin ϕc (t) (21)

I(t), Q(t) 1

7
1 4 4
16-PSK 16-APSK 16-QAM
Gray code ϕs (t) Vs (t) ϕs (t) I(t) Q(t)
0001 0 2 0 -3 -3
0001 π/8 2 π/6 -3 -1
0011 2π/8 2 2π/6 -3 +1
0010 3π/8 1 π/4 -3 +3
0110 4π/8 1 3π/4 -1 +3
0111 5π/8 2 3π/6 -1 +1
0101 6π/8 2 10π/6 -1 -1
0100 7π/8 2 11π/6 -1 -3
1100 8π/8 2 8π/6 +1 -3
1101 9π/8 2 9π/6 +1 -1
1111 10π/8 2 4π/6 +1 +1
1110 11π/8 1 5π/4 +1 +3
1010 12π/8 1 7π/4 +3 +3
1011 13π/8 2 5π/6 +3 +1
1001 14π/8 2 6π/6 +3 -1
1000 15π/8 2 7π/6 +3 -3