DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JNTUH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SULTANPUR

SULTHANPUR(V), CHOUTKUR(M), SANGAREDDY DIST,
TELANGANA- 502 273.
2022 - 2026

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “WATER TREATMENT PLANT” submitted by
B. ASWITH (22SS1A0110), T. SAITEJA (22SS1A0155), K. ANUROOP (22SS1A0130),
G. SINDHU (22SS1A0118), ASFIYA ANJUM (22SS1A0105), K. CHAKRADHAR
(22SS1A0126), K. JAIPAUL (22SS1A0134), J. NAGACHARAN (22SS1A0122), M. NITHIN
(22SS1A0138) is the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering for the year 2022-26 is an authentic work carried out by them under my
supervision and guidance.

Mr. A. RAVINDER Dr. B. SUNITHA

Internal Guide Head of the Department

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without mentioning the people
who made it possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement secured us this success.

Our special thanks to the Principal Dr. G. NARASIMHA for his encouragement
shown towards us to complete the project.
Our special thanks to the Vice-Principal Dr. Y. RAGHAVENDRA RAO for his
encouragement shown towards us to complete the project.

We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. B. SUNITHA, Prof & HOD of
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering Sultanpur, for
his encouragement and guidance provided during the course of our project work.

We are immensely thankful to our internal guide Mr. A RAVINDER Assistant Professor
©, for his valuable guidance in each and every stage of this work, which helped us in completing
this project work successfully.

We are grandly indebted to all other Teaching & Non-Teaching Staff Members of
Department of Civil Engineering, for their valuable help rendered during the course of study.

Finally, we express our hearty thanks to Friends for their kind help and encouragement
throughout the course of this project.

Project Associates

B. ASWITH (22SS1A0110)
T. SAITEJA (22SS1A0155)
K. ANUROOP (22SS1A0130)
G. SINDHU (22SS1A0118)
ASFIYA ANJUM (22SS1A0105)
K. CHAKRADHAR (22SS1A0126)
K. JAIPAUL (22SS1A0134)
J. NAGACHARAN (22SS1A0122)
[Link] (22SS1A0138)
 DECLARATION

We do declare that the project work entitled "WATER TREATMENT PLANT" submitted
by to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad College of Engineering,
Sulthanpur, in partial fulfillment of degree for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering is a bonafide report of the project work, carried out by us..Also, we declare that the
matter embedded in this report has not been submitted by to any other university or institution
previously.

Project associates

B. ASWITH (22SS1A0110)
T. SAITEJA (22SS1A0155)
K. ANUROOP (22SS1A0130)
G. SINDHU (22SS1A0118)
ASFIYA ANJUM (22SS1A0105)
K. CHAKRADHAR (22SS1A0126)
K. JAIPAUL (22SS1A0134)
J. NAGACHARAN (22SS1A0122)
[Link] (22SS1A0138)
 ABSTRACT

Mission Bhagiratha is a water grid project that aims to provide safe drinking water to all eave
to remotest places in Telangana. Its objective is providing 100 liters of clean drinking water per
person in rural households and 135 liters per person in urban households. Under its safe drinking
water will be provide to about 25000 rural habitations and 67 urban habitations. For supplying water
in the segment for 819 habitations.

The main objective of the treatment process is to remove the impurities of raw water and
bring the quality of water portable and to remove the dissolved suspended particles, turbidity, micro
biological organisms in water.
 LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objective 1
1.3 Aim of the Project 1
1.4 Description of Project 2
1.5 Constructions Company Details 3
Chapter 2 Head work 4-4
2.1 Head Work (Flow Chart) 4
Chapter 3 Intake Well 5 - 21
3.1 Singur Intake Well 6
3.2 Canal Intake 7
3.3 River Intake 8
3.4 Lake Intake 9
3.5 Reservoir Intake 10
3.6 Raw Water 10
3.7 Aerator 11
3.8 Aeration 11
3.9 Types of Aerators 12
Five Major Filter Unit Processes in Water Treatment
3.10 13
Plant
3.11 Clariflocculator 14-15
3.12 Rapid sand Filter House 15-16
3.13 Backwash Tank and Cleaning of Filter Beds 17
3.14 Back Wash Process 18
3.15 Clear Water Sump 19
 3.16 Distribution 19-20
3.17 OHSR 21
Chapter 4 Lab Test and Parameters 22 – 26
4.1 Turbidity 22-23
4.2 PH 23-24
4.3 Conductivity 24-25
4.4 Determination of Chlorides in Water 25
Chapter 5 Conclusion 26
WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Mission Bhagiratha, a new initiative started by the state government of Telangana to provide
safe drinking water to everyone in the state through dedicated water pipeline channel in the state.
To confederate the mission, the state government has designed a water grid project to provide a
sustainable and durable solution to the problem of safe drinking water. The main objective of the
“Mission Bhagiratha” is to provide 100 litres &135 litres of clear drinking water per person in rural
household and in urban household respectively.

He waters will be collected, reserved and supplied from two of the perennial rivers
Telangana (Krishna & Godavari) has got and also from existing reservoirs. The projects inspiration
is from the water grid project in Siddipet constituency which was formulated and executed by our
former CM. KCR.

1.2 Objectives
The main objective of the treatment process is to remove the impurities of raw water and
bring the quality of water portable and to remove the dissolved suspended particles, turbidity, micro
biological organisms in water.

1.3 Aim of the Project

o Mission Bhagiratha is a water grid project that aims to provide safe drinking water
to all eave to remotest places in Telangana.

o Its objective is providing 100 litres of clean drinking water per person in rural
households and 135 litres per person in urban households.

o Under its safe drinking water will be provide to about 2500 rural habitations and 67
urban habitations.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 1

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

1.4 Description of Project

Aim of the Project : Providing Drinking Water

Segment : Singur Jukkal Segment,Medak, District

Design Period : 30 Years

Intake Well : Singur IntakeWell (size32x12meters)

Capacity of Pumps : 425 HP (2 running, standby 1)

Each Pump LPM : 36250.54 LPM

Motor RPM : 1488

For supplying water in the segment for 819 habitations.

Owner Details
The scheme is the brain child of Telangana Former Chief Minister K. Chandrasekhar
Rao. It was inaugurated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister Narender Modi at Komati Banda Village,
Gajwel. The 90 MLD Water Treatment Plant at Peddareddipet (V) of Pulkal (M) in Sangareddy
Dist is taken up under MISSION BHAGIRATHA by government of Telangana. The project is
under sector of Telangana drinking water supply project (TDWSP).

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 2

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

1.5 Construction company details

L/T Construction and Infrastructure Pvt .Ltd., Hyderabad,

Year of establishment -1938,
Branch offices at Madhapur, Hyderabad.

Project converted so far

 Drinking water supply in urban and rural area WTP (water treatment plant)
 Lift irrigations scheme
 Irrigation projects
 Sewage treatment plants (STP)
 Power
 Hydrocarbons.
 Transportation.
 Manufacture of RCC, PCC, BWSP Pipes

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 3

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

CHAPTER 2
2.1 HEAD WORK

Raw Water

Aerator

Chemical House Stilling Chamber Pre-Chlorination

Flash Mixer

Clariflocculator

Back Wash Filter House

Clear Water Sump Post Chlorination

Pump House

OHBR

OHSR/BPT

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 4

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

CHAPTER 3
INTAKE WELL

Fig. New Intake Well

(SingurDam)

Intake well is usually constructed near a source of water for the water treatment
plant, in this case, it is constructed by the bank of Singur Reservoir. This reservoir also
supplies water to Medak segment plant located in same area. Dimensions of the intake
well are 32 m x 12 m. The constructed intake well is common for both the Nizamabad
segment and medak Segment. Intake well civil work was executed by the M/s Larsen &
Toubro.
Water is pumped from the reservoir with the help of a 425 HP Vertical Turbine
Pump into the aerator. There are several types of valves like Pump Control Valve which
doesn’t allow reverse flow of water in to the Turbine, enlarger, Butterfly Valve and
Dismantling joint. Most of the larger particles or wastes (Including Fish, Plastic Material,
etc.,) are filtered out before entering pipe of the intake well, the reason forthis is the
presence of a larger mesh end of the intake pipe of a vertical turbine.

Main raw water pumping pipe is made Stainless Steel with diameter of 1400mm
and thickness of 12mm. Total length of this pipe is 0.72 km.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 5

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

Singur Intake Well Pump-425HP.

 It has 500 mm dia Suction pipe.
 3 No’s PCV’s of 500 mm Dia.
 3 No’s butter fly valve with 500 mm dia.
 Manifold MS1500 mm dia.
 Air Valve size 200 mm dia.
 Anchor Blocks for supporting.
 Trust Blocks at bend area in the site.

Main Line: Pump Control Valve (Non return Valve)

 Air Valves/
 Butterfly Valves.
 Gate Valve.

3.1 Singur Intake Well (LT)

 2 incomers in a panel board.
 Capacity banks in a panel board
 Soft starters

Electro Mechanical operation and maintenance of the Pumps, Electrical Componnts is

maintained by M/s Ragava Construction.

Points to be considered in Locating and Designing of Intakes

 It should be near to the treatment plant so that the cost of

conveying water to the city is less.
 It should be located in pure zone of the source.
 It should be located near the navigation channels.
 It should be located to the downstream to the point of disposed of waste water.
 It should be located at place from where it can draw water
even during the most dry period of the year.

Types of Intake Well

i. Canal Intake
ii. River Intake
iii. Lake Intake
iv. Reservoir Intake

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 6

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.2 Canal Intake:

A canal intake consists of essentially a pipe intake placed in a canal bed and enclosed
in a concrete chamber.

The inlet end of the pipe is enlarged to a bell mouth to which a hemi-spherical fine
screen is provided to prevent the entry of silt and other small floating material. Thechamber is
provide with a side opening fitted with coarse screen to check the entry to the floating matter.
The outlet is provide with a valve is operated from the top to regulatethe flow.

In these structures occupy about one-third bed width, the velocity of water is increased
and, therefore, the upstream and downstream approaches of these structures have to be lined in
soft soils. The canal bed up-stream and downstream of intake are provided with pitching to
protect against scouring.

Fig. Canal Intake

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 7

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.3 River Intake

The river intake of circular tower constructed on the bank of river at a suitable point.
The pump house is located on the top the lower chamber acts as a sump well. The pen stocks
covered with coarse screens are provided at difference levels to the sump well. The pen stocks
are fitted with valves to regulate the flow into the well.

The pen stock, just below the existing water levels, is only operated at any timeand the
remaining is closed so as to avoid high at any of velocities. If velocity is high turbulence will
occur resulting the increase of silt into the well. The water from the sump well is pumped to the
treatment plant. To prevent back flow of water due to gravity, a valve should be provided at out
let of the pump of a typical river intake.

Fig. River Intake

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 8

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.4 Lake Intake:

The Lake Intake consist of a submerged bell mouth pipe fitted with cost iron pipe strainer
project into the water.

The pipe is surrounded by a square or octagonal wood crib protected by

rock boulders. The water enters through outlet to the treatment plant. The intake
opening should be located sufficiently above the bottom of the lake so as tom
minimize the danger pollution.

Fig. Lake Intake

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 9

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.5 Reservoir Intake:

A reservoir intake consists of a circular well-constructed in masonry or concrete. The foot

of the intake is kept below the lowest water level of the reservoir, so that water will be
available in dry season. The intake pipes covered with screens are located at different levels,
to draw water clear and free of floating matter, Water is collected in the vertical pipe
connected to the intake pipes, and then conveyed by gravity.

Fig. Reservoir Intake

3.6 Raw Water:

Raw water is found in the environment that has not been treated and
does not have any of its minerals, ions, particles, bacteria, or parasites removed.
Raw water includes rainwater, ground water, water from infiltration wells,
and water from bodies like lakes and rivers.

Raw water is generally unsafe for human consumption due to the

presence of contaminants. A major health problem in some developing countries
is use of raw waterhuman consumption due to the presence of contaminants. A
major health problem in some developing countries is use of raw water for
drinking and cooking.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 10

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.7 Aerators:
Aerators are various devices used for aerations, or mixing air with
anothersubstance, such as soil or water

Aerator may also refer to floating surface Aerator, used in aerated lagoons

3.8 Aeration:
To expose to the action or effect of air or to cause to air to circular through
To change or treat with air or a gas, especially with carbon dioxide (CO2)

Purpose of Aeration:
Aeration is used for many purposes in water treatment:

Increase the dissolved oxygen concentration in water.

Decrease CO2.

Reduce taste and odor cased by dissolved gases such as Hydrogen

sulphide(H2S) and methane (CH4) that are removed during aeration.

Remove certain volatile organic compounds.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 11

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.9 Types of Aerators:

1) Cascade aerators
2) Multi-tray aerators
3) Spray aerators
4) Mechanical aerators
5) Cone aerators
6) Turbine aerators

Cascade Stepped Aerator:

In this 90 MLD Water plant aerator is used cascade (stepped) type aerator construction is fully
constructed by using R.C.C. for the purpose of by more surface water come in content with air
and producing of bubble gives more oxygen to water, which is extremely inevitable for
successful treatment of water.

(A) (B)

Fig. (A&B) Design of Cascade Stepped Aerator

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 12

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.10 Five Major Filter Unit Processes in Water Treatment Plant:

1) Chemical coagulation
2) Flocculation
3) Sedimentation
4) Filtration
5) Disinfection

Stilling Chamber:
In this water treatment plant, stilling channel is basically an open channel
whichis used to measure or control the levels of flowing water. A pipe or
compartment with one or more comparatively small inlets connected with a
main body of water or flow channel. The purpose of a stilling channel is to
dampen waves or surges whilepermitting the water level in the well to rise and
fall with the major fluctuations of the main body of water or flow channel. Most
of the larger particles in water are settled instilling channel.
There are three significant processed happening directly in stilling
channel which include Addition of Alum from chemical house, Pre-
Chlorination (2.0 ppm) of water and Calculation of rate of flow of water.
Flash Mixer

Fig. Rapid Flash Mixer

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 13

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.11 Clariflocculator:
Clariflocculator is a combination of flocculation and clarification in a single tank. It has
two concentric tanks where inner tank serves as a flocculation basin and theouter tank serves as
a clarifier.
In the Clariflocculator, the water enters the flocculator, where the flocculating paddles
enhanceflocculation of the feed solids. As heavy particles settle to the bottom,the liquid flows
radially upward in the clarifier zone, the clarified liquid discharged. The deposited sludge is
raked to thebottom near the central weir from where it is routedto the sludge well and discharged.

Fig. Clariflocculator

Clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removalof solids
being deposited by sedimentation. Clarifier is generally used to remove solidparticulates or
suspended solids from liquid for clarification and (or) [Link] impurities,
discharged from the bottom of the tank are known as sludge, while the particles that float to the
surface of the liquid are called scum.

There two main processes happening, they are coagulation and flocculation. Inthe
process of coagulation, coagulant like alum is added to raw water which causes decrease in
repulsion between particles. And in the process of flocculation, these particles are attracted
to aqua metallic ions and small clump of particles is formed, thisclump of particles is called
floc. In the process of flocculation, it is very important thatwater is mixed with slow speeds so
that all the coagulants mix together to form floc.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 14

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

In the process of clariflocculation, (Alum is broken down and aqua metallic ionsare
formed in flash mixing process) these aqua metallic ions have high affinity to colloidal particles
(which are relatively negatively charged) which are present in [Link] when these positively
charged aqua metallic ions react with negatively charged colloidal particles, charge is
neutralized and they settle together at the bottom of clarifier region. In practical terms, aqua
metallic ions attract relatively negatively charged colloidal particles and form floc and due to
slow mixing of water, this floc is in continuous movement and more coagulated particles are
attached to it,this results in increase of its weight and the floc slowly moves down into the
clarifying zone and settles down. Detention time of water in clariflocculator is about 150
minutes. And thebridge must be rotated once for every 8-9 hours at a speed of 1.2 m/s so that
all the sludge at the bottom of the clariflocculator attain a angular velocity and flown into near
the sludge drain which can be collected and be sent to sludge well through sludge discharge
pipe. If sludge is kept in clariflocculator for long, denitrification occurs and sludge comes up
and floats on surface due to denitrification. In clarifying zone, wateris moved very slowly so
that all the remaining particles settle down by gravity force.
Turbidity of water after clariflocculation is about 5-6 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity
Unit)
In case the turbidity of water is less i.e., between 5-10 NTU. Water looks cleareror
laboratory tests prove that the water has less turbidity than the bypass valve is openedat the
distribution channel which results in direct mixing of water discharged from Clariflocculator.
In this case, water is added with alum and chlorine but it doesn’t passthrough Flash Mixer and
Clariflocculator.

3.12 Rapid Sand Filter House:

Rapid sand filtration is a purely physical drinking water purification method. Rapid sand
filters (RSF) provide rapid and efficient removal of relatively large suspended particles. Two
types of RSF are typically used rapid gravity and rapid pressure sand filters. For the provision
of safe drinking water, RSFs require adequate pre-treatment (usually coagulation-flocculation)
and post-treatment (usually disinfection with chlorine). Both construction and operation are cost
intensive. It is a relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power operated pumps,
regular back washing or cleaning, and flow control of the filter outlet. Rapid sand filtration is
common in developed countries for the treatment of large quantities of water where land is a
strongly limiting factor, and where material, skilled labour, and continuous energy supply are
available.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 15

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

Fig. Filter House

Rapid sand filters are typically designed as part of multi-stage treatment systems used
by large municipalities. These systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain,
and therefore less suitable for small communities and developingnations. The filtration
system requires a relatively small land area in proportion to the population served, and the
design is less sensitive to changes in raw water quality, e.g.,turbidity, than slow sand filters.
Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and other granular media to remove
particles and impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation
chemicals—typically alum. The unfiltered water flows through the filter medium under
gravity or under pumped pressure and the floc material is trapped in the sand matrix.
Mixing, flocculation and sedimentation processes are typical treatment stages that
precede filtration. Chemical additives, such as coagulants, are often used inconjunction with
the filtration system. A disinfection system (typically using chlorine) is commonly used
following filtration. Rapid sand filtration has very little effect on taste and smell and
dissolved impurities of drinking water. Rapid sand filters must be cleaned frequently, often
several times a day, by backwashing, which involves reversing the direction of the water and
adding compressed air. During backwashing, the bed isfluidized and care must be taken not
to wash away the media. In the workingprocess, firstly water is sent into filter beds then the
water is continuously filtered by passing through beds and is collected into clear water
channel in gallery area.
Turbidity of water after filtration through Rapid Sand Filter House is around 1-2 ntu.
At the end, COD of water is less than 10 ppm and BOD of water is less than 5 ppm. Capacity
of this RSF is 60 MLD with 6 beds.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 16

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.13 Backwash Tank and Cleaning of Filter Beds:

Main purpose of backwash tank is to clean filter beds. Clearer water is pumpedinto
back wash tank using motors; same water is used for cleaning of beds. Back washtanks are
present only in Rapid Sand Filter House; Backwash Tanks are not used for normal (of slow
sand) filter houses.
While back washing of filter beds, air from air blowers of 75 HP with a pressureof
0.35 Kg/cm² is pumped from the bottom of bed through air vents after filling filter bed with
water. These results in flocculation and all the precipitates gather on top [Link], water
is continuously pumped upwards from the bottom of the bed through gravity from
backwash tank. This water is pumped continuously till the water overflowing into the cross-
gutter region look clear. Usually back washing is anautomated process and takes about 10
minutes. Every filter bed is backwashed after 24hours of use. After usage, backwash tank
must be filled again.

Fig. Back wash water tank (250 kl)

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 17

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.14 Back Wash Process:

Raw water inlet valve close

Raw water outlet valve open

Clear water inlet valve close

Back wash inlet valve open

Air blower on (3-5 min)

Air blower off

Raw water out let valve close

Raw water inlet valve open

Clear water inlet valve open

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 18

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.15 Clear Water Sump:

The resultant water after the whole presser water treatment will be free from impurities
micro-organisms, water become portable. Before pumping clear water to the OHBR (overhead
balance reservoir) or GLBR (Ground levelbalanced reservoir) water is stored or collected in a
Clearwater sump

Fig. Clear Water Sump

3.16 Distribution:
Clear Water Pump House & OHBR (Over head balanced reservoir)

Clear water reservoir is generally used to store water or collect water and pumpit to
OHBR (Overhead Balanced Reservoir). Water form clear water reservoir is collected into a
common manifold from where water is pumped to OHBR through pump house. Pump house
has six turbines in which four are always working (and othertwo are in standby). Water is
pumped to Overhead Balancing Reservoir 5.115km away from water treatment plant.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 19

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

Fig. Clear Water Pump House

Overhead Balanced Reservoir has four valves, they are inlet valve, Outlet
valve,Scour valve, overflow valve. Water enters OHBR through inlet valve,
overflow valve is always open and if water level is too high, water overflows
from OHBR. Scour valveis used to drain water from lower levels of OHBR after
cleaning.

Fig. OHBR 400 kl (Over Head Balancing Reservoir)

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 20

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT:

3.17 OHSR (Over Head Service Reservoir):

It is tank which is used to distribute the water through the taps this
is located in every habitation (villages) having capacities based on
population demand.
The OHSR feeded the water by the
OHBR.

Fig. OHSR(Over Head Service

Reservoir)

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 21

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

CHAPTER 4
4. LAB TESTS AND PARAMETERS
4.1 Turbidity:
Aim : To find the Turbidity
Material Required: Nephelometer Device, Distilled water.

Fig. Nephelometer
Procedure :
Gently shake sample, wait until air bubbles disaaper and pour sample into cell.
Read turbidity from instrument display.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 22

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

Notes:

Line of glass cell should align with line on cell inserting side.
Calculation:

Read turbidity directly from the instrument display and note down the reading.

Water is said to be turbid when it is seen containing materials of suspension inside it.
While turbidity may be defined as the measure of visible material in suspension water,
turbidity may be caused by algae or other organisms.
It is generally caused by silt or clay. The amount and character of turbidity depends
upon two things.
1. Type of sand over which flow
2. The velocity of flowing water

When water becomes stationary the heavier and larger suspended particles settle
quickly and the lighter and finely divided particles settle very slowly and even takes month.
Units for the measurement of turbidity in nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU).The
Device used to measure the turbidity is nephelometer.

4.2 PH:

PH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in a liquid.

1. Remove electrode from storage solution (4 mkcl) and rinse with distilled water.
2. Dry electrode by gently blotting with soft tissue paper standardize the
instrument with electrode immersed in buffer solution.
3. Remove electrode from buffer, rinse, thoroughly with distilled water.
4. Insert the electrode in the sample and allow to establish equilibrium between
electrode and sample by stirring sample to ensure homogeneity and measure
PH.
5. Clean the electrode by immersing in the distilled water and take a fresh
sampleand record the PH value.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 23

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

Calculation:
The PH Value is the directly obtained from the instrument’s digital display.

Fig. PH Meter

4.3 Conductivity:

Fig. Conductivity Meter

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 24

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

 Rinse the conductivity cell with the solution whose

conductivity is to bemeasured.
 Dip the conductivity cell in the solution under test.
 Set the function switch to check position.
 Display must read 1000 if it does not, set it with CAL control at the back
panel.
 Put function switch in cell constant and set the cell
constant with the help of cellconstant knob.
 Set the function switch to conductor position.
 Connect the conductor cell at the rear of the instrument.
 Set the temperature control to the actual temperature of the solution
under test.
 Bring the range switch at a position where maximum resolution is
obtained.
 Read the display, this will be exact conductivity.

4.4 Determination of chlorides in Water:

 By using Chloroscope, we can determine the chloride content in water.
 Reagent used is 0-Tiadine.
 Chloride range should be 2 ppm.

Fig. Chloroscope

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 25

WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

CHAPTER 5
5. CONCLUSION:
Water is an essentials and most available source on the earth. Possibility of contamination
was high which may cause several impacts on environmental and livingorganisms, ground water
has high contaminated more when compared with surface water, hence water treatment plant has
become very essential & it has been constructed to prevent water contamination and several
advanced and improved techniques have been developed in treating water. Due to
industrialization and rapid population growthwater contamination and demand have increased,
hence it is essentials to provide watertreatment plant. And also, we came to know about the
importance of water. and how the raw water is treated, the sequence of treatment and how it is
pumpsed to the OHBR.

Department of Civil Engineering Page | 26