SOLVED EXERCISES

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PYTHON
FROM SCRATCH

SOLVED EXERCISES
1�� edition - updated on Aug 2, 2025

Nilo Ney Coutinho Menezes

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Contents

Exercise 03-15 .............................. 32

Contents
Chapter 04 .........................................33
About the book..........................................9 Exercise 04-01 .............................. 33
Introduction ............................................. 10
Exercise 04-02 .............................. 34
Chapter 02 .............................................. 11
Exercise 02-01 .................................... 11 Exercise 04-03 .............................. 35

Exercise 02-02 .................................... 12 Exercise 04-04 .............................. 36

Exercise 02-03 .................................... 13 Exercise 04-05 .............................. 37

Exercise 02-04 .................................... 14 Exercise 04-06 .............................. 38

Exercise 02-05 .................................... 15 Exercise 04-07 .............................. 39

Exercise 02-06 .................................... 16 Exercise 04-08 .............................. 40

Exercise 02-07 .................................... 17 Exercise 04-09 .............................. 41

Chapter 03 .............................................. 18 Exercise 04-10 .............................. 42

Exercise 03-01 .................................... 18 Exercise 04-11 .............................. 43

Exercise 03-02 .................................... 19 Exercise 04-12 .............................. 44

Exercise 03-03 .................................... 20 Exercise 04-13 .............................. 45

Exercise 03-04 .................................... 21 Exercise 04-14 .............................. 46

Exercise 03-05 .................................... 22 Exercise 04-15 .............................. 47

Exercise 03-06 .................................... 23 Exercise 04-16 .............................. 48

Exercise 03-07 .................................... 24 Chapter 05 .........................................49

Exercise 03-08 .................................... 25 Exercise 05-01 .............................. 49

Exercise 03-09 .................................... 26 Exercise 05-02 .............................. 50

Exercise 03-10 .................................... 27 Exercise 05-03 .............................. 51

Exercise 03-11 .................................... 28 Exercise 05-04 .............................. 52

Exercise 03-12 .................................... 29 Exercise 05-05 .............................. 53

Exercise 03-13 .................................... 30 Exercise 05-06 .............................. 54

Exercise 03-14 .................................... 31 Exercise 05-07 .............................. 55

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Contents

Exercise 05-08 ................................. 56 Exercise 06-05 ................................. 83

Exercise 05-09 ................................. 57 Exercise 06-06 ................................. 84

Exercise 05-10 ................................. 58 Exercise 06-07 ................................. 85

Exercise 05-11 ................................. 59 Exercise 06-08 ................................. 86

Exercise 05-12 ................................. 60 Exercise 06-09 ................................. 87

Exercise 05-13 ................................. 61 Exercise 06-10 ................................. 88

Exercise 05-14 ................................. 62 Exercise 06-11 ................................. 89

Exercise 05-15 ................................. 63 Exercise 06-12 ................................. 91

Exercise 05-16 ................................. 64 Exercise 06-13 ................................. 92

Exercise 05-17 ................................. 65 Exercise 06-14 ................................. 93

Exercise 05-18 ................................. 66 Exercise 06-15 ................................. 94

Exercise 05-19 ................................. 67 Exercise 06-16 ................................. 95

Exercise 05-20 ................................. 69 Exercise 06-17 ................................. 96

Exercise 05-21 ................................. 70 Exercise 06-18 ................................. 98

Exercise 05-22 ................................. 71 Exercise 06-19 ................................. 99

Exercise 05-23 ................................. 72 Exercise 06-20-a ............................ 100

Exercise 05-24 ................................. 73 Exercise 06-20-b ........................... 101

Exercise 05-25 ................................. 74 Exercise 06-21 ............................... 102

Exercise 05-26 ................................. 75 Exercise 06-22 ............................... 103

Exercise 05-27-a .............................. 76 Chapter 07 ......................................... 104

Exercise 07-01 ............................... 104
Exercise 05-27-b ............................. 77
Exercise 07-02 ............................... 105
Chapter 06 ............................................79
Exercise 06-01 ................................. 79 Exercise 07-03 ............................... 106

Exercise 06-02 ................................. 80 Exercise 07-04 ............................... 107

Exercise 06-03 ................................. 81 Exercise 07-05 ............................... 108

Exercise 06-04 ................................. 82 Exercise 07-06 ............................... 109

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Contents
Exercise 07-07 ............................... 110 Exercise 08-19 ............................... 143

Exercise 07-08 ............................... 111 Exercise 08-20 ............................... 144

Exercise 07-09 ............................... 112 Exercise 08-21 ............................... 145

Exercise 07-10 ............................... 114 Exercise 08-22 ............................... 146

Exercise 07-11 ............................... 116 Chapter 09 ......................................... 147

Exercise 09-01 ............................... 147
Exercise 07-12 ............................... 119
Exercise 09-02 ............................... 148
Chapter 08 ......................................... 122
Exercise 08-01 ............................... 122 Exercise 09-03 ............................... 149

Exercise 08-02 ............................... 123 Exercise 09-04 ............................... 151

Exercise 08-03 ............................... 124 Exercise 09-05 ............................... 152

Exercise 08-04 ............................... 125 Exercise 09-06 ............................... 153

Exercise 08-05 ............................... 126 Exercise 09-07 ............................... 154

Exercise 08-06 ............................... 127 Exercise 09-08 ............................... 156

Exercise 08-07 ............................... 128 Exercise 09-09 ............................... 158

Exercise 08-08 ............................... 129 Exercise 09-10 ............................... 159

Exercise 08-09 ............................... 130 Exercise 09-11 ............................... 160

Exercise 08-10 ............................... 131 Exercise 09-12 ............................... 161

Exercise 08-11 ............................... 132 Exercise 09-13 ............................... 162

Exercise 08-12 ............................... 133 Exercise 09-14 ............................... 163

Exercise 08-13-a ............................ 134 Exercise 09-15 ............................... 164

Exercise 08-13-b ........................... 135 Exercise 09-16 ............................... 167

Exercise 08-14 ............................... 136 Exercise 09-17 ............................... 168

Exercise 08-15 ............................... 137 Exercise 09-18 ............................... 172

Exercise 08-16 ............................... 139 Exercise 09-19 ............................... 173

Exercise 08-17 ............................... 140 Exercise 09-20 ............................... 177

Exercise 08-18 ............................... 142 Exercise 09-21 ............................... 181

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Contents
Exercise 09-22 ............................... 186 Exercise 10-03 ............................... 260

Exercise 09-23 ............................... 191 Exercise 10-04 ............................... 261

Exercise 09-24 ............................... 197 Exercise 10-05 ............................... 262

Exercise 09-25 ............................... 198 Exercise 10-06 ............................... 263

Exercise 09-26 ............................... 204 Exercise 10-07 ............................... 264

Exercise 09-27 ............................... 210 Exercise 10-08 ............................... 265

Exercise 09-28 ............................... 217 Exercise 10-09 ............................... 267

Exercise 09-29 ............................... 224 Exercise 10-10 ............................... 269

Exercise 09-30 ............................... 225 Exercise 10-11 ............................... 271

Exercise 09-31 ............................... 226 Exercise 10-12 ............................... 273

Exercise 09-32 ............................... 227 Exercise 10-13 ............................... 275

Exercise 09-33 ............................... 228 Exercise 10-14 ............................... 277

Exercise 09-34 ............................... 230 Exercise 10-15 ............................... 279

Exercise 09-35 ............................... 232 Chapter 11 ......................................... 280

Exercise 11-01 ............................... 280
Exercise 09-36 ............................... 234
Exercise 11-02 ............................... 281
Exercise 09-37 ............................... 237
Exercise 11-03 ............................... 282
Exercise 09-38 ............................... 238
Exercise 11-04 ............................... 283
Exercise 09-39 ............................... 240
Exercise 11-05 ............................... 284
Exercise 09-40 ............................... 244
Exercise 11-06 ............................... 285
Exercise 09-41 ............................... 245
Chapter 12 ......................................... 286
Exercise 09-42 ............................... 246
Exercise 12-01 ............................... 286
Exercise 09-43 ............................... 250
Exercise 12-02 ............................... 287
Exercise 09-44 ............................... 254
Exercise 12-03 ............................... 288
Chapter 10 ......................................... 258
Exercise 12-04 ............................... 290
Exercise 10-01 ............................... 258
Exercise 12-05 ............................... 293
Exercise 10-02 ............................... 259

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Contents
Exercise 12-06 ............................... 296

Exercise 12-07 ............................... 298

Exercise 12-08 ............................... 300

Exercise 12-09 ............................... 302

Exercise 12-10 ............................... 303

Chapter 13 ......................................... 305

Exercise 13-01 ............................... 305

Exercise 13-02 ............................... 311

Exercise 13-03 ............................... 319

Exercise 13-04 ............................... 322

Exercise 13-05 ............................... 325

Exercise 13-06 ............................... 328

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - About The Book

About the book

This book is aimed at beginners in programming. The basic concepts of
programming, such as expressions, variables, loops, decisions, lists, dictionaries, sets,
functions, files, classes, objects, databases with SQLite 3, regular expressions, and
graphical interfaces with tkinter are presented one by one with examples and
exercises. The work aims to explore computer programming as a day-to-day tool. It
can be read during an introductory computer programming course and used as a
study guide for self-learners. To fully benefit from the content, only basic computer
knowledge, such as typing texts, opening and saving files, is sufficient. All software
used in the book can be downloaded for free and runs on Windows, Linux, and
macOS.

h�ps://[Link]/
[Link]

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Introduction

Introduction
This document was created to provide all the solved exercises from the book in a
single file. The book’s website can be accessed at [Link] or
via the QR code below:

Book website: h�ps://[Link]

[Link] 10 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 02

Chapter 02
Exercise 02-01
Convert the following mathematical expressions so that they can be calculated using
the Python interpreter.

10 + 20 × 30

42 ÷ 30

(94 + 2) × 6 - 1

# To execute the calculation and view the answer,

# copy and paste the lines below into the interpreter window,
# one at a time.
# The exercise answers are the lines below:
10 + 20 * 30
4**2 / 30
(9**4 + 2) * 6 - 1

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 02

Exercise 02-02
Type the following expression in the interpreter:

10 % 3 * 10 ** 2 + 1 - 10 * 4 / 2

Try to solve the same calculation using only pencil and paper. Notice how important
the priority of operations is.

# The result of the expression:

# 10 % 3 * 10 ** 2 + 1 - 10 * 4 / 2
# is 81.0
#
# Performing the calculation with the priorities from page 52,
# executing only one operation per line,
# we have the following calculation order:
# 0 --> 10 % 3 * 10 ** 2 + 1 - 10 * 4 / 2
# 1 --> 10 % 3 * 100 + 1 - 10 * 4 / 2
# 2 --> 1 * 100 + 1 - 10 * 4 / 2
# 3 --> 100 + 1 - 10 * 4 / 2
# 4 --> 100 + 1 - 40 / 2
# 5 --> 100 + 1 - 20
# 6 --> 101 - 20
# 7 --> 81
#
# If you're curious to know why the result
# is 81.0 and not 81, read section 3.2, page 67.
# The division operation always results in a floating point number.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 02

Exercise 02-03
Make a program that displays your name on the screen.

print("Write your name between the quotes")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 02

Exercise 02-04
Write a program that displays the result of 2a × 3b, where a is 3 and b is 5.

a = 3
b = 5
print(2 * a * 3 * b)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 02

Exercise 02-05
Write a program that calculates the sum of three variables and prints the result on the
screen

a = 2
b = 3
c = 4
print(a + b + c)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 02

Exercise 02-06
Modify Program 2.2 so that it calculates a 15% increase for a salary of $750.

salary = 750
raise_percentage = 15
print(salary + (salary * raise_percentage / 100))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 02

Exercise 02-07
Using the properties of division and multiplication, try to understand how these
results are the same:

0.2 * 6 + 8 * 0.3 + 7 * 0.5 = (20 * 6 + 8 * 30 + 7 * 50) / 100

# 0.2 * 6 + 8 * 0.3 + 7 * 0.5 = (20 * 6 + 8 * 30 + 7 * 50) / 100

# We can distribute the division on the left side:
# 20 / 100 * 6 + 8 * 30 / 100 + 7 * 50 / 100
# regrouping the common element (100):
# ((20 * 6) + (8 * 30) + 7 * 50) / 100
# All these expressions result in 7.1

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Chapter 03
Exercise 03-01
Complete the following table, marking integer or floating-point depending on the
number presented.

# integer
# floating point
# floating point
# integer
# integer
# floating point

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-02
Complete the following table, answering True or False. Consider a = 4, b = 10, c = 5.0,
d = 1, and f = 5.

# False (a==c)
# True (a<b)
# False (d>b)
# False (c!=f)
# False (a==b)
# False (c<d)
# True (b>a)
# True (c>=f)
# True (f>=c)
# True (c<=c)
# True (c<=f)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-03
Complete the following table using a = True, b = False, and c = True.

# True (a and a)
# False (b and b)
# False (not c)
# True (not b)
# False (not a)
# False (a and b)
# False (b and c)
# True (a or c)
# True (b or c)
# True (a or c)
# True (b or c)
# True (c or a)
# True (c or b)
# True (c or c)
# False (b or b)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-04
Write an expression to determine whether a person should pay tax. Consider that
people whose salary is greater than $1,200.00 pay taxes.

salary > 1200

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-05
Calculate the result of the expression A > B and C or D, using the values in the
following table.

A B C D Result
1 2 True False
10 3 False False
5 1 True True

# False
# False
# True

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-06
Write an expression that will be used to decide whether a student is approved. To be
approved, all student averages (arithmetic mean) must be greater than or equal to 7
(consider 10 the maximum grade). Consider that the student only takes three subjects
and that the grade for each one is stored in the following variables: grade1, grade2,
and grade3.

# According to the statement:

grade1 > 7 and grade2 > 7 and grade3 > 7
# In practice, the student is approved if they get a grade greater than or
equal to the average, therefore:
grade1 >= 7 and grade2 >= 7 and grade3 >= 7

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-07
Make a program that asks for two integer numbers. Print the sum of these two
numbers on the screen.

first_number = int(input("Enter the first number:"))

second_number = int(input("Enter the second number:"))
print(first_number + second_number)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-08
Write a program that reads a value in meters and displays it converted to millimeters.

meters = float(input("Enter the value in meters: "))

millimeters = meters * 1000
print("%10.3f meters equals %10.3f millimeters." % (meters, millimeters))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-09
Write a program that reads the user’s number of days, hours, minutes, and seconds.
Calculate the total in seconds.

days = int(input("Days:"))
hours = int(input("Hours:"))
minutes = int(input("Minutes:"))
seconds = int(input("Seconds:"))
# One minute has 60 seconds
# One hour has 3600 (60 * 60) seconds
# One day has 24 hours, so 24 * 3600 seconds
total_in_seconds = days * 24 * 3600 + hours * 3600 + minutes * 60 +
seconds
print("Converted to seconds equals %10d seconds." % total_in_seconds)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-10
Make a program that calculates a pay raise. It must request the amount of the salary
and the percentage of the raise. Display the amount of the raise and the new salary.

salary = float(input("Enter current salary:"))

raise_percentage = float(input("Enter raise percentage:"))
raise_amount = salary * raise_percentage / 100
new_salary = salary + raise_amount
print("A raise of %5.2f %% on a salary of $ %7.2f" % (raise_percentage,
salary))
print("equals a raise of $ %7.2f" % raise_amount)
print("Resulting in a new salary of $ %7.2f" % new_salary)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-11
Make a program that asks for the price of a commodity and the discount percentage.
Display the discount amount and the price to pay.

price = float(input("Enter the price of the item:"))

discount = float(input("Enter the discount percentage:"))
discount_amount = price * discount / 100
to_pay = price - discount_amount
print("A discount of %5.2f %% on an item of $ %7.2f" % (discount, price))
print("equals $ %7.2f." % discount_amount)
print("The amount to pay is $ %7.2f" % to_pay)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-12
Write a program that calculates the time of a car trip. Ask the distance to cover and
the average speed expected for the trip.

distance = float(input("Enter the distance in km:"))

average_speed = float(input("Enter the average speed in km/h:"))
time = distance / average_speed
print("The estimated time is %5.2f hours" % time)
# Optional: print the time in hours, minutes and seconds
time_s = int(time * 3600) # convert from hours to seconds
hours = int(time_s / 3600) # integer part
time_s = int(time_s % 3600) # remainder
minutes = int(time_s / 60)
seconds = int(time_s % 60)
print("%05d:%02d:%02d" % (hours, minutes, seconds))

[Link] 29 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-13
Write a program that converts a temperature entered in °C to °F. The formula for this
conversion is:

C = float(input("Enter the temperature in °C:"))

F = (9 * C / 5) + 32
print("%5.2f°C equals %5.2f°F" % (C, F))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-14
Write a program that asks the number of kilometers traveled by a rental car and the
number of days the vehicle was rented. Calculate the price to pay, knowing that the
car costs $60 a day and $0.15 per km driven.

km = int(input("Enter the number of kilometers driven:"))

days = int(input("Enter how many days you kept the car:"))
price_per_day = 60
price_per_km = 0.15
total_to_pay = km * price_per_km + days * price_per_day
print("Total to pay: $ %7.2f" % total_to_pay)

[Link] 31 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 03

Exercise 03-15
Write a program to calculate a smoker’s lifespan reduction. Ask how many cigarettes
a day they smoke and how many years they have smoked. Consider that a smoker
loses 10 minutes of life with each cigarette and calculate how many days of life the
smoker will lose. Display the total in days.

cigarettes_per_day = int(input("Number of cigarettes per day:"))

years_smoking = float(input("Number of years smoking:"))
reduction_in_minutes = years_smoking * 365 * cigarettes_per_day * 10
# One day has 24 x 60 minutes
reduction_in_days = reduction_in_minutes / (24 * 60)
print("Life time reduction %8.2f days." % reduction_in_days)

[Link] 32 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Chapter 04
Exercise 04-01
Analyze Program 4.1. What happens if the first and second values are the same?
Explain.

# If the values are equal, nothing will be printed.

# This happens because a > b and b > a are False when a == b.
# Thus, neither print 2 nor print 3 will be executed, so nothing will be
printed.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-02
Write a program that asks the speed of a user’s car. If it exceeds 80 km/h, display a
message stating that the user has been fined. In this case, show the amount of the
fine, charging $5 per km above 80 km/h.

speed = float(input("Enter your car speed:"))

if speed > 80:
fine = (speed - 80) * 5
print(f"You were fined ${fine:7.2f}!")
if speed <= 80:
print("Your speed is ok, have a good trip!")

[Link] 34 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-03
Write a program that reads three numbers and prints the largest and the smallest.

a = int(input("Enter the first value:"))

b = int(input("Enter the second value:"))
c = int(input("Enter the third value:"))
largest = a
if b > a and b > c:
largest = b
if c > a and c >= b:
largest = c
smallest = a
if b < c and b < a:
smallest = b
if c <= b and c < a:
smallest = c
print(f"The smallest number entered was {smallest}")
print(f"The largest number entered was {largest}")

[Link] 35 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-04
Write a program that asks for the employee’s salary and calculates the amount of the
rise. For salaries above $1,250, calculate a raise of 10%. For those equal or lower,
15%.

salary = float(input("Enter your salary: "))

raise_percentage = 0.15
if salary > 1250:
raise_percentage = 0.10
raise_amount = salary * raise_percentage
print(f"Your raise will be: ${raise_amount:7.2f}")

[Link] 36 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-05
Run Program 4.5 and try some values. Check that the results are the same as in
Program 4.2.

# Yes, the results are the same.

[Link] 37 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-06
Write a program that asks the distance a passenger wishes to cover in kilometers.
Calculate the ticket price, charging $0.50 per km for trips up to 200 km and $0.45 for
longer trips.

distance = float(input("Enter the distance to travel: "))

if distance <= 200:
fare = 0.5 * distance
else:
fare = 0.45 * distance
print(f"Ticket price: ${fare:7.2f}")

[Link] 38 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-07
Analyze Program 4.3. Does using else in that program make sense? Explain your
answer.

# Analyzing program 4.3, where we have two if statements,

# it's clear that using else doesn't make sense in this program.
# Since the program calculates tax in brackets and modifies
# the base in the first if, the second if needs to be evaluated
# in any case. Therefore, using else
# doesn't make sense in this program.

[Link] 39 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-08
Rewrite Program 4.4 and calculate the Bye operator account using else.

plan = input("What is your cell phone plan? ")

if plan != "littletalk" and plan != "talkmore":
print("I don't know this plan")
else:
if plan == "littletalk":
minutes_in_plan = 100
extra = 0.20
price = 50
else:
minutes_in_plan = 500
extra = 0.15
price = 99

minutes_used = int(input("How many minutes did you use? "))

print("You will pay:")
print(f"Plan price ${price:10.2f}")
supplement = 0
if minutes_used > minutes_in_plan:
supplement = extra * (minutes_used - minutes_in_plan)
print(f"Supplement ${supplement:10.2f}")
print(f"Total ${price + supplement:10.2f}")

[Link] 40 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-09
Trace Program 4.8. Compare your result to that shown in Table 4.2.

# The exercise consists of tracing the program from listing 4.8.

# The result should be the same as shown in table 4.2.
# The tracing technique is presented on page 83,
# section 3.6 Tracing.

[Link] 41 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-10
Write a program that reads two numbers and asks what operation you want to
perform. You must be able to calculate sum (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*),
and division (/). Display the result of the requested operation.

a = float(input("First number:"))
b = float(input("Second number:"))
operation = input("Enter the operation to perform (+, -, * or /):")
if operation == "+":
result = a + b
elif operation == "-":
result = a - b
elif operation == "*":
result = a * b
elif operation == "/":
result = a / b
else:
print("Invalid operation!")
result = 0
print("Result: ", result)

[Link] 42 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-11
Write a program to approve a bank loan for the purchase of a home. The program
must ask the price of the house to buy, the salary, and the number of years to pay.
The amount of the monthly installment cannot exceed 30% of the salary. Calculate
the installment as the amount of the house to be purchased divided by the number of
months to pay.

value = float(input("Enter the house value: "))

salary = float(input("Enter the salary: "))
years = int(input("How many years to pay: "))
months = years * 12
installment = value / months
if installment > salary * 0.3:
print("Unfortunately you cannot get the loan")
else:
print(f"Installment value: $ {installment:7.2f} Loan OK")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-12
Write a program that calculates the price to pay for electricity. Ask the amount of
kWh consumed and the type of installation: R for residential, I for industrial, and C
for commercial. Calculate the price to pay according to the following table.

consumption = int(input("Consumption in kWh: "))

type = input("Installation type (R, C or I): ")
if type == "R":
if consumption <= 500:
price = 0.40
else:
price = 0.65
elif type == "I":
if consumption <= 5000:
price = 0.55
else:
price = 0.60
elif type == "C":
if consumption <= 1000:
price = 0.55
else:
price = 0.60
else:
price = 0
print("Error! Unknown installation type!")
cost = consumption * price
print(f"Amount to pay: $ {cost:7.2f}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-13
In the following program, invert the if and else lines, negating the condition. Add the
necessary lines to make it work in Python.

if a > b:
print("a is greater than b")
else:
print("b is greater than a")

a = int(input("a: "))
b = int(input("b: "))
if a <= b:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("a is greater than b")

[Link] 45 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-14
Rewrite the following program with if-elif-else. Add the necessary lines to make it
work in Python.

if a < 10:
print("a is less than 10")
if a >= 10 and a < 20:
print("a is greater than 10 and less than 20")
if a >= 20:
print("a is greater than 20")

a = int(input("a: "))
if a < 10:
print("a is less than 10")
elif a < 20:
print("a is greater than or equal to 10 and less than 20")
else:
print("a is greater than or equal to 20")

[Link] 46 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-15
Rewrite the following program with if-elif-else.

time = int(input("Enter the current time:"))

if time < 12:
print("Good morning!")
if time >= 12 and time <= 18:
print("Good afternoon!")
if time >= 18:
print("Good evening!")

hour = int(input("Enter the current hour:"))

if hour < 12:
print("Good morning!")
elif hour < 18:
print("Good afternoon!")
else:
print("Good evening!")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 04

Exercise 04-16
Correct the following program:

score = input("Enter your exam scores:")

if score < 4:
print("Unfortunately you didn't pass")
if score < 7:
print("You need to resit the exam")
if score > 7:
print("You passed the year")

average = float(input("Enter your average: "))

if average < 4:
print("Unfortunately you failed")
elif average < 7:
print("You need to take a make-up exam")
else:
print("You passed the year")

[Link] 48 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Chapter 05
Exercise 05-01
Modify the program to display numbers from 1 to 100.

x = 1
while x <= 100:
print(x)
x = x + 1

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-02
Modify the program to display numbers from 50 to 100.

x = 50
while x <= 100:
print(x)
x = x + 1

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-03
Make a program to write the countdown of a rocket launch. The program must print
10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, and Fire! on the screen.

x = 10
while x >= 0:
print(x)
x = x - 1
print("Fire!")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-04
Modify the previous program to print from 1 to the number entered by the user, this
time producing only odd numbers.

end = int(input("Enter the last number to print:"))

x = 1
while x <= end:
print(x)
x = x + 2

[Link] 52 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-05
Rewrite the previous program to write the first 10 multiples of 3.

end = 30
x = 3
while x <= end:
print(x)
x = x + 3

[Link] 53 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-06
Change the previous program to display the results in the same format as a
multiplication table: 2 x 1 = 2, 2 x 2 = 4,…

number = int(input("Multiplication table of:"))

x = 1
while x <= 10:
print(f"{number} x {x} = {number * x}")
x = x + 1

[Link] 54 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-07
Modify the previous program so that the user must input the beginning and end of
the multiplication table, instead of starting and ending with 1 and 10.

n = int(input("Multiplication table of: "))

start = int(input("From: "))
end = int(input("To: "))
x = start
while x <= end:
print(f"{n} x {x} = {n * x}")
x = x + 1

[Link] 55 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-08
Write a program that reads two numbers. Print the result of multiplying the first by
the second. Use only the addition and subtraction operators to calculate the result.
Remember that we can understand the multiplication of two numbers as successive
sums of one of them (e.g., 4 × 5 = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4).

first = int(input("First number: "))

second = int(input("Second number: "))
x = 1
result = 0
while x <= second:
result = result + first
x = x + 1
print(f"{first} x {second} = {result}")

[Link] 56 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-09
Write a program that reads two numbers. Print the result of dividing the first by the
second. Use only the addition and subtraction operators to calculate the result.
Remember that the quotient of dividing two numbers is the number of times we can
subtract the divisor from the dividend. For example, 20 ÷ 4 = 5 since we can subtract
4 five times from 20.

dividend = int(input("Dividend: "))

divisor = int(input("Divisor: "))
quotient = 0
x = dividend
while x >= divisor:
x = x - divisor
quotient = quotient + 1
remainder = x
print(f"{dividend} / {divisor} = {quotient} (quotient) {remainder}
(remainder)")

[Link] 57 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-10
Modify the previous program so it accepts answers with uppercase and lowercase
letters for all questions.

points = 0
question = 1
while question <= 3:
answer = input(f"Answer to question {question}: ")
if question == 1 and (answer == "b" or answer == "B"):
points = points + 1
if question == 2 and (answer == "a" or answer == "A"):
points = points + 1
if question == 3 and (answer == "d" or answer == "D"):
points = points + 1
question += 1
print(f"The student scored {points} point(s)")

[Link] 58 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-11
Write a program that asks for a savings account’s initial deposit and interest rate.
Display month-by-month values for the first 24 months. Write the total interest
earned for the period.

deposit = float(input("Initial deposit: "))

rate = float(input("Interest rate (Ex.: 3 for 3%): "))
month = 1
balance = deposit
while month <= 24:
balance = balance + (balance * (rate / 100))
print(f"Balance for month {month} is ${balance:5.2f}.")
month = month + 1
print(f"The gain obtained with interest was ${balance-deposit:8.2f}.")

[Link] 59 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-12
Amend the previous program to ask for the monthly amount deposited. This amount
will be deposited at the beginning of each month. Include the deposit amount when
calculating interest for the following month.

deposit = float(input("Initial deposit: "))

rate = float(input("Interest rate (Ex.: 3 for 3%): "))
monthly_investment = float(input("Monthly deposit: "))
month = 1
balance = deposit
while month <= 24:
balance = balance + (balance * (rate / 100)) + monthly_investment
print(f"Balance for month {month} is ${balance:5.2f}.")
month = month + 1
print(f"The gain obtained with interest was ${balance-deposit:8.2f}.")

[Link] 60 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-13
Write a program that asks for the initial amount of debt and the monthly interest.
Also, ask for the monthly amount that will be paid. Print the number of months it will
take for the debt to be repaid, the full amount that will be paid, and the total interest
that will be paid.

debt = float(input("Debt: "))

rate = float(input("Interest (Ex.: 3 for 3%): "))
payment = float(input("Monthly payment: "))
month = 1
if debt * (rate / 100) > payment:
print(
"Your debt will never be paid off, as the interest is higher than
the monthly payment."
)
else:
balance = debt
interest_paid = 0
while balance > payment:
interest = balance * rate / 100
balance = balance + interest - payment
interest_paid = interest_paid + interest
print(f"Debt balance in month {month} is ${balance:6.2f}.")
month = month + 1
print(f"To pay off a debt of ${debt:8.2f}, at {rate:5.2f}% interest,")
print(
f"you will need {month - 1} months, paying a total of ${interest_
paid:8.2f} in interest."
)
print(
f"In the last month, you would have a remaining balance of
${balance:8.2f} to pay."
)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-14
Write a program that reads integers input by the user. The program must read the
numbers until the user enters 0 (zero). At the end of the execution, display how many
numbers were entered, their sum, and their arithmetic mean.

nsum = 0
quantity = 0
while True:
n = int(input("Enter an integer: "))
if n == 0:
break
nsum = nsum + n
quantity = quantity + 1
print("Number of integers entered:", quantity)
print("Sum: ", nsum)
print(f"Average: {nsum/quantity:10.2f}")

[Link] 62 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-15
Write a program to control a small cash register. You must ask the user to enter the
product code and the purchase quantity. Use the following code table to obtain the
price of each product:

Code Price
1 0.50
2 1.00
3 4.00
5 7.00
9 8.00

Your program should display the total of the purchases after the user enters 0. Any
other code should generate the “Invalid Code” error message.

to_pay = 0
while True:
code = int(input("Product code (0 to exit): "))
price = 0
if code == 0:
break
elif code == 1:
price = 0.50
elif code == 2:
price = 1.00
elif code == 3:
price = 4.00
elif code == 5:
price = 7.00
elif code == 9:
price = 8.00
else:
print("Invalid code!")
if price != 0:
quantity = int(input("Quantity: "))
to_pay = to_pay + (price * quantity)
print(f"Total to pay ${to_pay:8.2f}")

[Link] 63 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-16
Run Program 5.1 for the following values: 501, 745, 384, 2, 7, and 1.

# The program should work normally with the values requested by the
exercise.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-17
What happens if we enter 0 (zero) in the amount to be paid?

# The program stops right after printing the quantity of $50.00 bills

[Link] 65 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-18
Modify the program so it also works with $100 bills.

value = int(input("Enter the amount to pay:"))

bills = 0
current = 100
to_pay = value
while True:
if current <= to_pay:
to_pay -= current
bills += 1
else:
print(f"{bills} bill(s) of ${current}")
if to_pay == 0:
break
elif current == 100:
current = 50
elif current == 50:
current = 20
elif current == 20:
current = 10
elif current == 10:
current = 5
elif current == 5:
current = 1
bills = 0

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-19
Modify the program to accept decimal values and count coins of $0.01, $0.05, $0.10,
and $0.50.

# Note: some values will not be calculated correctly

# due to rounding issues and the representation of 0.01
# in floating point. An alternative is to multiply all values
# by 100 and perform all calculations with integers.

value = float(input("Enter the amount to pay:"))

bills = 0
current = 100
to_pay = value
while True:
if current <= to_pay:
to_pay -= current
bills += 1
else:
if current >= 1:
print(f"{bills} bill(s) of ${current}")
else:
print(f"{bills} coin(s) of ${current:5.2f}")
if to_pay < 0.01:
break
elif current == 100:
current = 50
elif current == 50:
current = 20
elif current == 20:
current = 10
elif current == 10:
current = 5
elif current == 5:
current = 1
elif current == 1:
current = 0.50
elif current == 0.50:
current = 0.10
elif current == 0.10:
current = 0.05
elif current == 0.05:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

current = 0.02
elif current == 0.02:
current = 0.01
bills = 0

[Link] 68 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-20
What happens if we type 0.001 in the previous program? If it doesn’t work, change
the program to fix the issue.

# As we prepared the program for values less than 0.01,

# it stops executing after printing 0 bill(s) of $100.
# See also the note in exercise 05.19 to better understand
# this problem.

[Link] 69 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-21
Rewrite Program 5.1 to continue running until the value entered is 0. Use nested
loops.

while True:
value = int(input("Enter the amount to pay:"))
if value == 0:
break
bills = 0
current = 50
to_pay = value
while True:
if current <= to_pay:
to_pay -= current
bills += 1
else:
print(f"{bills} bill(s) of ${current}")
if to_pay == 0:
break
if current == 50:
current = 20
elif current == 20:
current = 10
elif current == 10:
current = 5
elif current == 5:
current = 1
bills = 0

[Link] 70 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-22
Write a program that displays a list of options (menu): addition, subtraction,
division, multiplication, and exit. Print the multiplication table for the chosen
operation. Repeat until the exit option is chosen.

while True:
print(
"""

Menu
\----
1 - Addition
2 - Subtraction
3 - Division
4 - Multiplication
5 - Exit

"""
)
option = int(input("Choose an option:"))
if option == 5:
break
elif option >= 1 and option < 5:
n = int(input("Multiplication table of:"))
x = 1
while x <= 10:
if option == 1:
print(f"{n} + {x} = {n + x}")
elif option == 2:
print(f"{n} - {x} = {n - x}")
elif option == 3:
print(f"{n} / {x} = {n / x:5.4f}")
elif option == 4:
print(f"{n} x {x} = {n * x}")
x = x + 1
else:
print("Invalid option!")

[Link] 71 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-23
Write a program that reads a number and checks whether it is a prime number. To
check, calculate the rest of the division of the number by 2 and then by all the odd
numbers up to the number read. If the remainder of one of these divisions equals
zero, the number is not prime. Note that 0 and 1 are not prime and that 2 is the only
even prime number.

n = int(input("Enter a number:"))
if n < 0:
print("Invalid number. Please enter only positive values")
if n == 0 or n == 1:
print(f"{n} is a special case.")
else:
if n == 2:
print("2 is prime")
elif n % 2 == 0:
print(f"{n} is not prime, as 2 is the only even prime number.")
else:
x = 3
while x < n:
if n % x == 0:
break
x = x + 2
if x == n:
print(f"{n} is prime")
else:
print(f"{n} is not prime, as it is divisible by {x}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-24
Modify the previous program to read a number n. Print the first n prime numbers.

prime_count = int(input("Enter the number of prime numbers to generate:

"))
if prime_count < 0:
print("Invalid number. Please enter only positive values")
else:
if prime_count >= 1:
print("2") # 2 is the only number that is both prime and even
primes_generated = 1 # so it's the first prime number generated
next_prime = 3 # the next prime starts with 3
while primes_generated < prime_count:
# Since all following primes are odd
divisor = 3
while divisor < next_prime:
# If remainder is zero, the number is divisible
if next_prime % divisor == 0:
break
# Increment the divisor
divisor = divisor + 2
# When the number is prime, it's only divisible by itself
if divisor == next_prime:
print(next_prime)
primes_generated = primes_generated + 1
# move to the next odd number,
# since even numbers are not prime, except 2
next_prime = next_prime + 2

[Link] 73 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-25
Write a program that calculates the square root of a number, using Newton’s method
to get an approximate result. Since n is the number to obtain the square root,
consider the base b = 2. Calculate p using the formula p = (b + (n/b)) / 2. Now,
calculate the square of p. At each step, do b = p and recalculate p using the formula
presented. Stop when the absolute difference between n and the square of p is less
than 0.0001.

# The abs function is used to calculate the absolute value of a number,

# that is, its value without sign.
# Examples: abs(1) returns 1 and abs(-1) returns 1

n = float(input("Enter a number to find its square root: "))

b = 2
while abs(n - (b * b)) > 0.00001:
p = (b + (n / b)) / 2
b = p
print(f"The square root of {n} is approximately {p:8.4f}")

[Link] 74 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-26
Write a program that calculates the rest of the integer division between two numbers.
Use only the addition and subtraction operations to calculate the result.

# Note: this exercise is very similar to exercise 5.08

dividend = int(input("Dividend: "))
divisor = int(input("Divisor: "))
quotient = 0
x = dividend
while x >= divisor:
x = x - divisor
quotient = quotient + 1
remainder = x
print(f"The remainder of {dividend} / {divisor} is {remainder}")

[Link] 75 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-27-a
Write a program that checks whether a number is palindromic. A number is
palindromic if it remains the same if its digits are reversed. Examples include 454
and 10501.

# To solve this problem, we can use strings, as presented in section 3.4

of the book
# Note that we are reading the number without converting it to int or
float,
# this way the value of s will be a string
number = input("Enter the number to verify, without spaces:")
from_left = 0
from_right = len(number) - 1 # position of the last character in the
string
while from_right > from_left and number[from_left] == number[from_right]:
from_right = from_right - 1
from_left = from_left + 1
if number[from_left] == number[from_right]:
print(f"{number} is a palindrome")
else:
print(f"{number} is not a palindrome")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

Exercise 05-27-b
Write a program that checks whether a number is palindromic. A number is
palindromic if it remains the same if its digits are reversed. Examples include 454
and 10501.

# Exercise 5.27
# Alternative solution, using only integers
n = int(input("Enter the number to verify:"))
# Since n is an integer, we'll calculate its
# number of digits by finding the first
# power of 10 greater than n.
# Example: 341 - first power of 10 greater: 1000 = 10 ^ 4
# We'll use 4 and not 3 to allow handling numbers
# with a single digit. The adjustment is made in the formulas below
maximum_exponent_of_10 = 0
while 10**maximum_exponent_of_10 < n:
maximum_exponent_of_10 += 1
# Positions relative to the right and left of n
from_right = maximum_exponent_of_10
from_left = 0
# Here we copy n to number_from_left and number_from_right
number_from_left = number_from_right = n
# and make digit_from_right = digit_from_left (for special cases)
digit_from_right = digit_from_left = 0
while from_right > from_left:
digit_from_right = int(
number_from_right / (10 ** (from_right - 1))
) # Rightmost digit
digit_from_left = number_from_left % 10 # Leftmost digit
if digit_from_right != digit_from_left: # If they are different, we
exit
break
from_left = from_left + 1 # Move to the next digit on the left
from_right = from_right - 1 # Move to the next digit on the right
number_from_right = number_from_right - (
digit_from_right * (10**from_right)
) # Adjust ni to remove the previous digit
number_from_left = int(number_from_left / 10) # Adjust nf to remove
the last digit

if digit_from_right == digit_from_left:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 05

print(f"{n} is a palindrome")
else:
print(f"{n} is not a palindrome")

[Link] 78 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Chapter 06
Exercise 06-01
Modify Program 6.2 to read seven grades instead of five.

grades = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] # Or [0] * 7

sum_of_grades = 0
x = 0
while x < 7:
grades[x] = float(input(f"Grade {x}:"))
sum_of_grades += grades[x]
x += 1
x = 0
while x < 7:
print(f"Grade {x}: {grades[x]:6.2f}")
x += 1
print(f"Average: {sum_of_grades/x:5.2f}")

[Link] 79 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-02
Make a program that reads two lists and generates a third one with the elements of
the first two lists.

first = []
second = []
while True:
element = int(input("Enter a value for the first list (0 to finish): "))
if element == 0:
break
[Link](element)
while True:
element = int(input("Enter a value for the second list (0 to finish):
"))
if element == 0:
break
[Link](element)
# Copies elements from the first list to the third list
third = first[:]
# Extends the third list with the elements of the second list
[Link](second)
x = 0
while x < len(third):
print(f"{x}: {third[x]}")
x += 1

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-03
Make a program that goes through two lists and generates a third one without
repeated elements.

first = []
second = []
while True:
element = int(input("Enter a value for the first list (0 to finish):"))
if element == 0:
break
[Link](element)
while True:
element = int(input("Enter a value for the second list (0 to
finish):"))
if element == 0:
break
[Link](element)
third = []
# Here we will create another list with elements from the first
# and second lists. There are several ways to solve this exercise.
# In this solution, we will search for values to insert into the third
# list. If they don't exist, we'll add them to the third. Otherwise,
# we won't copy them, thus avoiding duplicates.
two_lists = first[:]
two_lists.extend(second)
x = 0
while x < len(two_lists):
y = 0
while y < len(third):
if two_lists[x] == third[y]:
break
y += 1
if y == len(third):
[Link](two_lists[x])
x += 1
x = 0
while x < len(third):
print(f"{x}: {third[x]}")
x += 1

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-04
Modify the first example (Program 6.7) to perform the same task without using the
variable found. Tip: Look at the while exit condition.

L = [15, 7, 27, 39]

p = int(input("Enter the value to search for:"))
x = 0
while x < len(L):
if L[x] == p:
break
x += 1
if x < len(L):
print(f"{p} found at position {x}")
else:
print(f"{p} not found")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-05
Modify the example to search for two values. Instead of just p, read another value v
that will also be searched. In the printout, indicate which of the two values was found
first.

L = [15, 7, 27, 39]

p = int(input("Enter the value to search for (p): "))
v = int(input("Enter the other value to search for (v): "))
x = 0
foundP = False
foundV = False
first = 0
while x < len(L):
if L[x] == p:
foundP = True
if not foundV:
first = 1
if L[x] == v:
foundV = True
if not foundP:
first = 2
x += 1
if foundP:
print(f"p: {p} found")
else:
print(f"p: {p} not found")
if foundV:
print(f"v: {v} found")
else:
print(f"v: {v} not found")
if first == 1:
print("p was found before v")
elif first == 2:
print("v was found before p")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-06
Modify the Exercise 6.5 program to search for p and v throughout the list and inform
the user of the position in which p and the position in which v were found.

L = [15, 7, 27, 39]

p = int(input("Enter the value to search for (p):"))
v = int(input("Enter the other value to search for (v):"))
x = 0
foundP = -1 # Here -1 indicates we haven't found the value yet
foundV = -1
first = 0
while x < len(L):
if L[x] == p:
foundP = x
if L[x] == v:
foundV = x
x += 1
if foundP != -1:
print(f"p: {p} found at position {foundP}")
else:
print(f"p: {p} not found")
if foundV != -1:
print(f"v: {v} found at position {foundV}")
else:
print(f"v: {v} not found")
# Check if both were found
if foundP != -1 and foundV != -1:
# since foundP and foundV store the positions where they were found
if foundP <= foundV:
print("p was found before v")
else:
print("v was found before p")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-07
Modify Program 6.6 using for. Explain why every while cannot be turned into a for.

L = []
while True:
n = int(input("Enter a number (0 to exit):"))
if n == 0:
break
[Link](n)
for e in L:
print(e)
# The first while loop couldn't be converted to a for loop because
# the number of repetitions is unknown at the start.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-08
Change Program 6.9 to print the smallest element in the list.

L = [4, 2, 1, 7]
minimum = L[0]
for e in L:
if e < minimum:
minimum = e
print(minimum)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-09
The temperature for Mons, Belgium, was stored in the list T = [-10, -8, 0, 1, 2, 5, -2, -
4]. Make a program that prints the lowest, highest, and average temperatures.

temperature_mons = [-10, -8, 0, 1, 2, 5, -2, -4]

minimum = temperature_mons[
0
] # The choice of the first element is arbitrary, could be any valid
element
maximum = temperature_mons[0]
sum = 0
for e in temperature_mons:
if e < minimum:
minimum = e
if e > maximum:
maximum = e
sum = sum + e
print(f"Maximum temperature: {maximum} °C")
print(f"Minimum temperature: {minimum} °C")
print(f"Average temperature: {sum / len(temperature_mons)} °C")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-10
Modify Program 6.11 to show how many tickets were sold in each room. Use a list that
is the same size as the number of rooms and count the number of tickets sold in each
room using its elements as counters. Print the total sales at the end of the program on
the screen.

available_seats = [10, 2, 1, 3, 0]
sold = [0] * len(available_seats)
while True:
room = int(input("Room (0 to exit): "))
if room == 0:
print("End")
break
if room > len(available_seats) or room < 1:
print("Invalid room")
elif available_seats[room - 1] == 0:
print("Sorry, room is full!")
else:
seats = int(
input(
f"How many seats do you want ({available_seats[room - 1]}
available):"
)
)
if seats > available_seats[room - 1]:
print("That number of seats is not available.")
elif seats < 0:
print("Invalid number")
else:
available_seats[room - 1] -= seats
sold[room - 1] += seats
print(f"{seats} seats sold")
print("\nRoom utilization")
for room, available in enumerate(available_seats):
print(f"Room {room + 1} – {available} seat(s) available")
print("\nSales by room")
total_sold = 0
for room, sales in enumerate(sold):
print(f"Room {room + 1} – {sales} ticket(s) sold")
total_sold += sales
print(f"Total tickets sold: {total_sold}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-11
Modify Program 6.11 to ask for the number of rooms and the number of available
seats in each.

n_rooms = int(input("Number of rooms: "))

available_seats = []
for room in range(n_rooms):
available_seats.append(int(input(f"Available seats in room {room + 1}:
")))

sold = [0] * len(available_seats)

while True:
room = int(input("Room (0 to exit): "))
if room == 0:
print("End")
break
if room > len(available_seats) or room < 1:
print("Invalid room")
elif available_seats[room - 1] == 0:
print("Sorry, room is full!")
else:
seats = int(
input(
f"How many seats do you want ({available_seats[room - 1]}
available):"
)
)
if seats > available_seats[room - 1]:
print("That number of seats is not available.")
elif seats < 0:
print("Invalid number")
else:
available_seats[room - 1] -= seats
sold[room - 1] += seats
print(f"{seats} seats sold")
print("\nRoom utilization")
for room, available in enumerate(available_seats):
print(f"Room {room + 1} – {available} seat(s) available")
print("\nSales by room")
total_sold = 0
for room, sales in enumerate(sold):

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

print(f"Room {room + 1} – {sales} ticket(s) sold")

total_sold += sales
print(f"Total tickets sold: {total_sold}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-12
What happens when the list is already ordered? Trace Program 6.18 but with the list
L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].

# If the list is already sorted, no element is greater than the next

element.
# Therefore, after the first verification of all elements,
# the inner loop is interrupted by condition (9).

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-13
What happens when two values are the same? Trace Program 6.18 but with the list L
= [3, 3, 1, 5, 4].

# As we use the bubble sort method, in the first verification, 3, 3 are

considered in the correct order.
# When we check the second 3 with 1, a swap occurs.
# The same will happen with the first 3, but only in the next iteration.
Notice that 1 rises to the first position
# like an air bubble in water.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-14
Modify Program 6.18 to sort the list in descending order. L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] must be
ordered as L = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1].

L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
end = 5
while end > 1:
swapped = False
x = 0
while x < (end - 1):
if L[x] < L[x + 1]: # Only the verification condition was changed
swapped = True
temp = L[x]
L[x] = L[x + 1]
L[x + 1] = temp
x += 1
if not swapped:
break
end -= 1
for e in L:
print(e)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-15
What happens when we don’t check that the list is empty before calling the pop
method?

# If we don't check that the list is empty before calling pop(),

# the program stops with an error message, informing that we tried
# to remove an element from an empty list.
# The verification is necessary to control this error and ensure
# the proper functioning of the program.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-16
Change Program 6.19 so that you can work with several commands entered at once.
Currently, only one command can be entered at a time. Please change it to consider
the operation as a string. For example, AAASSSX would mean three new customer
arrivals, three services, and finally, the exit from the program.

last = 10
queue = list(range(1, last + 1))
while True:
print(f"\nThere are {len(queue)} customers in the queue")
print("Current queue:", queue)
print("Enter F to add a customer to the end of the queue,")
print("or A to serve a customer. X to exit.")
operation = input("Operation (F, A or X):")
x = 0
exit = False
while x < len(operation):
if operation[x] == "A":
if len(queue) > 0:
served = [Link](0)
print(f"Customer {served} served")
else:
print("Empty queue! No one to serve.")
elif operation[x] == "F":
last += 1 # Increments the new customer's ticket
[Link](last)
elif operation[x] == "X":
exit = True
break
else:
print(
f"Invalid operation: {operation[x]} at position {x}! Enter
only F, A or X!"
)
x += 1
if exit:
break

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-17
Modify the program to work with two lines. To make your job easier, consider
command S for serving line 1 and T for servicing line 2. The same for the arrival of
customers: A for line 1 and B for line 2.

last = 0
queue1 = []
queue2 = []
while True:
print(
f"\nThere are {len(queue1)} customers in queue 1 and {len(queue2)}
in queue 2."
)
print("Current queue 1:", queue1)
print("Current queue 2:", queue2)
print("Enter A to add a customer to the end of queue 1 (or B for queue
2),")
print("or S to serve queue 1 (or T for queue 2)")
print("X to exit.")
operation = input("Operation (A, B, S, T or X):")
x = 0
exit = False
while x < len(operation):
# Here we'll use queue as a reference to queue 1
# or queue 2, depending on the operation.
if operation[x] == "A" or operation[x] == "S":
queue = queue1
else:
queue = queue2
if operation[x] == "S" or operation[x] == "T":
if len(queue) > 0:
served = [Link](0)
print(f"Customer {served} served")
else:
print("Empty queue! No one to serve.")
elif operation[x] == "A" or operation[x] == "B":
last += 1 # Increments the new customer's ticket
[Link](last)
elif operation[x] == "X":
exit = True
break

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

else:
print(
f"Invalid operation: {operation[x]} at position {x}! Enter
only A, B, S, T or X!"
)
x += 1
if exit:
break

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-18
Make a program that reads an expression with parentheses. Using stacks, verify that
the parentheses have been opened and closed in the correct order. Example:

(()) OK

()())( OK

()) Error

You can add elements to the stack whenever you find an open parenthesis and
unstack it whenever you find a closed one. When unstacking, make sure that the top
of the stack is an open parenthesis. If the expression is correct, your stack will be
empty at the end.

expression = input("Enter the sequence of parentheses to validate:")

x = 0
stack = []
while x < len(expression):
if expression[x] == "(":
[Link]("(")
if expression[x] == ")":
if len(stack) > 0:
top = [Link](-1)
else:
[Link](")") # Forces error message
break
x += 1
if len(stack) == 0:
print("OK")
else:
print("Error")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-19
Change Program 6.22 to request the product and quantity sold from the user. Check
if the product name entered exists in the dictionary and only then carry out the stock
operation.

inventory = {
"tomato": [1000, 2.30],
"lettuce": [500, 0.45],
"potato": [2001, 1.20],
"beans": [100, 1.50],
}
total = 0
print("Sales:\n")
while True:
product = input("Product name (end to exit):")
if product == "end":
break
if product in inventory:
quantity = int(input("Quantity:"))
if quantity <= inventory[product][0]:
price = inventory[product][1]
cost = price * quantity
print(f"{product:12s}: {quantity:3d} x {price:6.2f} =
{cost:6.2f}")
inventory[product][0] -= quantity
total += cost
else:
print("Requested quantity not available")
else:
print("Invalid product name")
print(f" Total cost: {total:21.2f}\n")
print("Inventory:\n")
for key, data in [Link]():
print("Description: ", key)
print("Quantity: ", data[0])
print(f"Price: {data[1]:6.2f}\n")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-20-a
Write a program that generates a dictionary, where each key is a character and its
value is the number of that character found in a sentence input by the user.

Example: “The mouse” → \{“T”: 1, “h”: 1, “e”: 2, ’ “: 1, ’m”: 1, “o”: 1, “u”: 1, “s”: 1}

sentence = input("Enter a sentence to count the letters:")

letter_counter = {}
for letter in sentence:
if letter in letter_counter:
letter_counter[letter] = letter_counter[letter] + 1
else:
letter_counter[letter] = 1
print(letter_counter)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-20-b
Write a program that generates a dictionary, where each key is a character and its
value is the number of that character found in a sentence input by the user.

Example: “The mouse” → \{“T”: 1, “h”: 1, “e”: 2, ’ “: 1, ’m”: 1, “o”: 1, “u”: 1, “s”: 1}

# Alternative solution, using the dictionary's get method

sentence = input("Enter a sentence to count the letters:")

letter_counter = {}
for letter in sentence:
# If letter doesn't exist in dictionary, returns 0
# if it exists, returns the previous value
letter_counter[letter] = letter_counter.get(letter, 0) + 1
print(letter_counter)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-21
Write a program that compares two lists. Using operations with sets, print:

L1 = [1, 2, 6, 8]
L2 = [3, 6, 8, 9]

print(f"List 1: {L1}")
print(f"List 2: {L2}")

set_1 = set(L1)
set_2 = set(L2)

# Sets support the & operator to perform intersection, that is,

# A & B results in the set of elements present in both A and B
print("Values common to both lists:", set_1 & set_2)
print("Values that only exist in the first:", set_1 - set_2)
print("Values that only exist in the second:", set_2 - set_1)

# Sets support the ^ operator that performs symmetric difference.

# A ^ B results in elements of A not present in B combined
# with elements of B not present in A
# A ^ B = A - B | B - A
print("Elements not repeated in both lists:", set_1 ^ set_2)

# Repeated:
print("First list, without elements repeated in the second:", set_1 - set_
2)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 06

Exercise 06-22
Write a program that compares two lists. Consider the first list as the initial version
and the second as the version after changes. Using operations with sets, your
program should print the list of modifications between these two versions, listing:

• The elements that haven’t changed

• The new elements

• The elements that were removed

BEFORE = [1, 2, 5, 6, 9]
AFTER = [1, 2, 8, 10]

before_set = set(BEFORE)
after_set = set(AFTER)

# Sets support the & operator to perform intersection, that is,

# A & B results in the set of elements present in both A and B
print("Before:", BEFORE)
print("After:", AFTER)
print("Elements that did not change: ", before_set & after_set)
print("New elements:", after_set - before_set)
print("Elements that were removed:", before_set - after_set)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Chapter 07
Exercise 07-01
Write a program that reads two strings. Check that the second occurs inside the first
one and print the starting position.

1st string: AABBEFAATT

2nd string: BE

Result: BE found in position 3 of AABBEFAATT

first = input("Enter the first string: ")

second = input("Enter the second string: ")

position = [Link](second)

if position == -1:
print(f"'{second}' not found in '{first}'")
else:
print(f"{second} found at position {position} in {first}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-02
Write a program that reads two strings and generates a third with the characters
common to the two strings read.

1st string: AAACTBF

2nd string: CBT

Result: CBT

The order of the characters in the result string is not important, but it must contain
all the letters common to both.

first = input("Enter the first string: ")

second = input("Enter the second string: ")

third = ""

# For each letter in the first string

for letter in first:
# If the letter is in the second string (common to both)
# To avoid duplicates, it should not be in the third string
if letter in second and letter not in third:
third += letter

if third == "":
print("No common characters found.")
else:
print(f"Common characters: {third}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-03
Write a program that reads two strings and generates a third one with the characters
that appear in only one string.

1st string: CTA

2nd string: ABC

3rd string: BT

The order of the characters in the third string is not important.

first = input("Enter the first string: ")

second = input("Enter the second string: ")

third = ""

# For each letter in the first string

for letter in first:
# Check if the letter does not appear in the second string
# and also if it's not already listed in the third
if letter not in second and letter not in third:
third += letter

# For each letter in the second string

for letter in second:
# Besides not being in the first string,
# check if it's not already in the third (avoid repetitions)
if letter not in first and letter not in third:
third += letter

if third == "":
print("No uncommon characters found.")
else:
print(f"Uncommon characters: {third}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-04
Write a program that reads a string and prints how many times each character
appears in that string.

String: TTAAC

Result:

T: 2x

A: 2x

C: 1x

sequence = input("Enter the string: ")

counter = {}

for letter in sequence:

counter[letter] = [Link](letter, 0) + 1

for key, value in [Link]():

print(f"{key}: {value}x")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-05
Write a program that reads two strings and generates a third one in which the
characters of the second are removed from the first.

1st string: AATTGGAA

2nd string: TG

3rd string: AAAA

first = input("Enter the first string: ")

second = input("Enter the second string: ")

third = ""

for letter in first:

if letter not in second:
third += letter

if third == "":
print("All characters were removed.")
else:
print(f"The characters {second} were removed from {first}, resulting
in: {third}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-06
Write a program that reads three strings. The first string is your source string. The
second one has the characters that will be replaced by the ones in the third string.
Your program should create a fourth string, the resulting string, which is the first
string with the characters of the second replaced by the ones in the third.

1st string: AATTCGAA

2nd string: TG

3rd string: AC

Result: AAAACCAA

first = input("Enter the first string: ")

second = input("Enter the second string: ")
third = input("Enter the third string: ")

if len(second) == len(third):
result = ""
for letter in first:
position = [Link](letter)
if position != -1:
result += third[position]
else:
result += letter

if result == "":
print("All characters were removed.")
else:
print(
f"The characters {second} were replaced by "
f"{third} in {first}, resulting in: {result}"
)
else:
print("ERROR: The second and third strings must have the same
length.")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-07
Write a program that asks the user to type a phrase and print out how many vowels it
contains. Don’t consider uppercase and lowercase letters to be different. Example: A
phrase like “The house” should print three “eou”.

vowels = "aeiou"
phrase = input("Enter a phrase: ")
lowercase_phrase = [Link]()
for vowel in vowels:
vowel_count = lowercase_phrase.count(vowel)
if vowel_count > 0:
print(f"{vowel} appears {vowel_count} time(s)")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-08
Write a program to display all the words in a sentence. Consider that a word ends
with a blank space or when the string ends. Example: “The mouse gnawed at the
clothes” should print 6.

phrase = input("Enter a phrase: ")

words = [Link]()
for word in words:
print(word)
print("Number of words:", len(words))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-09
Modify the hangman game (Program 7.2) to write the secret word in case the player
loses.

word = input("Enter the secret word:").lower().strip()

for x in range(100):
print()
typed = []
hits = []
errors = 0
while True:
password = ""
for letter in word:
password += letter if letter in hits else "."
print(password)
if password == word:
print("You got it right!")
break
attempt = input("\nEnter a letter:").lower().strip()
if attempt in typed:
print("You already tried this letter!")
continue
else:
typed += attempt
if attempt in word:
hits += attempt
else:
errors += 1
print("You missed!")
print("X==:==\nX : ")
print("X O " if errors >= 1 else "X")
line2 = ""
if errors == 2:
# The r before the string indicates that its content should not be
processed
# This way, we can use the characters \ and / without confusing
them
# with masks like \n and \t
line2 = r" | "
elif errors == 3:
line2 = r" \| "

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

elif errors >= 4:

line2 = r" \|/ "
print(f"X{line2}")
line3 = ""
if errors == 5:
line3 += r" / "
elif errors >= 6:
line3 += r" / \ "
print(f"X{line3}")
print("X\n===========")
if errors == 6:
print("Hanged!")
print(f"The secret word was: {word}")
break

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-10
Modify Program 7.2 to use a list of words. At the beginning, ask for a number and
calculate the index of the word to be used using the formula: index = (number * 776)
% len(word_list).

words = [
"house",
"ball",
"hose",
"grape",
"okra",
"computer",
"snake",
"lentil",
"rice",
]

index = int(input("Enter a number:"))

word = words[(index * 776) % len(words)]
for x in range(100):
print()
typed = []
hits = []
errors = 0
while True:
password = ""
for letter in word:
password += letter if letter in hits else "."
print(password)
if password == word:
print("You got it right!")
break
attempt = input("\nEnter a letter:").lower().strip()
if attempt in typed:
print("You already tried this letter!")
continue
else:
typed += attempt
if attempt in word:
hits += attempt
else:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

errors += 1
print("You missed!")
print("X==:==\nX : ")
print("X O " if errors >= 1 else "X")
line2 = ""
if errors == 2:
line2 = r" | "
elif errors == 3:
line2 = r" \| "
elif errors >= 4:
line2 = r" \|/ "
print(f"X{line2}")
line3 = ""
if errors == 5:
line3 += r" / "
elif errors >= 6:
line3 += r" / \ "
print(f"X{line3}")
print("X\n===========")
if errors == 6:
print("Hanged!")
print(f"The secret word was: {word}")
break

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-11
Modify Program 7.2 to use lists of strings to draw the hangman doll. You can use a list
for each row and organize them into a list of lists. Instead of controlling when to print
each part, draw on those lists, replacing the element to be drawn.

Example:

>>> line = list(“X------”) >>> line [“X”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “-”]

>>> line[6] = “|” >>> line [“X”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “-”, “|”]

>>> ““.join(line) “X-----|”

words = [
"house",
"ball",
"hose",
"grape",
"okra",
"computer",
"snake",
"lentil",
"rice",
]

index = int(input("Enter a number:"))

word = words[(index * 776) % len(words)]
for x in range(100):
print()
typed = []
hits = []
errors = 0

lines_txt = """
X==:==
X :
X
X
X
X
=======

"""

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lines = []

for line in lines_txt.splitlines():

# Padding spaces to each line
# in case your text editor removed the
# spaces at the end of each line
[Link](list([Link](8, " ")))

while True:
password = ""
for letter in word:
password += letter if letter in hits else "."
print(password)
if password == word:
print("You got it right!")
break
attempt = input("\nEnter a letter:").lower().strip()
if attempt in typed:
print("You already tried this letter!")
continue
else:
typed += attempt
if attempt in word:
hits += attempt
else:
errors += 1
print("You missed!")
if errors == 1:
lines[3][3] = "O"
elif errors == 2:
lines[4][3] = "|"
elif errors == 3:
lines[4][2] = "\\"
elif errors == 4:
lines[4][4] = "/"
elif errors == 5:
lines[5][2] = "/"
elif errors == 6:
lines[5][4] = "\\"

for line in lines:

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print("".join(line))
if errors == 6:
print("Hanged!")
print(f"The secret word was: {word}")
break

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

Exercise 07-12
Write a tic-tac-toe game for two players. The game should ask you where you want to
play and switch between players. With each move, check if the position is free. Also,
check when a player has won the match. A tic-tac-toe game can be seen as a list of
three elements, each element being another list with three elements.

Game example:

X | O |
---+---+---
| X | X
---+---+---
| | O

Each position can be viewed as a number. Below is an example of the positions

mapped to the same position on your numeric keypad.

7 | 8 | 9
---+---+---
4 | 5 | 6
---+---+---
1 | 2 | 3

#
# Tic Tac Toe
#

# The board
board = """ Positions
| | 7 | 8 | 9
---+---+--- ---+---+---
| | 4 | 5 | 6
---+---+--- ---+---+---
| | 1 | 2 | 3
"""
# A list of positions (row and column) for each valid game position
# An extra element was added to facilitate index manipulation
# and so that they have the same value as the position
#
# 7 | 8 | 9
# ---+---+---

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

# 4 | 5 | 6
# ---+---+---
# 1 | 2 | 3

positions = [
None, # Element added to facilitate indices
(5, 1), # 1
(5, 5), # 2
(5, 9), # 3
(3, 1), # 4
(3, 5), # 5
(3, 9), # 6
(1, 1), # 7
(1, 5), # 8
(1, 9), # 9
]

# Positions that lead to winning the game

# Moves making a row, column or diagonals win
# The numbers represent the winning positions
winning = [
[1, 2, 3], # Rows
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9],
[7, 4, 1], # Columns
[8, 5, 2],
[9, 6, 3],
[7, 5, 3], # Diagonals
[1, 5, 9],
]

# Build the board from strings

# generating a list of lists that can be modified
board_grid = []
for line in [Link]():
board_grid.append(list(line))

player = "X" # Start playing with X

playing = True
moves = 0 # Move counter - used to know if it's a draw
while True:
for t in board_grid: # Print the board

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 07

print("".join(t))
if not playing: # End after printing the last board
break
if moves == 9: # If 9 moves were made, all positions have been filled
print("It's a draw! No one won.")
break
move = int(input(f"Enter position to play 1-9 (player {player}):"))
if move < 1 or move > 9:
print("Invalid position")
continue
# Check if the position is free
if board_grid[positions[move][0]][positions[move][1]] != " ":
print("Position occupied.")
continue
# Mark the move for the player
board_grid[positions[move][0]][positions[move][1]] = player
# Check if won
for p in winning:
for x in p:
if board_grid[positions[x][0]][positions[x][1]] != player:
break
else: # If the for loop ends without break, all positions in p
belong to the same player
print(f"Player {player} won ({p}): ")
playing = False
break
player = "X" if player == "O" else "O" # Switch player
moves += 1 # Move counter

# About coordinate conversion:

# board_grid[positions[x][0]][positions[x][1]]
#
# Since board_grid is a list of lists, we can access each character
# by specifying a row and column. To get the row and column based on
# the played position, we use the positions list which returns a tuple
with 2 elements:
# row and column. Where row is element [0] and column is element [1].
# What these lines do is convert a game position (1-9)
# into board rows and columns. Note that in this example we use the board
as
# move memory, in addition to displaying the current game state.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Chapter 08
Exercise 08-01
Write a function that returns the greater of two numbers.

Expected values: maximum(5, 6) == 6

maximum(2, 1) == 2

maximum(7, 7) == 7

def maximum(a, b):

if a > b:
return a
else:
return b

print(f"maximum(5,6) == 6 -> obtained: {maximum(5,6)}")

print(f"maximum(2,1) == 2 -> obtained: {maximum(2,1)}")
print(f"maximum(7,7) == 7 -> obtained: {maximum(7,7)}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-02
Write a function that takes two numbers and returns True if the first number is a
multiple of the second.

Expected values: multiple(8, 4) == True

multiple(7, 3) == False

multiple(5, 5) == True

def multiple(a, b):

return a % b == 0

print(f"multiple(8,4) == True -> obtained: {multiple(8,4)}")

print(f"multiple(7,3) == False -> obtained: {multiple(7,3)}")
print(f"multiple(5,5) == True -> obtained: {multiple(5,5)}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-03
Write a function that takes the length of the side of a square and returns its area (A =
side2).

Expected values:

square_area(4) == 16

square_area(9) == 81

def square_area(side):
return side**2

print(f"square_area(4) == 16 -> obtained: {square_area(4)}")

print(f"square_area(9) == 81 -> obtained: {square_area(9)}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-04
Write a function that takes the base and height of a triangle and returns its area (A =
(base x height) / 2).

Expected values: triangle_area(6, 9) == 27 triangle_area(5, 8) == 20

def triangle_area(b, h):

return (b * h) / 2

print(f"triangle_area(6, 9) == 27 -> obtained: {triangle_area(6,9)}")

print(f"triangle_area(5, 8) == 20 -> obtained: {triangle_area(5,8)}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-05
Rewrite the function of Program 8.1 to use the list search methods (seen in Chapter
7).

def search(list_to_search, value):

if value in list_to_search:
return list_to_search.index(value)
return None

L = [10, 20, 25, 30]

print(search(L, 25))
print(search(L, 27))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-06
Rewrite Program 8.2 to use for instead of while.

def sum(values):
total = 0
for e in values:
total += e
return total

L = [1, 7, 2, 9, 15]
print(sum(L))
print(sum([7, 9, 12, 3, 100, 20, 4]))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-07
Define a recursive function that calculates the greatest common divisor (G.C.D.)
between two numbers a and b, where a > b.

Where

l c m ( a , b ) = \{ | a × b | g c d ( a , b ) [.tml-eqn]##

can be written in Python as: a % b.

def gcd(a, b):

if b == 0:
return a
return gcd(b, a % b)

print(f"GCD of 10 and 5 --> {gcd(10,5)}")

print(f"GCD of 32 and 24 --> {gcd(32,24)}")
print(f"GCD of 5 and 3 --> {gcd(5,3)}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-08
Using the gcd function defined in the previous exercise, define a function to calculate
the least common multiple (LCM) between two numbers.

Where |a × b| can be written in Python as: abs(a * b).

def gcd(a, b):

if b == 0:
return a
return gcd(b, a % b)

def lcm(a, b):

return abs(a * b) / gcd(a, b)

print(f"LCM of 10 and 5 --> {lcm(10, 5)}")

print(f"LCM of 32 and 24 --> {lcm(32, 24)}")
print(f"LCM of 5 and 3 --> {lcm(5, 3)}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-09
Trace Program 8.6 and compare your result with the one presented.

# The program calculates the factorial of 4

# From the printed output messages and program tracing,
# we can conclude that the factorial of 4 is calculated with recursive
calls
# in the line: fact = n * factorial(n-1)
#
# Since the factorial call precedes the "Factorial of" line print,
# we can visualize the sequence in stack form, where the calculation is
done from outside
# to inside: Calculation of factorial of 4, 3, 2 and 1
# to then proceed to the next line, which prints the results:
# factorial of 1,2,3,4

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-10
Rewrite the function for calculating the Fibonacci sequence without recursion.

def fibonacci(n):
prev = 0
next = 1
while n > 0:
prev, next = next, next + prev
n -= 1
return prev

for x in range(10):
print(f"fibonacci({x}) = {fibonacci(x)}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-11
Write a function to validate a string variable. This function takes the string, the
minimum and maximum number of characters, as parameters. Return True if the
string size is between the maximum and minimum values; otherwise, return False.

def validate_string(s, min_length, max_length):

length = len(s)
return min_length <= length <= max_length

print(validate_string("", 1, 5))
print(validate_string("ABC", 2, 5))
print(validate_string("ABCEFG", 3, 5))
print(validate_string("ABCEFG", 1, 10))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-12
Write a function that takes a string and a list. The function must compare the string
passed with the elements of the list, which is also passed as a parameter. Return True
if the string is found within the list; otherwise, return False.

def search_string(s, list_to_search):

return s in list_to_search

L = ["AB", "CD", "EF", "FG"]

print(search_string("AB", L))
print(search_string("CD", L))
print(search_string("EF", L))
print(search_string("FG", L))
print(search_string("XYZ", L))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-13-a
Write a function that receives a string with the valid options to accept (each option is
a letter). Convert valid options to lowercase letters. Use input to read an option,
convert the value to lowercase letters, and verify that the option is valid. In the case of
an invalid option, the function must ask the user to re-enter another option.

def validate_input(message, valid_options):

options = valid_options.lower()
while True:
choice = input(message)
if [Link]() in options:
break
print("Error: invalid option. Please try again.\n")
return choice

# Example: print(validate_input("Choose an option:", "abcde"))

#
# Extra question: what happens if the user types more than one option?
# For example, ab.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-13-b
Write a function that receives a string with the valid options to accept (each option is
a letter). Convert valid options to lowercase letters. Use input to read an option,
convert the value to lowercase letters, and verify that the option is valid. In the case of
an invalid option, the function must ask the user to re-enter another option.

def validate_options(valid_options):
valid_options = valid_options.lower()
while True:
option = input("Enter an option:").lower()
if option in valid_options:
return option
print("Invalid option, please choose again.")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-14
Change Program 8.22 so that the user has three chances of getting the number right.
The program terminates if the user finds the right number or makes three mistakes.

import random

n = [Link](1, 10)
attempts = 0
while attempts < 3:
x = int(input("Choose a number between 1 and 10: "))
if x == n:
print("You got it right!")
break
else:
print("You got it wrong.")
attempts += 1

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-15
Change Program 7.2, the hangman game. Choose the word to guess using random
numbers.

import random

words = [
"house",
"ball",
"hose",
"grape",
"okra",
"computer",
"snake",
"lentil",
"rice",
]
# Choose a random word
word = words[[Link](0, len(words) - 1)]

typed = []
hits = []
errors = 0

lines_txt = """
X==:==
X :
X
X
X
X
=======

"""

lines = []

for line in lines_txt.splitlines():

[Link](list([Link](8, " ")))

while True:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

password = ""
for letter in word:
password += letter if letter in hits else "."
print(password)
if password == word:
print("You got it right!")
break
attempt = input("\nType a letter:").lower().strip()
if attempt in typed:
print("You already tried this letter!")
continue
else:
typed += attempt
if attempt in word:
hits += attempt
else:
errors += 1
print("You missed!")
if errors == 1:
lines[3][3] = "O"
elif errors == 2:
lines[4][3] = "|"
elif errors == 3:
lines[4][2] = "\\"
elif errors == 4:
lines[4][4] = "/"
elif errors == 5:
lines[5][2] = "/"
elif errors == 6:
lines[5][4] = "\\"

for line in lines:

print("".join(line))
if errors == 6:
print("Hanged!")
print(f"The secret word was: {word}")
break

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-16
Modify the alien game. Create a variable that represents the player’s life, starting with
100 points. The game ends when you find the alien or you run out of life (<=0). With
each mistake, your life is decreased by a random value between 5 and 20 points,
representing an attack by the alien. You can remove the part of the game’s code that
limits the number of attempts and let only the player’s or alien’s life decide when the
match ends. Show how much life the player has left before guessing the next tree
number.

import random

player_health = 100
tree = [Link](1, 100)
print("An alien is hiding behind a tree")
print("Each tree has been numbered from 1 to 100.")
print("You have 3 attempts to guess which tree")
print("the alien is hiding behind.")

while player_health > 0:

print(f"Health points: {player_health}")
guess = int(input("Choose a tree [1-100]: "))
if guess == tree:
print("You got it right! The alien was found!")
break
elif guess > tree:
print("Too high")
else:
print("Too low")
damage = [Link](5, 20)
player_health -= damage

if player_health <= 0:
print("You didn't survive. The alien won.")
print(f"The alien was behind tree {tree}.")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-17
Improve the program from the previous exercise by asking the player for the desired
difficulty level. In easy mode, life starts at 100 points, and the alien can do between 5
and 20 points of damage. In normal mode, life begins at 80 points, and the alien can
cause damage between 10 and 25 points. In hard mode, on the other hand, life begins
at 75, and the alien causes damage between 20 and 30 points. Add messages and
special characters to make the game more fun.

import random

print(" Welcome to Alien Hunter! ")

print("\nChoose difficulty level:")
print("1 - Easy ( 100 HP | Damage: 5-20)")
print("2 - Medium ( 80 HP | Damage: 10-25)")
print("3 - Hard ( 75 HP | Damage: 20-30)")

while True:
level = input("\nEnter level number (1-3): ")
if level in ["1", "2", "3"]:
break
print(" Invalid option! Choose 1, 2, or 3.")

if level == "1":
player_health = 100
min_damage, max_damage = 5, 20
elif level == "2":
player_health = 80
min_damage, max_damage = 10, 25
else:
player_health = 75
min_damage, max_damage = 20, 30

tree = [Link](1, 100)

print("\n An alien is hiding behind a tree!")
print(" Each tree has been numbered from 1 to 100.")
print(" You have to guess which tree the alien is hiding behind.")
print(" Careful! The alien will attack you with each wrong attempt!
\n")

while player_health > 0:

print(f" Health points: {player_health}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

guess = int(input(" Choose a tree [1-100]: "))

if guess == tree:
print("\n CONGRATULATIONS! You got it right! The alien was
found! ")
break
elif guess > tree:
print(" Too high! Try a lower number.")
else:
print(" Too low! Try a higher number.")
damage = [Link](min_damage, max_damage)
player_health -= damage
print(f" The alien attacked you! Damage: {damage}\n")

if player_health <= 0:
print("\n Game Over! You didn't survive.")
print(f" The alien was behind tree {tree}.")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-18
Modify Program 8.26 to receive two optional parameters. One is to indicate the
character to print before the number, with white space being the default value. The
second optional parameter is how many characters to add per level, with 2 as the
default value.

def print_lists(values, level=0, character=" ", increment=2):

for x in values:
if isinstance(x, int):
print(f"{character * (level * increment)}{x}")
else:
print_lists(x, level + 1, character, increment)

# Usage example:
# print_lists([1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6, [7, 8, 9]], 10], character="*",
increment=4)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-19
Write a generator capable of generating the sequence of prime numbers.

def primes(n):
p = 1 # Position in sequence
yield 2 # 2 is the only even prime number
d = 3 # divisor starts with 3
b = 3 # dividend starts with 3, is the number we'll test if it's
prime
while p < n:
# print(d, b, d % b, p, n)
if b % d == 0: # If b is divisible by d, the remainder will be 0
if b == d: # If b equals d, all d values have been tested
yield b # b is prime
p += 1 # increment the sequence
b += 2 # Move to the next odd number
d = 3 # Start dividing by 3 again
elif d < b: # Continue trying?
d += 2 # Increment the divisor to the next odd number
else:
b += 2 # Try another odd number

for prime in primes(10):

print(prime)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-20
Write a generator capable of generating a sequence with the factorial from 1 to n,
where n is passed as a parameter to the generator.

def factorial_generator(n):
value = 1
for element in range(1, n + 1):
value *= element
yield value

# Usage example:
# Generate factorials from 1 to 5
for n, factorial in enumerate(factorial_generator(5), 1):
print(f"{n}! = {factorial}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-21
Write a function that generates numbers like Python’s range function, but the last
number is included in the interval. This function takes three parameters, and its
behavior changes if we pass one, two, or three parameters. Call it a myrange.

Examples: list(myrange(1)) [0, 1]

list(myrange(1, 10)) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

list(myrange(0, 10, 2)) [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

You may have noticed that, unlike range, the myrange function considers the end of
the interval as closed; the last number is part of the range.

def myrange(start, end=None, step=1):

if end is None:
start, end = 0, start

current = start
while current <= end: # Note the <= to include the last value
yield current
current += step

# Test cases
print(list(myrange(1))) # [0, 1]
print(list(myrange(1, 10))) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
print(list(myrange(0, 10, 2))) # [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 08

Exercise 08-22
Modify the calculator program that uses partial to support two more operations: root
for square root and power for exponentiation.

import math
import operator
from functools import partial

def execute_unary(operation, symbol, operand1):

result = operation(float(operand1))
print(f"{symbol} {operand1} = {result}")

def execute(operation, symbol, operand1, operand2):

result = operation(float(operand1), float(operand2))
print(f"{operand1} {symbol} {operand2} = {result}")

operations = {
"+": partial(execute, [Link], "+"),
"-": partial(execute, [Link], "-"),
"*": partial(execute, [Link], "×"),
"/": partial(execute, [Link], "÷"),
"sqrt": partial(execute_unary, [Link], "square root of "),
"power": partial(execute, [Link], "power"),
}
operand1 = input("Operand 1: ")
operation = input("Operation: ").strip().lower()
if operation in operations:
if operation == "sqrt": # Square root has only one operand
operations[operation](operand1)
else:
operand2 = input("Operand 2: ")
operations[operation](operand1, operand2)
else:
print("Invalid operation!")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Chapter 09
Exercise 09-01
Write a program that takes the name of a file from the command line and prints every
line in that file.

import sys

# Check if the parameter was passed

if len([Link]) != 2: # Remember that the program name is the first in
the list
print("\nUsage: [Link] filename\n\n")
else:
name = [Link][1]
file = open(name, "r")
for line in [Link]():
# Since the line ends with ENTER,
# we remove the last character before printing
print(line[:-1])
[Link]()

# Don't forget to read about encodings

# Depending on the file type and your operating system,
# it may not print correctly on screen.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-02
Modify the program from Exercise 9.1 to receive two more parameters for printing:
the start line and the end line. The program must print only the lines between these
values (including the start and end lines).

import sys

# Check if parameters were passed

if len([Link]) != 4: # Remember that the program name is the first in
the list
print("\nUsage: [Link] filename start end\n\n")
else:
name = [Link][1]
start = int([Link][2])
end = int([Link][3])
file = open(name, "r")
for line in [Link]()[start - 1 : end]:
# Since the line ends with ENTER,
# we remove the last character before printing
print(line[:-1])
[Link]()

# Don't forget to read about encodings

# Depending on the file type and your operating system,
# it may not print correctly on screen.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-03
Create a program that reads the files [Link] and [Link] and creates a single file
[Link] with all the lines from the other two files in numerical order.

# Assume that even and odd files contain only integers

# Assume that values in each file are sorted
# Values don't need to be sequential
# Tolerates blank lines
# Even and odd files can have different number of lines

def read_number(file):
while True:
number = [Link]()
# Check if something was read
if number == "":
return None
# Ignore blank lines
if [Link]() != "":
return int(number)

def write_number(file, n):

[Link](f"{n}\n")

even = open("[Link]", "r")

odd = open("[Link]", "r")
even_odd = open("even_odd.txt", "w")
even_num = read_number(even)
odd_num = read_number(odd)
while True:
if even_num is None and odd_num is None: # End if both are None
break
if even_num is not None and (odd_num is None or even_num <= odd_num):
write_number(even_odd, even_num)
even_num = read_number(even)
if odd_num is not None and (even_num is None or odd_num <= even_num):
write_number(even_odd, odd_num)
odd_num = read_number(odd)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

even_odd.close()
[Link]()
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-04
Create a program that takes the names of two files as command line parameters and
generates an output file with the lines from the first followed by the lines from the
second file. The name of the output file can also be passed as a parameter on the
command line.

import sys

# Check if parameters were passed

if len([Link]) != 4: # Remember that the program name is the first in
the list
print("\nUsage: [Link] first second output\n\n")
else:
first = open([Link][1], "r")
second = open([Link][2], "r")
output = open([Link][3], "w")

# Works similar to readlines

for l1 in first:
[Link](l1)
for l2 in second:
[Link](l2)

[Link]()
[Link]()
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-05
Create a program that reverses the order of the lines in the [Link] file. The first line
must contain the largest number, and the last line must contain the smallest number.

even = open("[Link]", "r")

output = open("even_reversed.txt", "w")

L = [Link]()
[Link]()
for line in L:
[Link](line)

[Link]()
[Link]()

# Note that we read all lines before doing the reversal

# This approach doesn't work with large files
# Alternative using with:
#
##with open("[Link]","r") as even, open("even_reversed.txt","w") as
output:
## L = [Link]()
## [Link]()
## for line in L:
## [Link](line)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-06
Modify Program 9.5 to print the = symbol 40 times if = is the first character in the
line. Also, add the option to stop printing until you press the Enter key each time a
line starts with . (dot).

WIDTH = 79
input_file = open("[Link]")
for line in input_file.readlines():
if line[0] == ";":
continue
elif line[0] == ">":
print(line[1:].rjust(WIDTH))
elif line[0] == "*":
print(line[1:].center(WIDTH))
elif line[0] == "=":
print("=" * 40)
elif line[0] == ".":
input("Press Enter to continue")
print()
else:
print(line)
input_file.close()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-07
Create a program that reads a text file and generates a paginated output file. Each line
must not contain more than 76 characters. Each page should have a maximum of 60
lines. The last line of each page should include the number of the current page and
the name of the original file.

# Uma boa fonte de textos para teste é o projeto Gutemberg

# [Link]
# Não esqueça de configurar o encoding do arquivo.
#
# Este programa foi testado com Moby Dick
# [Link]
# Gravado com o nome de [Link]
#
WIDTH = 76
LINES = 60
FILENAME = "[Link]"

def check_page(file, line, page):

if line == LINES:
footer = f"= {FILENAME} - Page: {page} ="
[Link]([Link](WIDTH - 1) + "\n")
page += 1
line = 1
return line, page

def write(file, line, nlines, page):

[Link](line + "\n")
return check_page(file, nlines + 1, page)

input_file = open(FILENAME, encoding="utf-8")

output = open("paginated_output.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8")

page = 1
lines = 1

for line in input_file.readlines():

words = [Link]().split(" ")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

line = ""
for word in words:
word = [Link]()
if len(line) + len(word) + 1 > WIDTH:
lines, page = write(output, line, lines, page)
line = ""
line += word + " "
if line != "":
lines, page = write(output, line, lines, page)

# To print the number on the last page

while lines != 1:
lines, page = write(output, "", lines, page)

input_file.close()
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-08
Modify the program from Exercise 9.7 to receive the number of characters per line
and the number of lines per page from the command line.

import sys

def check_page(file, line, page):

if line == LINES:
footer = f"= {FILENAME} - Page: {page} ="
[Link]([Link](WIDTH - 1) + "\n")
page += 1
line = 1
return line, page

def write(file, line, nlines, page):

[Link](line + "\n")
return check_page(file, nlines + 1, page)

if len([Link]) != 4:
print("\nUsage: [Link] file width lines\n\n")
[Link](1)

FILENAME = [Link][1]
WIDTH = int([Link][2])
LINES = int([Link][3])

input_file = open(FILENAME, encoding="utf-8")

output = open("paginated_output.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8")

page = 1
lines = 1

for line in input_file.readlines():

words = [Link]().split(" ")
line = ""
for word in words:
word = [Link]()
if len(line) + len(word) + 1 > WIDTH:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

lines, page = write(output, line, lines, page)

line = ""
line += word + " "
if line != "":
lines, page = write(output, line, lines, page)

# To print the number on the last page

while lines != 1:
lines, page = write(output, "", lines, page)

input_file.close()
[Link]()

[Link] 157 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-09
Create a program that prints a list of files. The file names will be passed in the
command line. You should open and print them one by one.

import sys

if len([Link]) < 2:
print("\nUsage: [Link] file1 [file2 file3 fileN]\n\n\n")
[Link](1)

for name in [Link][1:]:

file = open(name, "r")
for line in file:
print(line, end="")
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-10
Create a program that receives a list of file names and generates one large output file
containing all other files.

import sys

if len([Link]) < 2:
print("\nUsage: [Link] file1 [file2 file3 fileN]\n\n\n")
[Link](1)

output = open("single_output.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8")

for name in [Link][1:]:
file = open(name, "r", encoding="utf-8")
for line in file:
[Link](line)
[Link]()
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-11
Create a program that reads a file and creates a dictionary where each key is a word
and each value is the number of occurrences in the file.

import sys

if len([Link]) != 2:
print("\nUsage: [Link] file1\n\n\n")
[Link](1)

name = [Link][1]
counter = {}

file = open(name, "r", encoding="utf-8")

for line in file:
line = [Link]().lower()
words = [Link]()
for word in words:
if word in counter:
counter[word] += 1
else:
counter[word] = 1
[Link]()

for key in counter:

print(f"{key} = {counter[key]}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-12
Modify the Exercise 9.11 program to also record the row and column of each
occurrence of the word in the file. To do this, use lists with the values of each word,
saving the row and column of each occurrence.

# Column counting is not very precise

import sys

if len([Link]) != 2:
print("\nUsage: [Link] file1\n\n\n")
[Link](1)

name = [Link][1]
counter = {}
line_num = 1
column = 1

file = open(name, "r", encoding="utf-8")

for line in file:
line = [Link]().lower()
words = [Link](" ") # With parameter considers repeated spaces
for word in words:
if word == "":
column += 1
continue
if word in counter:
counter[word].append((line_num, column))
else:
counter[word] = [(line_num, column)]
column += len(word) + 1
line_num += 1
column = 1
[Link]()

for key in counter:

print(f"{key} = {counter[key]}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-13
Create a program that prints the lines of a file. This program must receive three
parameters via the command line: the file’s name, the starting line, and the last line
to print.

# Identical to exercise 9.02

import sys

# Check if parameters were provided

if len([Link]) != 4: # Remember that the program name is the first in
the list
print("\nUsage: [Link] filename start end\n\n")
else:
name = [Link][1]
start = int([Link][2])
end = int([Link][3])
file = open(name, "r")
for line in [Link]()[start - 1 : end]:
# Since the line ends with ENTER,
# we remove the last character before printing
print(line[:-1])
[Link]()

# Don't forget to read about encodings

# Depending on the file type and your operating system,
# it may not print correctly on screen.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-14
Create a program that reads a text file and eliminates repeated spaces between words
and at the end of lines. The output file must also not have more than one repeated
blank line.

# Pay attention to encoding on Windows

import sys

if len([Link]) != 3:
print("\nUsage: [Link] input output\n\n\n")
[Link](1)

input_file = [Link][1]
output_file = [Link][2]

file = open(input_file, "r", encoding="utf-8")

output = open(output_file, "w", encoding="utf-8")
blank = 0

for line in file:

# Removes spaces on the right
# Replace with strip if you also
# want to remove spaces on the left
line = [Link]()
line = [Link](" ", "") # Removes repeated spaces
if line == "":
blank += 1 # Counts blank lines
else:
blank = 0 # If the line is not blank, resets the counter
if blank < 2: # Doesn't write from the second blank line
[Link](line + "\n")

[Link]()
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-15
Refer to Program 7.2, the hangman game. Use a text editor to generate a file with a
word written on each line. Modify the program to load (read) the list of words from
the text file. Also, try asking for the player’s name and generating a file with the
number of correct answers for the five best players.

# Modified to read the word list from a file

# Reads a [Link] file with the number of hits per player
# Reads a [Link] file with the list of words
#
# Before running:
#
# Create an empty file named [Link]
# Create a words file named [Link]
# containing one word per line.
#
# The game randomly chooses a word from this file
import random

words = []
score = {}

def load_words():
file = open("[Link]", "r", encoding="utf-8")
for word in [Link]():
word = [Link]().lower()
if word != "":
[Link](word)
[Link]()

def load_score():
file = open("[Link]", "r", encoding="utf-8")
for line in [Link]():
line = [Link]()
if line != "":
user, counter = [Link](";")
score[user] = int(counter)
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

def save_score():
file = open("[Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")
for user in [Link]():
[Link]("{user};{score[user]}\n")
[Link]()

def update_score(name):
if name in score:
score[name] += 1
else:
score[name] = 1
save_score()

def display_score():
sorted_score = []
for user, score_value in [Link]():
sorted_score.append([user, score_value])
sorted_score.sort(key=lambda score_value: score_value[1])
print("\n\nBest players by number of hits:")
sorted_score.reverse()
for up in sorted_score:
print(f"{up[0]:30s} {up[1]:10d}")

load_words()
load_score()

word = words[[Link](0, len(words) - 1)]

typed = []
hits = []
errors = 0
while True:
password = ""
for letter in word:
password += letter if letter in hits else "."
print(password)
if password == word:
print("You got it right!")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

name = input("Enter your name: ")

update_score(name)
break
attempt = input("\nEnter a letter:").lower().strip()
if attempt in typed:
print("You already tried this letter!")
continue
else:
typed += attempt
if attempt in word:
hits += attempt
else:
errors += 1
print("You missed!")
print("X==:==\nX : ")
print("X O " if errors >= 1 else "X")
line2 = ""
if errors == 2:
line2 = " | "
elif errors == 3:
line2 = r" \| "
elif errors >= 4:
line2 = r" \|/ "
print(f"X{line2}")
line3 = ""
if errors == 5:
line3 += r" / "
elif errors >= 6:
line3 += r" / \ "
print(f"X{line3}")
print("X\n===========")
if errors == 6:
print("Hanged!")
break

display_score()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-16
Explain how the name and phone fields are stored in the output file.

# Each address book record is saved in a line of the file.

# The fields are separated by the # symbol (Hash)
# for example:
# Two entries, Nilo and João are saved in 2 lines of text.
# The entry name is on the left of # and the phone number on the right
#
# Nilo#1234
# João#5678

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-17
Change Program 9.6 to display the phonebook size in the main menu. Consider the
number of names it contains as its size.

address_book = []

def ask_name():
return input("Name: ")

def ask_phone():
return input("Phone: ")

def show_data(name, phone):

print(f"Name: {name} Phone: {phone}")

def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(address_book):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

def new():
global address_book
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
address_book.append([name, phone])

def delete():
global address_book
name = ask_name()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

p = search(name)
if p is not None:
del address_book[p]
else:
print("Name not found.")

def modify():
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:
name = address_book[p][0]
phone = address_book[p][1]
print("Found:")
show_data(name, phone)
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
address_book[p] = [name, phone]
else:
print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nAddress Book\n\n\------")
for e in address_book:
show_data(e[0], e[1])
print("\------\n")

def read():
global address_book
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")
address_book = []
for l in [Link]():
name, phone = [Link]().split("#")
address_book.append([name, phone])
[Link]()

def save():
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

for e in address_book:
[Link](f"{e[0]}#{e[1]}\n")
[Link]()

def validate_integer_range(question, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(question))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print(f"Invalid value, please enter a number between {start}
and {end}")

def menu():
print(
"""
1 - New
2 - Modify
3 - Delete
4 - List
5 - Save
6 - Read

0 - Exit
"""
)
print(f"\nNames in address book: {len(address_book)}\n")
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 6)

while True:
option = menu()
if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()
elif option == 2:
modify()
elif option == 3:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()
elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-18
What happens if your name or phone number contains the character used as a
separator in your content? Explain the problem and propose a solution.

# If # appears in the name or phone number of an address book entry,

# an error will occur when reading the file.
# This error occurs because the number of expected fields in the line will
be different
# from 2 (name and phone).
# The program has no way of knowing whether the character is part of one
field or another.
# One solution to this problem is to replace the # within a field before
saving it.
# This way, the field separator in the file won't be confused with the
content.
# During reading, the replacement must be reversed to obtain the same
content.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-19
Change the list_all function so that it also displays the position of each element.

address_book = []

def ask_name():
return input("Name: ")

def ask_phone():
return input("Phone: ")

def show_data(name, phone):

print(f"Name: {name} Phone: {phone}")

def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(address_book):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

def new():
global address_book
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
address_book.append([name, phone])

def delete():
global address_book
name = ask_name()
p = search(name)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

if p is not None:
del address_book[p]
else:
print("Name not found.")

def modify():
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:
name = address_book[p][0]
phone = address_book[p][1]
print("Found:")
show_data(name, phone)
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
address_book[p] = [name, phone]
else:
print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nAddress Book\n\n\------")
# We use the enumerate function to get the position in the address
book
for position, e in enumerate(address_book):
# Print the position without line break
print(f"Position: {position}", end="")
show_data(e[0], e[1])
print("\------\n")

def read():
global address_book
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")
address_book = []
for l in [Link]():
name, phone = [Link]().split("#")
address_book.append([name, phone])
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

def save():
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8")
for e in address_book:
[Link](f"{e[0]}#{e[1]}\n")
[Link]()

def validate_integer_range(prompt, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(prompt))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print(f"Invalid value, please enter a number between {start}
and {end}")

def menu():
print(
"""
1 - New
2 - Modify
3 - Delete
4 - List
5 - Save
6 - Read

0 - Exit
"""
)
print(f"\nNames in address book: {len(address_book)}\n")
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 6)

while True:
option = menu()
if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

elif option == 2:
modify()
elif option == 3:
delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()
elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-20
Add the option to sort the list by name in the main menu.

address_book = []

def ask_name():
return input("Name: ")

def ask_phone():
return input("Phone: ")

def show_data(name, phone):

print(f"Name: {name} Phone: {phone}")

def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(address_book):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

def new():
global address_book
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
address_book.append([name, phone])

def delete():
global address_book
name = ask_name()
p = search(name)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

if p is not None:
del address_book[p]
else:
print("Name not found.")

def modify():
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:
name = address_book[p][0]
phone = address_book[p][1]
print("Found:")
show_data(name, phone)
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
address_book[p] = [name, phone]
else:
print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nAddress Book\n\n\------")
# We use the enumerate function to get the position in the address
book
for position, e in enumerate(address_book):
# We print the position without line break
print(f"Position: {position} ", end="")
show_data(e[0], e[1])
print("\------\n")

def read():
global address_book
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")
address_book = []
for l in [Link]():
name, phone = [Link]().split("#")
address_book.append([name, phone])
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

def sort():
# You can sort the list as shown in the book
# with the bubble sort method
# Or combine Python's sort method with lambdas to
# define the list key
# address_book.sort(key=lambda e: return e[0])
end = len(address_book)
while end > 1:
i = 0
swapped = False
while i < (end - 1):
if address_book[i] > address_book[i + 1]:
# Option: address_book[i], address_book[i+1] = address_
book[i+1], address_book[i]
temp = address_book[i + 1]
address_book[i + 1] = address_book[i]
address_book[i] = temp
swapped = True
i += 1
if not swapped:
break

def save():
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8")
for e in address_book:
[Link](f"{e[0]}#{e[1]}\n")
[Link]()

def validate_integer_range(question, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(question))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print(f"Invalid value, please enter between {start} and
{end}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

def menu():
print(
"""
1 - New
2 - Modify
3 - Delete
4 - List
5 - Save
6 - Read
7 - Sort by name

0 - Exit
"""
)
print(f"\nNames in address book: {len(address_book)}\n")
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 7)

while True:
option = menu()
if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()
elif option == 2:
modify()
elif option == 3:
delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()
elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()
elif option == 7:
sort()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-21
Using the update and delete functions, ask the user to confirm the change and
deletion of a name before performing the operation itself.

address_book = []

def ask_name():
return input("Name: ")

def ask_phone():
return input("Phone: ")

def show_data(name, phone):

print(f"Name: {name} Phone: {phone}")

def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(address_book):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

def new():
global address_book
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
address_book.append([name, phone])

def confirm(operation):
while True:
option = input(f"Confirm {operation} (Y/N)? ").upper()

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if option in "YN":
return option
else:
print("Invalid response. Choose Y or N.")

def delete():
global address_book
name = ask_name()
p = search(name)
if p is not None:
if confirm("deletion") == "Y":
del address_book[p]
else:
print("Name not found.")

def modify():
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:
name = address_book[p][0]
phone = address_book[p][1]
print("Found:")
show_data(name, phone)
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
if confirm("modification") == "Y":
address_book[p] = [name, phone]
else:
print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nAddress Book\n\n\------")
# We use the enumerate function to get the position in the address
book
for position, e in enumerate(address_book):
# Print the position without line break
print(f"Position: {position} ", end="")
show_data(e[0], e[1])
print("\------\n")

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def read():
global address_book
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")
address_book = []
for l in [Link]():
name, phone = [Link]().split("#")
address_book.append([name, phone])
[Link]()

def sort():
# You can sort the list as shown in the book
# using the bubble sort method
# Or combine Python's sort method with lambdas to
# define the list key
# address_book.sort(key=lambda e: return e[0])
end = len(address_book)
while end > 1:
i = 0
swapped = False
while i < (end - 1):
if address_book[i] > address_book[i + 1]:
# Option: address_book[i], address_book[i+1] = address_
book[i+1], address_book[i]
temp = address_book[i + 1]
address_book[i + 1] = address_book[i]
address_book[i] = temp
swapped = True
i += 1
if not swapped:
break

def save():
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8")
for e in address_book:
[Link](f"{e[0]}#{e[1]}\n")
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

def validate_integer_range(prompt, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(prompt))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print(f"Invalid value, please enter a number between {start}
and {end}")

def menu():
print(
"""
1 - New
2 - Modify
3 - Delete
4 - List
5 - Save
6 - Read
7 - Sort by name

0 - Exit
"""
)
print(f"\nNames in address book: {len(address_book)}\n")
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 7)

while True:
option = menu()
if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()
elif option == 2:
modify()
elif option == 3:
delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()

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elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()
elif option == 7:
sort()

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Exercise 09-22
When reading or writing a new phonebook, verify that the current phonebook has
already been saved. You can use a variable to control when the phonebook was
changed (new, updated, deleted) and reset that value when loaded or saved.

address_book = []

# Variable to mark a change in the address book

changed = False

def ask_name():
return input("Name: ")

def ask_phone():
return input("Phone: ")

def show_data(name, phone):

print(f"Name: {name} Phone: {phone}")

def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(address_book):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

def new():
global address_book, changed
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
address_book.append([name, phone])
changed = True

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def confirm(operation):
while True:
option = input(f"Confirm {operation} (Y/N)? ").upper()
if option in "YN":
return option
else:
print("Invalid response. Choose Y or N.")

def delete():
global address_book, changed
name = ask_name()
p = search(name)
if p is not None:
if confirm("deletion") == "Y":
del address_book[p]
changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def modify():
global changed
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:
name = address_book[p][0]
phone = address_book[p][1]
print("Found:")
show_data(name, phone)
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
if confirm("modification") == "Y":
address_book[p] = [name, phone]
changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nAddress Book\n\n\------")

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# We use the enumerate function to get the position in the address

book
for position, e in enumerate(address_book):
# Print the position without line break
print(f"Position: {position} ", end="")
show_data(e[0], e[1])
print("\------\n")

def read():
global address_book, changed
if changed:
print(
"You haven't saved the list since the last change. Do you want
to save it now?"
)
if confirm("saving") == "Y":
save()
print("Read\n---")
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")
address_book = []
for l in [Link]():
name, phone = [Link]().split("#")
address_book.append([name, phone])
[Link]()
changed = False

def sort():
global changed
# You can sort the list as shown in the book
# using the bubble sort method
# Or combine Python's sort method with lambdas to
# define the list key
# address_book.sort(key=lambda e: return e[0])
end = len(address_book)
while end > 1:
i = 0
swapped = False
while i < (end - 1):
if address_book[i] > address_book[i + 1]:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

# Option: address_book[i], address_book[i+1] = address_

book[i+1], address_book[i]
temp = address_book[i + 1]
address_book[i + 1] = address_book[i]
address_book[i] = temp
swapped = True
i += 1
if not swapped:
break
changed = True

def save():
global changed
if not changed:
print("You haven't changed the list. Do you want to save it
anyway?")
if confirm("saving") == "N":
return
print("Save\n\------")
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8")
for e in address_book:
[Link](f"{e[0]}#{e[1]}\n")
[Link]()
changed = False

def validate_integer_range(prompt, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(prompt))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print(f"Invalid value, please enter a number between {start}
and {end}")

def menu():
print(
"""

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

1 - New
2 - Modify
3 - Delete
4 - List
5 - Save
6 - Read
7 - Sort by name

0 - Exit
"""
)
print(f"\nNames in address book: {len(address_book)} Changed:
{changed}\n")
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 7)

while True:
option = menu()
if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()
elif option == 2:
modify()
elif option == 3:
delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()
elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()
elif option == 7:
sort()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-23
Change the program to load the last phonebook when initializing. Tip: Use another
file to store the filename.

address_book = []

# Variable to mark a change in the address book

changed = False

def ask_name():
return input("Name: ")

def ask_phone():
return input("Phone: ")

def show_data(name, phone):

print(f"Name: {name} Phone: {phone}")

def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(address_book):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

def new():
global address_book, changed
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
address_book.append([name, phone])
changed = True

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def confirm(operation):
while True:
option = input(f"Confirm {operation} (Y/N)? ").upper()
if option in "YN":
return option
else:
print("Invalid response. Choose Y or N.")

def delete():
global address_book, changed
name = ask_name()
p = search(name)
if p is not None:
if confirm("deletion") == "Y":
del address_book[p]
changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def modify():
global changed
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:
name = address_book[p][0]
phone = address_book[p][1]
print("Found:")
show_data(name, phone)
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
if confirm("modification") == "Y":
address_book[p] = [name, phone]
changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nAddress Book\n\n\------")
# We use the enumerate function to get the position in the address

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

book
for position, e in enumerate(address_book):
# Print the position without line break
print(f"Position: {position} ", end="")
show_data(e[0], e[1])
print("\------\n")

def read_last_saved_book():
last = last_book()
if last is not None:
read_file(last)

def last_book():
try:
file = open("last [Link]", "r", encoding="utf-8")
last = [Link]()[:-1]
[Link]()
except FileNotFoundError:
return None
return last

def update_last(name):
file = open("last [Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")
[Link](f"{name}\n")
[Link]()

def read_file(filename):
global address_book, changed
file = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")
address_book = []
for l in [Link]():
name, phone = [Link]().split("#")
address_book.append([name, phone])
[Link]()
changed = False

def read():

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

global changed
if changed:
print(
"You haven't saved the list since the last change. Do you want
to save it now?"
)
if confirm("save") == "Y":
save()
print("Read\n---")
filename = ask_filename()
read_file(filename)
update_last(filename)

def sort():
global changed
# You can sort the list as shown in the book
# using the bubble sort method
# Or combine Python's sort method with lambdas to
# define the list key
# address_book.sort(key=lambda e: return e[0])
end = len(address_book)
while end > 1:
i = 0
swapped = False
while i < (end - 1):
if address_book[i] > address_book[i + 1]:
# Option: address_book[i], address_book[i+1] = address_
book[i+1], address_book[i]
temp = address_book[i + 1]
address_book[i + 1] = address_book[i]
address_book[i] = temp
swapped = True
i += 1
if not swapped:
break
changed = True

def save():
global changed
if not changed:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

print("You haven't changed the list. Do you want to save it

anyway?")
if confirm("save") == "N":
return
print("Save\n\------")
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8")
for e in address_book:
[Link](f"{e[0]}#{e[1]}\n")
[Link]()
update_last(filename)
changed = False

def validate_integer_range(prompt, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(prompt))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print(f"Invalid value, please enter a number between {start}
and {end}")

def menu():
print(
"""
1 - New
2 - Modify
3 - Delete
4 - List
5 - Save
6 - Read
7 - Sort by name

0 - Exit
"""
)
print(f"\nNames in address book: {len(address_book)} Changed:
{changed}\n")
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 7)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

read_last_saved_book()

while True:
option = menu()
if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()
elif option == 2:
modify()
elif option == 3:
delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()
elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()
elif option == 7:
sort()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-24
What happens to the phonebook if a loading or saving error occurs? Explain.

# In case of a read error, the program stops executing.

# If the error occurs during saving, the unsaved data
# will be lost.
# These problems can be solved by modifying the
# read and save functions, adding try/except blocks.
# Ideally, the program should display the error message and continue
running.
# In the case of saving, the data should not be lost and the user should
be able
# to try again.

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-25
Change the ask_name and ask_telephone functions to receive an optional parameter.
If this parameter is passed, use it as the value returned if the data entry is empty.

address_book = []

# Variable to mark a change in the address book

changed = False

def ask_name(default=""):
name = input("Name: ")
if name == "":
name = default
return name

def ask_phone(default=""):
phone = input("Phone: ")
if phone == "":
phone = default
return phone

def show_data(name, phone):

print(f"Name: {name} Phone: {phone}")

def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(address_book):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

def new():

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global address_book, changed

name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
address_book.append([name, phone])
changed = True

def confirm(operation):
while True:
option = input(f"Confirm {operation} (Y/N)? ").upper()
if option in "YN":
return option
else:
print("Invalid response. Choose Y or N.")

def delete():
global address_book, changed
name = ask_name()
p = search(name)
if p is not None:
if confirm("deletion") == "Y":
del address_book[p]
changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def modify():
global changed
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:
name = address_book[p][0]
phone = address_book[p][1]
print("Found:")
show_data(name, phone)
name = ask_name(name) # If nothing is entered, keep the value
phone = ask_phone(phone)
if confirm("modification") == "Y":
address_book[p] = [name, phone]
changed = True
else:

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print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nAddress Book\n\n\------")
# We use the enumerate function to get the position in the address
book
for position, e in enumerate(address_book):
# Print the position without line break
print(f"Position: {position} ", end="")
show_data(e[0], e[1])
print("\------\n")

def read_last_saved_address_book():
last = last_address_book()
if last is not None:
read_file(last)

def last_address_book():
try:
file = open("last address [Link]", "r", encoding="utf-8")
last = [Link]()[:-1]
[Link]()
except FileNotFoundError:
return None
return last

def update_last(name):
file = open("last address [Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")
[Link](f"{name}\n")
[Link]()

def read_file(filename):
global address_book, changed
file = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")
address_book = []
for l in [Link]():
name, phone = [Link]().split("#")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

address_book.append([name, phone])
[Link]()
changed = False

def read():
global changed
if changed:
print(
"You haven't saved the list since the last change. Do you want
to save it now?"
)
if confirm("saving") == "Y":
save()
print("Read\n---")
filename = ask_filename()
read_file(filename)
update_last(filename)

def sort():
global changed
# You can sort the list as shown in the book
# using the bubble sort method
# Or combine Python's sort method with lambdas to
# define the list key
# address_book.sort(key=lambda e: return e[0])
end = len(address_book)
while end > 1:
i = 0
swapped = False
while i < (end - 1):
if address_book[i] > address_book[i + 1]:
# Option: address_book[i], address_book[i+1] = address_
book[i+1], address_book[i]
temp = address_book[i + 1]
address_book[i + 1] = address_book[i]
address_book[i] = temp
swapped = True
i += 1
if not swapped:
break

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

changed = True

def save():
global changed
if not changed:
print("You haven't changed the list. Do you want to save it
anyway?")
if confirm("saving") == "N":
return
print("Save\n\------")
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8")
for e in address_book:
[Link](f"{e[0]}#{e[1]}\n")
[Link]()
update_last(filename)
changed = False

def validate_integer_range(prompt, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(prompt))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print(f"Invalid value, please enter a number between {start}
and {end}")

def menu():
print(
"""
1 - New
2 - Modify
3 - Delete
4 - List
5 - Save
6 - Read
7 - Sort by name

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

0 - Exit
"""
)
print(f"\nNames in address book: {len(address_book)} Changed:
{changed}\n")
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 7)

read_last_saved_address_book()

while True:
option = menu()
if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()
elif option == 2:
modify()
elif option == 3:
delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()
elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()
elif option == 7:
sort()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-26
Change the program to verify the repetition of names. Generate an error message to
avoid having two phonebook entries with the same name. You should check this
before adding or updating names.

address_book = []

# Variable to mark a change in the address book

changed = False

def ask_name(default=""):
name = input("Name: ")
if name == "":
name = default
return name

def ask_phone(default=""):
phone = input("Phone: ")
if phone == "":
phone = default
return phone

def show_data(name, phone):

print(f"Name: {name} Phone: {phone}")

def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(address_book):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

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def new():
global address_book, changed
name = ask_name()
if search(name) is not None:
print("Name already exists!")
return
phone = ask_phone()
address_book.append([name, phone])
changed = True

def confirm(operation):
while True:
option = input(f"Confirm {operation} (Y/N)? ").upper()
if option in "YN":
return option
else:
print("Invalid response. Choose Y or N.")

def delete():
global address_book, changed
name = ask_name()
p = search(name)
if p is not None:
if confirm("deletion") == "Y":
del address_book[p]
changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def modify():
global changed
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:
name = address_book[p][0]
phone = address_book[p][1]
print("Found:")
show_data(name, phone)
name = ask_name(name) # If nothing is entered, keep the value
phone = ask_phone(phone)

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if confirm("modification") == "Y":
address_book[p] = [name, phone]
changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nAddress Book\n\n\------")
# We use the enumerate function to get the position in the address
book
for position, e in enumerate(address_book):
# Print the position, without line break
print(f"Position: {position} ", end="")
show_data(e[0], e[1])
print("\------\n")

def read_last_saved_address_book():
last = last_address_book()
if last is not None:
read_file(last)

def last_address_book():
try:
file = open("last address [Link]", "r", encoding="utf-8")
last = [Link]()[:-1]
[Link]()
except FileNotFoundError:
return None
return last

def update_last(name):
file = open("last address [Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")
[Link](f"{name}\n")
[Link]()

def read_file(filename):
global address_book, changed

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

file = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")

address_book = []
for l in [Link]():
name, phone = [Link]().split("#")
address_book.append([name, phone])
[Link]()
changed = False

def read():
global changed
if changed:
print(
"You haven't saved the list since the last change. Do you want
to save it now?"
)
if confirm("saving") == "Y":
save()
print("Read\n---")
filename = ask_filename()
read_file(filename)
update_last(filename)

def sort():
global changed
# You can sort the list as shown in the book
# using the bubble sort method
# Or combine Python's sort method with lambdas to
# define the list key
# address_book.sort(key=lambda e: return e[0])
end = len(address_book)
while end > 1:
i = 0
swapped = False
while i < (end - 1):
if address_book[i] > address_book[i + 1]:
# Option: address_book[i], address_book[i+1] = address_
book[i+1], address_book[i]
temp = address_book[i + 1]
address_book[i + 1] = address_book[i]
address_book[i] = temp

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swapped = True
i += 1
if not swapped:
break
changed = True

def save():
global changed
if not changed:
print("You haven't changed the list. Do you want to save it
anyway?")
if confirm("saving") == "N":
return
print("Save\n\------")
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8")
for e in address_book:
[Link](f"{e[0]}#{e[1]}\n")
[Link]()
update_last(filename)
changed = False

def validate_integer_range(prompt, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(prompt))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print(f"Invalid value, please enter a number between {start}
and {end}")

def menu():
print(
"""
1 - New
2 - Modify
3 - Delete
4 - List

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5 - Save
6 - Read
7 - Sort by name

0 - Exit
"""
)
print(f"\nNames in address book: {len(address_book)} Changed:
{changed}\n")
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 7)

read_last_saved_address_book()

while True:
option = menu()
if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()
elif option == 2:
modify()
elif option == 3:
delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()
elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()
elif option == 7:
sort()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-27
Modify the program to control each person’s birthday and email address.

address_book = []

# Variable to mark a change in the address book

changed = False

def ask_name(default=""):
name = input("Name: ")
if name == "":
name = default
return name

def ask_phone(default=""):
phone = input("Phone: ")
if phone == "":
phone = default
return phone

def ask_email(default=""):
email = input("Email: ")
if email == "":
email = default
return email

def ask_birthday(default=""):
birthday = input("Birthday: ")
if birthday == "":
birthday = default
return birthday

def show_data(name, phone, email, birthday):

print(f"Name: {name}\nPhone: {phone}\n" f"Email: {email}\nBirthday:
{birthday}\n")

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def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(address_book):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

def new():
global address_book, changed
name = ask_name()
if search(name) is not None:
print("Name already exists!")
return
phone = ask_phone()
email = ask_email()
birthday = ask_birthday()
address_book.append([name, phone, email, birthday])
changed = True

def confirm(operation):
while True:
option = input(f"Confirm {operation} (Y/N)? ").upper()
if option in "YN":
return option
else:
print("Invalid response. Choose Y or N.")

def delete():
global address_book, changed
name = ask_name()
p = search(name)
if p is not None:
if confirm("deletion") == "Y":
del address_book[p]

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changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def edit():
global changed
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:
name = address_book[p][0]
phone = address_book[p][1]
email = address_book[p][2]
birthday = address_book[p][3]
print("Found:")
show_data(name, phone, email, birthday)
name = ask_name(name) # If nothing is entered, keep the value
phone = ask_phone(phone)
email = ask_email(email)
birthday = ask_birthday(birthday)
if confirm("edit") == "Y":
address_book[p] = [name, phone, email, birthday]
changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nAddress Book\n\n\------")
# We use the enumerate function to get the position in the address
book
for position, e in enumerate(address_book):
# Print the position
print(f"\nPosition: {position}")
show_data(e[0], e[1], e[2], e[3])
print("\------\n")

def read_last_saved_address_book():
last = last_address_book()
if last is not None:
read_file(last)

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def last_address_book():
try:
file = open("last address [Link]", "r", encoding="utf-8")
last = [Link]()[:-1]
[Link]()
except FileNotFoundError:
return None
return last

def update_last(name):
file = open("last address [Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")
[Link](f"{name}\n")
[Link]()

def read_file(filename):
global address_book, changed
file = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")
address_book = []
for l in [Link]():
name, phone, email, birthday = [Link]().split("#")
address_book.append([name, phone, email, birthday])
[Link]()
changed = False

def read():
global changed
if changed:
print(
"You haven't saved the list since the last change. Do you want
to save it now?"
)
if confirm("save") == "Y":
save()
print("Read\n---")
filename = ask_filename()
read_file(filename)
update_last(filename)

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def sort():
global changed
# You can sort the list as shown in the book
# with the bubble sort method
# Or combine Python's sort method with lambdas to
# define the list key
# address_book.sort(key=lambda e: return e[0])
end = len(address_book)
while end > 1:
i = 0
swapped = False
while i < (end - 1):
if address_book[i] > address_book[i + 1]:
# Option: address_book[i], address_book[i+1] = address_
book[i+1], address_book[i]
temp = address_book[i + 1]
address_book[i + 1] = address_book[i]
address_book[i] = temp
swapped = True
i += 1
if not swapped:
break
changed = True

def save():
global changed
if not changed:
print("You haven't changed the list. Do you want to save it
anyway?")
if confirm("save") == "N":
return
print("Save\n\------")
filename = ask_filename()
file = open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8")
for e in address_book:
[Link](f"{e[0]}#{e[1]}#{e[2]}#{e[3]}\n")
[Link]()
update_last(filename)
changed = False

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

def validate_integer_range(question, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(question))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print("Invalid value, please enter between {start} and {end}")

def menu():
print(
"""
1 - New
2 - Edit
3 - Delete
4 - List
5 - Save
6 - Read
7 - Sort by name

0 - Exit
"""
)
print(f"\nNames in address book: {len(address_book)} Changed:
{changed}\n")
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 7)

read_last_saved_address_book()

while True:
option = menu()
if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()
elif option == 2:
edit()
elif option == 3:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()
elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()
elif option == 7:
sort()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-28
Modify the program to register multiple phones for the same person. This also allows
you to register the type of telephone number: cell phone, landline, home, or work.

# As the file format becomes increasingly complex,

# we'll use Python's pickle module to save and read the address book.
#
# Extra challenge:
# Modify the program to display a phone management submenu.
# This submenu would be displayed when adding and changing phones.
# Operations: add new phone, delete phone, change phone
import pickle

address_book = []

# Variable to mark a change in the address book

changed = False

phone_types = ["mobile", "landline", "home", "work", "fax"]

def ask_name(default=""):
name = input("Name: ")
if name == "":
name = default
return name

def ask_phone(default=""):
phone = input("Phone: ")
if phone == "":
phone = default
return phone

def ask_phone_type(default=""):
while True:
type = input("Phone type [%s]: " % ",".join(phone_types)).lower()
if type == "":
type = default
for t in phone_types:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

if [Link](type):
return t # Returns the full name
else:
print("Invalid phone type!")

def ask_email(default=""):
email = input("Email: ")
if email == "":
email = default
return email

def ask_birthday(default=""):
birthday = input("Birthday: ")
if birthday == "":
birthday = default
return birthday

def show_data(name, phones, email, birthday):

print(f"Name: {[Link]()}")
print("Phone(s):")
for phone in phones:
print(f"\tNumber: {phone[0]:15s} Type: {phone[1].capitalize()}")
print(f"Email: {email}\nBirthday: {birthday}\n")

def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(address_book):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

def new():
global address_book, changed

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

name = ask_name()
if search(name) is not None:
print("Name already exists!")
return
phones = []
while True:
number = ask_phone()
type = ask_phone_type()
[Link]([number, type])
if confirm("that you want to register another phone") == "N":
break
email = ask_email()
birthday = ask_birthday()
address_book.append([name, phones, email, birthday])
changed = True

def confirm(operation):
while True:
option = input(f"Confirm {operation} (Y/N)? ").upper()
if option in "YN":
return option
else:
print("Invalid response. Choose Y or N.")

def delete():
global address_book, changed
name = ask_name()
p = search(name)
if p is not None:
if confirm("deletion") == "Y":
del address_book[p]
changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def change():
global changed
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

name, phones, email, birthday = address_book[p]

print("Found:")
show_data(name, phones, email, birthday)
name = ask_name(name) # If nothing is entered, keeps the value
for phone in phones:
number, type = phone
phone[0] = ask_phone(number)
phone[1] = ask_phone_type(type)
email = ask_email(email)
birthday = ask_birthday(birthday)
if confirm("change") == "Y":
address_book[p] = [name, phones, email, birthday]
changed = True
else:
print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nAddress Book\n\n\------")
# We use the enumerate function to get the position in the address
book
for position, e in enumerate(address_book):
# Print the position
print(f"\nPosition: {position}")
show_data(e[0], e[1], e[2], e[3])
print("\------\n")

def read_last_saved_address_book():
last = last_address_book()
if last is not None:
read_file(last)

def last_address_book():
try:
file = open("last address book [Link]", "r", encoding="utf-8")
last = [Link]()[:-1]
[Link]()
except FileNotFoundError:
return None
return last

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

def update_last(name):
file = open("last address book [Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")
[Link](f"{name}\n")
[Link]()

def read_file(filename):
global address_book, changed
file = open(filename, "rb")
address_book = [Link](file)
[Link]()
changed = False

def read():
global changed
if changed:
print(
"You haven't saved the list since the last change. Do you want
to save it now?"
)
if confirm("saving") == "Y":
save()
print("Read\n---")
filename = ask_filename()
read_file(filename)
update_last(filename)

def sort():
global changed
# You can sort the list as shown in the book
# with the bubble sort method
# Or combine Python's sort method with lambdas to
# define the list key
# address_book.sort(key=lambda e: return e[0])
end = len(address_book)
while end > 1:
i = 0
swapped = False

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

while i < (end - 1):

if address_book[i] > address_book[i + 1]:
# Option: address_book[i], address_book[i+1] = address_
book[i+1], address_book[i]
temp = address_book[i + 1]
address_book[i + 1] = address_book[i]
address_book[i] = temp
swapped = True
i += 1
if not swapped:
break
changed = True

def save():
global changed
if not changed:
print("You haven't changed the list. Do you want to save it
anyway?")
if confirm("saving") == "N":
return
print("Save\n\------")
filename = ask_filename()

file = open(filename, "wb")

[Link](address_book, file)
[Link]()
update_last(filename)
changed = False

def validate_integer_range(question, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(question))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print(f"Invalid value, please enter between {start} and
{end}")

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def menu():
print(
"""
1 - New
2 - Change
3 - Delete
4 - List
5 - Save
6 - Read
7 - Sort by name

0 - Exit
"""
)
print(f"\nNames in address book: {len(address_book)} Changed:
{changed}\n")
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 7)

read_last_saved_address_book()

while True:
option = menu()
if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()
elif option == 2:
change()
elif option == 3:
delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()
elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()
elif option == 7:
sort()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-29
Modify Program 9.8 to use the p element for movie titles instead of h2.

movies = {
"drama": ["Citizen Kane", "The Godfather"],
"comedy": ["Modern Times", "American Pie", "Dr. Dolittle"],
"crime": ["Black Rain", "Death Wish", "Hard to Kill"],
"war": ["Rambo", "Platoon", "Tora!Tora!Tora!"],
}

page = open("[Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")

[Link](
"""
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Movies</title>
</head>
<body>
"""
)
for category, values in [Link]():
[Link](f"<h1>{category}</h1>")
for entry in values:
[Link](f"<p>{entry}</p>")
[Link](
"""
</body>
</html>
"""
)
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-30
Modify Program 9.8 to generate an HTML list using the ul and li elements. Every
element in the list must be inside the ul element and inside an li element. Here’s an
example:

<ul\><li>Item1</li><li>Item2</li><li>Item3</li></ul>

movies = {
"drama": ["Citizen Kane", "The Godfather"],
"comedy": ["Modern Times", "American Pie", "Dr. Dolittle"],
"crime": ["Black Rain", "Death Wish", "Hard to Kill"],
"war": ["Rambo", "Platoon", "Tora!Tora!Tora!"],
}

page = open("[Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")

[Link](
"""
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Movies</title>
</head>
<body>
"""
)
for c, v in [Link]():
[Link](f"<h1>{[Link]()}</h1>")
[Link]("<ul>")
for e in v:
[Link](f"<li>{e}</li>")
[Link]("</ul>")
[Link](
"""
</body>
</html>
"""
)
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-31
Create a program that corrects Program 9.9 to verify that z exists and is a directory.

import [Link]

if [Link]("z"):
print("The directory z exists.")
elif [Link]("z"):
print("z exists, but it is a file and not a directory.")
else:
print("The directory z does not exist.")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-32
Modify Program 9.9 to receive the file name or directory to be verified through the
command line. Print if it exists and if it’s a file or a directory.

import sys
import [Link]

if len([Link]) < 2:
print("Enter the name of the file or directory to check as a
parameter!")
[Link](1)

name = [Link][1]
if [Link](name):
print(f"The directory {name} exists.")
elif [Link](name):
print(f"The file {name} exists.")
else:
print(f"{name} does not exist.")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-33
Create a program that generates an HTML page with links to all the jpg and png files
found in a directory entered on the command line.

# This exercise can also be done using the glob module

# Check Python documentation for more information
import sys
import os
import [Link]

# this module helps with converting filenames to valid HTML links

import [Link]

if len([Link]) < 2:
print("Enter the directory name to collect jpg and png files!")
[Link](1)

directory = [Link][1]

page = open("[Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")

[Link](
"""
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>PNG and JPG Images</title>
</head>
<body>
"""
)
[Link](f"Images found in directory: {directory}")
for entry in [Link](directory):
name, extension = [Link](entry)
if extension in [".jpg", ".png"]:
full_path = [Link](directory, entry)
link = [Link].pathname2url(full_path)
[Link](f"<p><a href='{link}'>{entry}</a></p>")

[Link](
"""

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

</body>
</html>
"""
)
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-34
Revisit Program 7.2, the hangman game. Modify it to use time functions to record the
duration of the matches.

import time

word = input("Enter the secret word:").lower().strip()

for x in range(100):
print()
typed = []
hits = []
errors = 0

start = [Link]() # Records the start of the game

while True:
password = ""
for letter in word:
password += letter if letter in hits else "."
print(password)
if password == word:
print("You got it right!")
break
attempt = input("\nEnter a letter:").lower().strip()
if attempt in typed:
print("You already tried this letter!")
continue
else:
typed += attempt
if attempt in word:
hits += attempt
else:
errors += 1
print("You missed!")
print("X==:==\nX : ")
print("X O " if errors >= 1 else "X")
line2 = ""
if errors == 2:
line2 = " | "
elif errors == 3:
line2 = r" \| "
elif errors >= 4:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

line2 = r" \|/ "

print(f"X{line2}")
line3 = ""
if errors == 5:
line3 += " / "
elif errors >= 6:
line3 += r" / \ "
print(f"X{line3}")
print("X\n===========")
if errors == 6:
print("Hanged!")
break
end = [Link]() # time at the end of the game
print(f"Game duration {end - start} seconds")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-35
Using the [Link] function, create an HTML page with the name and size of each file
from a directory passed in the command line, including all its sub-directories.

import sys
import os
import [Link]

# this module helps with converting filenames to valid HTML links

import [Link]

style_mask = "'margin: 5px 0px 5px %dpx;'"

def generate_style(level):
return style_mask % (level * 20)

def generate_listing(page, directory):

root_count = [Link](directory).count([Link])
for root, directories, files in [Link](directory):
level = [Link]([Link]) - root_count
[Link](f"<p style={generate_style(level)}>{root}</p>")
style = generate_style(level + 1)
for f in files:
full_path = [Link](root, f)
size = [Link](full_path)
link = [Link].pathname2url(full_path)
[Link](f"<p style={style}><a href='{link}'>{f}</
a> ({size} bytes)</p>")

if len([Link]) < 2:
print("Enter the directory name to collect files!")
[Link](1)

directory = [Link][1]

page = open("[Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")

[Link](
"""

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Files</title>
</head>
<body>
"""
)
[Link](f"Files found starting from directory: {directory}")
generate_listing(page, directory)
[Link](
"""
</body>
</html>
"""
)
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-36
Using the [Link] function, create a program that calculates the space occupied per
directory, generating an HTML page with the results.

import sys
import os
import [Link]
import math

# This function converts the size

# into more readable units, avoiding
# returning and printing very large values.
def size_to_human_readable(size):
if size == 0:
return "0 byte"
magnitude = [Link](size, 10)
if magnitude < 3:
return f"{size} bytes"
elif magnitude < 6:
return f"{size / 1024.0:7.3f} KB"
elif magnitude < 9:
return f"{size / pow(1024, 2)} MB"
elif magnitude < 12:
return f"{size / pow(1024, 3)} GB"

style_mask = "'margin: 5px 0px 5px %dpx;'"

def generate_style(level):
return style_mask % (level * 30)

# Returns a function where the nroot parameter is used

# to calculate the indentation level
def generate_level_and_style(root):
def level(path):
xlevel = [Link]([Link]) - nroot
return generate_style(xlevel)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

nroot = [Link]([Link])
return level

# Uses [Link] to traverse directories

# And a stack to store the size of each directory
def generate_listing(page, directory):
directory = [Link](directory)
# indenter is a function that calculates how many levels
# from the directory level a path should have.
indenter = generate_level_and_style(directory)
stack = [[directory, 0]] # Guard element, to avoid empty stack
for root, directories, files in [Link](directory):
# If the current directory: root
# Is not a subdirectory of the last traversed
# Pop until finding a common parent
while not [Link](stack[-1][0]):
last = [Link]()
[Link](
f"<p style={indenter(last[0])}>Size: (size_to_human_
readable(last[1]))</p>"
)
stack[-1][1] += last[1]
[Link](f"<p style={indenter(root)}>{root}</p>")
d_size = 0
for f in files:
full_path = [Link](root, f)
d_size += [Link](full_path)
[Link]([root, d_size])
# If the stack has more than one element
# pop them
while len(stack) > 1:
last = [Link]()
[Link](
f"<p style={indenter(last[0])}>Size: ({size_to_human_
readable(last[1])})</p>"
)
stack[-1][1] += last[1]

if len([Link]) < 2:
print("Enter the directory name to collect files!")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

[Link](1)

directory = [Link][1]

page = open("[Link]", "w", encoding="utf-8")

[Link](
"""
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Files</title>
</head>
<body>
"""
)
[Link](f"Files found starting from directory: {directory}")
generate_listing(page, directory)
[Link](
"""
</body>
</html>
"""
)
[Link]()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-37
Write a program that reads a student’s name and four grades. The program must
write the data into a file using the JSON format.

import json

# Function to read student grades

def read_grades():
grades = []
for i in range(4):
grade = float(input(f"Enter the {i+1}th grade: "))
[Link](grade)
return grades

# Reading student data

name = input("Enter student name: ")
grades = read_grades()

# Creating dictionary with student data

student = {"name": name, "grades": grades}

# Saving data to a JSON file

with open("student_grades.json", "w") as file:
[Link](student, file, indent=4)

print("Student data successfully saved to 'student_grades.json' file.")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-38
Modify the previous program to read the same file, allowing you to add more data. If
the same name is entered twice, update the data using the new entry.

Tip: You may have to use a list of dictionaries to hold multiple entries.

import json
import os

def read_grades():
grades = []
for i in range(4):
grade = float(input(f"Enter the {i+1}th grade: "))
[Link](grade)
return grades

def load_data():
# If the file doesn't exist, returns an empty list
if not [Link]("student_grades.json"):
return []

try:
with open("student_grades.json", "r") as file:
return [Link](file)
except [Link]:
return []

# Reading existing data

students = load_data()

# Reading new data

name = input("Enter student name: ")
grades = read_grades()

# Creating dictionary with new data

new_student = {"name": name, "grades": grades}

# Checks if student already exists and updates, or adds new student

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

student_exists = False
for i, student in enumerate(students):
if student["name"] == name:
students[i] = new_student
student_exists = True
break

if not student_exists:
[Link](new_student)

# Saving all data to JSON file

with open("student_grades.json", "w") as file:
[Link](students, file, indent=4)

print("Student data successfully saved to 'student_grades.json' file.")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-39
Modify Program 9.6, the phonebook. Have it read and write the phonebook in a file in
JSON format.

import json

contacts = []

def ask_name():
return input("Name: ")

def ask_phone():
return input("Phone: ")

def show_data(name, phone):

print(f"Name: {name} Phone: {phone}")

def ask_filename():
return input("File name: ")

def search(name):
mname = [Link]()
for p, e in enumerate(contacts):
if e[0].lower() == mname:
return p
return None

def new():
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
[Link]([name, phone])

def delete():
name = ask_name()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

p = search(name)
if p is not None:
del contacts[p]
else:
print("Name not found.")

def modify():
p = search(ask_name())
if p is not None:
name = contacts[p][0]
phone = contacts[p][1]
print("Found:")
show_data(name, phone)
name = ask_name()
phone = ask_phone()
contacts[p] = [name, phone]
else:
print("Name not found.")

def list_all():
print("\nContacts\n\n\------")
for e in contacts:
show_data(e[0], e[1])
print("\------\n")

def read():
global contacts
filename = ask_filename()
try:
with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as file:
contacts = [Link](file)
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found")
except [Link]:
print("Error reading JSON file")

def save():
filename = ask_filename()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as file:

[Link](contacts, file, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)

def validate_integer_range(prompt, start, end):

while True:
try:
value = int(input(prompt))
if start <= value <= end:
return value
except ValueError:
print(f"Invalid value, please enter a number between {start}
and {end}")

def menu():
print(
"""
1 – New
2 – Modify
3 – Delete
4 – List
5 – Save
6 – Read

0 – Exit
"""
)
return validate_integer_range("Choose an option: ", 0, 6)

while option := menu():

if option == 0:
break
elif option == 1:
new()
elif option == 2:
modify()
elif option == 3:
delete()
elif option == 4:
list_all()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

elif option == 5:
save()
elif option == 6:
read()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-40
Modify the [Link] program to print only the first 512 bytes of the file.

import sys
import itertools

def print_bytes(image, bytes_per_line=16):

for b in [Link](image, bytes_per_line):
hex_view = " ".join([f"{v:02x}" for v in b])
tview = "".join([chr(v) if chr(v).isprintable() else "." for v in
b])
print(f"{hex_view} {" " * 3 * (bytes_per_line - len(b))}{tview}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
with open([Link][1], "rb") as f:
image = [Link](512) # Doesn't read the entire file, only the first
512 bytes
print_bytes(image)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-41
Change the [Link] program to receive the maximum number of bytes to print
and how many bytes per line as command line parameters.

import sys
import itertools

def print_bytes(image, bytes_per_line=16):

for b in [Link](image, bytes_per_line):
hex_view = " ".join([f"{v:02x}" for v in b])
tview = "".join([chr(v) if chr(v).isprintable() else "." for v in
b])
print(f"{hex_view} {" " * 3 * (bytes_per_line - len(b))}{tview}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
if len([Link]) != 4:
print("Usage: python [Link] file max_bytes bytes_per_line")
[Link](1)

file = [Link][1]
max_bytes = int([Link][2])
bytes_per_line = int([Link][3])

with open(file, "rb") as f:

image = [Link](max_bytes)

print_bytes(image, bytes_per_line)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-42
Modify Program 9.20 so that it uses the name of the image to be generated from the
command line.

import sys

# Check if filename was provided as argument

if len([Link]) != 2:
print("Usage: python [Link] [Link]")
[Link](1)

filename = [Link][1]

def bytes_little_endian(number, nbytes=4, signed=False):

"""Converts an integer to a sequence of bytes using little endian
encoding.
If signed is passed, reserves a bit to represent the sign."""
return number.to_bytes(nbytes, "little", signed=signed)

def padding(value, size=4):

"""Calculates the next multiple for size"""
if remainder := value % size:
return value + size - remainder
return value

# Letter to color conversion table

# in RGB format (red, green, blue)
# Each color can range from 0 to 255.
letter_to_color = {
" ": (0, 0, 0), # black
"r": (255, 0, 0), # red
"g": (0, 255, 0), # green
"b": (0, 0, 255), # blue
}
# Drawing that we will transform into an image
drawing = [
" rrrr r r bbbbb b b ggggg g g r",
" r r r r b b b g g gg g r",

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

" r r r r b b b g r r g g g g r",
" rrr r b bbbbbb g g g g g r",
" r r b b b gr b rg g g g ",
" r r b b b g rrr g g gg r",
" r r b b b ggggg g g r",
]
# Point multiplier
# Each point will be copied multiplier times in the image
# If equal to 4, each point generates a 4x4 point block
multiplier = 32

# Check if all lines have the same size

drawing_width = len(drawing[0])

for line, z in enumerate(drawing):

if len(z) != drawing_width:
raise ValueError(
f"Lines must have the same size. Line with different width:
{line} instead of {len(z)}"
)

# Calculate data based on multiplier

expanded_drawing = []
for line in drawing:
new_line = []
for letter in line:
new_line.append(letter * multiplier)
for _ in range(multiplier):
expanded_drawing.append("".join(new_line))

width = len(expanded_drawing[0]) # Number of columns in the image

height = len(expanded_drawing) # Number of lines in the image

# Check if letters represent colors

binary_data = []
for line in expanded_drawing:
binary_line = []
for character in line:
# Invert byte order for BMP RGB format
binary_line.append(bytes(letter_to_color[character][::-1]))
binary_data.append(b"".join(binary_line))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

# Add padding
width_bytes = width * 3
width_with_padding = padding(width_bytes)
if width_bytes != width_with_padding:
for p, d in enumerate(binary_data):
binary_data[p] = b"".join(
[binary_data[p], bytes(width_with_padding - width_bytes)]
)

# Calculate image size in bytes with padding

size = padding(width * 3) * height

bmp_header = [
b"BM", # Identifier
bytes_little_endian(54 + size), # Image size in bytes
bytes(4), # 4 bytes 0x00
bytes_little_endian(54), # Header size
]

dib_header = [
bytes_little_endian(40), # DIB header size
bytes_little_endian(width),
bytes_little_endian(
-height, signed=True
), # Negative height to build image from top to bottom
bytes_little_endian(1, 2), # Color planes
bytes_little_endian(24, 2), # Bits per pixel
bytes_little_endian(0), # No compression
bytes_little_endian(size),
bytes_little_endian(2835), # ceil(72 dpi x 39.3701 in/m) horizontal
bytes_little_endian(2835), # ceil(72 dpi x 39.3701 in/m) vertical
bytes_little_endian(0), # Number of colors in palette
bytes_little_endian(0), # Important colors
]

bmp_header_binary = b"".join(bmp_header)
dib_header_binary = b"".join(dib_header)
binary_data = b"".join(binary_data)

# Verify binary header sizes

assert len(bmp_header_binary) == 14

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

assert len(dib_header_binary) == 40
assert len(binary_data) == size

# Write the image

with open(filename, "wb") as f:
[Link](bmp_header_binary)
[Link](dib_header_binary)
[Link](binary_data)

print(f"File {filename} generated. {width=} x {height=} {size=} bytes")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-43
Modify the program from the previous exercise to receive a second parameter with
the file name that contains the drawing. The goal is to read the drawing from that file.

import sys

# Check if the number of arguments is valid

if len([Link]) != 3:
print("Usage: python [Link] output_file.bmp drawing_file.
txt")
[Link](1)

output_file = [Link][1]
drawing_file = [Link][2]

# Read the drawing from file

try:
with open(drawing_file, "r") as f:
drawing = [[Link]() for line in [Link]()]
except FileNotFoundError:
print(f"Error: Drawing file '{drawing_file}' not found.")
[Link](1)
except IOError:
print(f"Error: Could not read drawing file '{drawing_file}'.")
[Link](1)

def bytes_little_endian(number, nbytes=4, signed=False):

"""Converts an integer to a sequence of bytes using little endian
encoding.
If signed is passed, reserves a bit to represent the sign."""
return number.to_bytes(nbytes, "little", signed=signed)

def padding(value, size=4):

"""Calculates the next multiple for size"""
if remainder := value % size:
return value + size - remainder
return value

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

# Letter to color conversion table

# in RGB format (red, green, blue)
# Each color can range from 0 to 255.
letter_to_color = {
" ": (0, 0, 0), # black
"r": (255, 0, 0), # red
"g": (0, 255, 0), # green
"b": (0, 0, 255), # blue
}

# Point multiplier
# Each point will be copied multiplier times in the image
# If equal to 4, each point generates a 4x4 point block
multiplier = 32

# Check if all lines have the same size

drawing_width = len(drawing[0])

for line, z in enumerate(drawing):

if len(z) != drawing_width:
raise ValueError(
f"Lines must have the same size. Line with different width:
{line} instead of {len(z)}"
)

# Calculate data based on multiplier

expanded_drawing = []
for line in drawing:
new_line = []
for letter in line:
new_line.append(letter * multiplier)
for _ in range(multiplier):
expanded_drawing.append("".join(new_line))

width = len(expanded_drawing[0]) # Number of columns in the image

height = len(expanded_drawing) # Number of lines in the image

# Check if letters represent colors

binary_data = []
for line in expanded_drawing:
binary_line = []

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

for character in line:

# Invert byte order for BMP RGB format
binary_line.append(bytes(letter_to_color[character][::-1]))
binary_data.append(b"".join(binary_line))

# Add padding
width_bytes = width * 3
width_with_padding = padding(width_bytes)
if width_bytes != width_with_padding:
for p, d in enumerate(binary_data):
binary_data[p] = b"".join(
[binary_data[p], bytes(width_with_padding - width_bytes)]
)

# Calculate image size in bytes with padding

size = padding(width * 3) * height

bmp_header = [
b"BM", # Identifier
bytes_little_endian(54 + size), # Image size in bytes
bytes(4), # 4 bytes 0x00
bytes_little_endian(54), # Header size
]

dib_header = [
bytes_little_endian(40), # DIB header size
bytes_little_endian(width),
bytes_little_endian(
-height, signed=True
), # Negative height to build image top to bottom
bytes_little_endian(1, 2), # Color planes
bytes_little_endian(24, 2), # Bits per pixel
bytes_little_endian(0), # No compression
bytes_little_endian(size),
bytes_little_endian(2835), # ceil(72 dpi x 39.3701 in/m) horizontal
bytes_little_endian(2835), # ceil(72 dpi x 39.3701 in/m) vertical
bytes_little_endian(0), # Number of colors in palette
bytes_little_endian(0), # Important colors
]

bmp_header_binary = b"".join(bmp_header)
dib_header_binary = b"".join(dib_header)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

binary_data = b"".join(binary_data)

# Verify binary header sizes

assert len(bmp_header_binary) == 14
assert len(dib_header_binary) == 40
assert len(binary_data) == size

# Write the image

with open(output_file, "wb") as f:
[Link](bmp_header_binary)
[Link](dib_header_binary)
[Link](binary_data)

print(f"File {output_file} generated. {width=} x {height=} {size=} bytes")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

Exercise 09-44
Modify the previous program to receive a third parameter with the color conversion
table in JSON format.

import sys
import json

# Check if both filenames were provided as arguments

if len([Link]) != 4:
print(
"Usage: python [Link] output_file.bmp drawing_file.txt
color_table.json"
)
[Link](1)

output_file = [Link][1]
drawing_file = [Link][2]
color_file = [Link][3]

# Read the drawing from the file

try:
with open(drawing_file, "r") as f:
drawing = [[Link]() for line in [Link]()]
except FileNotFoundError:
print(f"Error: Drawing file '{drawing_file}' not found.")
[Link](1)
except IOError:
print(f"Error: Could not read drawing file '{drawing_file}'.")
[Link](1)

# Load the color table from the JSON file

try:
with open(color_file, "r") as f:
letter_to_color = [Link](f)
except FileNotFoundError:
print(f"Error: Color file '{color_file}' not found.")
[Link](1)
except [Link]:
print(f"Error: File '{color_file}' does not contain valid JSON.")
[Link](1)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

# Verify and build the color table

for char in letter_to_color:
color = letter_to_color[char]
if len(color) != 3 or not all(isinstance(x, int) and 0 <= x <= 255 for
x in color):
print(f"Error: Invalid color for character '{char}'")
[Link](1)

def bytes_little_endian(number, nbytes=4, signed=False):

"""Converts an integer to a sequence of bytes using little endian
encoding.
If signed is passed, reserves a bit to represent the sign."""
return number.to_bytes(nbytes, "little", signed=signed)

def padding(value, size=4):

"""Calculates the next multiple for size"""
if remainder := value % size:
return value + size - remainder
return value

# Point multiplier
# Each point will be copied multiplier times in the image
# If equal to 4, each point generates a 4x4 point block
multiplier = 32

# Check if all lines have the same size

drawing_width = len(drawing[0])

for line, z in enumerate(drawing):

if len(z) != drawing_width:
raise ValueError(
f"Lines must have the same size. Line with different width:
{line} instead of {len(z)}"
)

# Calculate data based on multiplier

expanded_drawing = []
for line in drawing:
new_line = []

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

for letter in line:

new_line.append(letter * multiplier)
for _ in range(multiplier):
expanded_drawing.append("".join(new_line))

width = len(expanded_drawing[0]) # Number of columns in the image

height = len(expanded_drawing) # Number of lines in the image

# Check if letters represent colors

binary_data = []
for line in expanded_drawing:
binary_line = []
for char in line:
# Invert byte order for BMP RGB format
binary_line.append(bytes(letter_to_color[char][::-1]))
binary_data.append(b"".join(binary_line))

# Add padding
width_bytes = width * 3
width_with_padding = padding(width_bytes)
if width_bytes != width_with_padding:
for p, d in enumerate(binary_data):
binary_data[p] = b"".join(
[binary_data[p], bytes(width_with_padding - width_bytes)]
)

# Calculate image size in bytes with padding

size = padding(width * 3) * height

bmp_header = [
b"BM", # Identifier
bytes_little_endian(54 + size), # Image size in bytes
bytes(4), # 4 bytes 0x00
bytes_little_endian(54), # Header size
]

dib_header = [
bytes_little_endian(40), # DIB header size
bytes_little_endian(width),
bytes_little_endian(
-height, signed=True

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 09

), # Negative height to build image top to bottom

bytes_little_endian(1, 2), # Color planes
bytes_little_endian(24, 2), # Bits per pixel
bytes_little_endian(0), # No compression
bytes_little_endian(size),
bytes_little_endian(2835), # ceil(72 dpi x 39.3701 in/m) horizontal
bytes_little_endian(2835), # ceil(72 dpi x 39.3701 in/m) vertical
bytes_little_endian(0), # Number of colors in palette
bytes_little_endian(0), # Important colors
]

bmp_header_binary = b"".join(bmp_header)
dib_header_binary = b"".join(dib_header)
binary_data = b"".join(binary_data)

# Verify binary header sizes

assert len(bmp_header_binary) == 14
assert len(dib_header_binary) == 40
assert len(binary_data) == size

# Write the image

with open(output_file, "wb") as f:
[Link](bmp_header_binary)
[Link](dib_header_binary)
[Link](binary_data)

print(f"File {output_file} generated. {width=} x {height=} {size=} bytes")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Chapter 10
Exercise 10-01
Add size and brand attributes to the Television class. Create two Television objects
and assign them different sizes and brands. Then, print the value of those attributes
to confirm the independence of the values of each instance (object).

class Television:
def __init__(self):
[Link] = False
[Link] = 2
[Link] = 20
[Link] = "EastTiger"

tv = Television()
[Link] = 27
[Link] = "DingDang"
living_room_tv = Television()
living_room_tv.size = 52
living_room_tv.brand = "XangLa"

print(f"tv size={[Link]} brand={[Link]}")

print(f"living_room_tv size={living_room_tv.size} brand={living_room_tv.
brand}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-02
Currently, the Television class initializes the channel with 2. Modify the Television
class to receive the initial channel in its constructor as an optional parameter.

class Television:
def __init__(self, initial_channel, min, max):
[Link] = False
[Link] = initial_channel
self.min_channel = min
self.max_channel = max

def channel_down(self):
if [Link] - 1 >= self.min_channel:
[Link] -= 1

def channel_up(self):
if [Link] + 1 <= self.max_channel:
[Link] += 1

tv = Television(5, 1, 99)

print([Link])

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-03
Modify the Television class so that, if we ask to change the channel down beyond the
minimum, it goes to the maximum channel, and vice versa.

Example: >>> tv = Television(2, 10) >>> tv.change_channel_down() >>> [Link]

10

>>> tv.change_channel_up() >>> [Link] 2

class Television:
def __init__(self, min, max):
[Link] = False
[Link] = min
self.min_channel = min
self.max_channel = max

def channel_down(self):
if [Link] - 1 >= self.min_channel:
[Link] -= 1
else:
[Link] = self.max_channel

def channel_up(self):
if [Link] + 1 <= self.max_channel:
[Link] += 1
else:
[Link] = self.min_channel

tv = Television(2, 10)
tv.channel_down()
print([Link])
tv.channel_up()
print([Link])

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-04
Using what we learned with functions, modify the Television class constructor so that
channel_min and channel_max are optional parameters, where channel_min
defaults to 2 and channel_max defaults to 14.

class Television:
def __init__(self, min=2, max=14):
[Link] = False
[Link] = min
self.min_channel = min
self.max_channel = max

def channel_down(self):
if [Link] - 1 >= self.min_channel:
[Link] -= 1
else:
[Link] = self.max_channel

def channel_up(self):
if [Link] + 1 <= self.max_channel:
[Link] += 1
else:
[Link] = self.min_channel

tv = Television()
tv.channel_down()
print([Link])
tv.channel_up()
print([Link])

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-05
Using the Television class modified in the previous exercise, create two instances
(objects), specifying the channel_min and channel_max value by name.

class Television:
def __init__(self, min=2, max=14):
[Link] = False
[Link] = min
self.min_channel = min
self.max_channel = max

def channel_down(self):
if [Link] - 1 >= self.min_channel:
[Link] -= 1
else:
[Link] = self.max_channel

def channel_up(self):
if [Link] + 1 <= self.max_channel:
[Link] += 1
else:
[Link] = self.min_channel

tv = Television(min=1, max=22)
tv.channel_down()
print([Link])
tv.channel_up()
print([Link])

tv2 = Television(min=2, max=64)

tv2.channel_down()
print([Link])
tv2.channel_up()
print([Link])

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-06
Modify the Television class so that the mute_channel_up and change_channel_down
methods return the channel after the change.

class Television:
def __init__(self, min=2, max=14):
[Link] = False
[Link] = min
self.min_channel = min
self.max_channel = max

def channel_down(self):
if [Link] - 1 >= self.min_channel:
[Link] -= 1
else:
[Link] = self.max_channel
return [Link]

def channel_up(self):
if [Link] + 1 <= self.max_channel:
[Link] += 1
else:
[Link] = self.min_channel
return [Link]

[Link] 263 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-07
Change the Television class to only accept the commands to change channels if
turned on.

class Television:
def __init__(self, min=2, max=14):
[Link] = False
[Link] = min
self.min_channel = min
self.max_channel = max

def channel_down(self):
if not [Link]:
return
if [Link] - 1 >= self.min_channel:
[Link] -= 1
else:
[Link] = self.max_channel

def channel_up(self):
if not [Link]:
return
if [Link] + 1 <= self.max_channel:
[Link] += 1
else:
[Link] = self.min_channel

[Link] 264 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-08
Change the program to produce a message stating the user has an insufficient account
balance if the user attempts to withdraw more than the available balance.

# Modify the [Link] file from the listings

class Account:
def __init__(self, clients, number, balance=0):
[Link] = 0
[Link] = clients
[Link] = number
[Link] = []
[Link](balance)

def summary(self):
print(f"AC N°{[Link]} Balance: {[Link].2f}")

def withdraw(self, value):

if [Link] >= value:
[Link] -= value
[Link](["WITHDRAW", value])
else:
print("Insufficient balance!")

def deposit(self, value):

[Link] += value
[Link](["DEPOSIT", value])

def statement(self):
print(f"Statement AC N° {[Link]}\n")
for o in [Link]:
print(f"{o[0]:10s} {o[1]:10.2f}")
print(f"\n Balance: {[Link].2f}\n")

class SpecialAccount(Account):
def __init__(self, clients, number, balance=0, limit=0):
Account.__init__(self, clients, number, balance)
[Link] = limit

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

def withdraw(self, value):

if [Link] + [Link] >= value:
[Link] -= value
[Link](["WITHDRAW", value])
else:
[Link](self, value)

[Link] 266 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-09
Modify the summary method of the Account class to display the name and phone
number of each client.

# Here [Link] and [Link] were copied into a single file.

# This change is only to facilitate the visualization
# of the answer to this exercise.

class Client:
def __init__(self, name, phone):
[Link] = name
[Link] = phone

class Account:
def __init__(self, clients, number, balance=0):
[Link] = 0
[Link] = clients
[Link] = number
[Link] = []
[Link](balance)

def summary(self):
print(f"AC N°{[Link]} Balance: {[Link].2f}\n")
for client in [Link]:
print(f"Name: {[Link]}\nPhone: {[Link]}\n")

def withdraw(self, value):

if [Link] >= value:
[Link] -= value
[Link](["WITHDRAW", value])
else:
print("Insufficient balance!")

def deposit(self, value):

[Link] += value
[Link](["DEPOSIT", value])

def statement(self):
print(f"Statement AC N° {[Link]}\n")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

for o in [Link]:
print(f"{o[0]:10s} {o[1]:10.2f}")
print(f"\n Balance: {[Link].2f}\n")

mary = Client("Mary", "1243-3321")

john = Client("John", "5554-3322")

account = Account([mary, john], 1234, 5000)

[Link]()

[Link] 268 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-10
Create a new account with Joao and Jose as clients and a balance of $500.

# Here [Link] and [Link] were copied into a single file.

# This change is only to facilitate the visualization
# of the answer to this exercise.

class Client:
def __init__(self, name, phone):
[Link] = name
[Link] = phone

class Account:
def __init__(self, clients, number, balance=0):
[Link] = 0
[Link] = clients
[Link] = number
[Link] = []
[Link](balance)

def summary(self):
print(f"AC N°{[Link]} Balance: {[Link].2f}\n")
for client in [Link]:
print(f"Name: {[Link]}\nPhone: {[Link]}\n")

def withdraw(self, value):

if [Link] >= value:
[Link] -= value
[Link](["WITHDRAW", value])
else:
print("Insufficient balance!")

def deposit(self, value):

[Link] += value
[Link](["DEPOSIT", value])

def statement(self):
print(f"Statement AC N° {[Link]}\n")
for o in [Link]:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

print(f"{o[0]:10s} {o[1]:10.2f}")
print(f"\n Balance: {[Link].2f}\n")

john = Client("John", "5554-3322")

joe = Client("Joe", "1243-3321")

account = Account([john, joe], 2341, 500)

[Link]()

[Link] 270 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-11
Create classes representing states and cities. Each state has a name, an acronym, and
cities. Each city has a name and population. Write a test program to create three
states with a few cities. Display the population of each state as the sum of the
population of its cities.

class State:
def __init__(self, name, acronym):
[Link] = name
[Link] = acronym
[Link] = []

def add_city(self, city):

[Link] = self
[Link](city)

def population(self):
return sum([[Link] for c in [Link]])

class City:
def __init__(self, name, population):
[Link] = name
[Link] = population
[Link] = None

def __str__(self):
return (
f"City (name={[Link]}, population={[Link]},
state={[Link]})"
)

# Populations obtained from Wikipedia

# IBGE 2012 estimate
am = State("Amazonas", "AM")
am.add_city(City("Manaus", 1861838))
am.add_city(City("Parintins", 103828))
am.add_city(City("Itacoatiara", 89064))

sp = State("São Paulo", "SP")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

sp.add_city(City("São Paulo", 11376685))

sp.add_city(City("Guarulhos", 1244518))
sp.add_city(City("Campinas", 1098630))

rj = State("Rio de Janeiro", "RJ")

rj.add_city(City("Rio de Janeiro", 6390290))
rj.add_city(City("São Gonçalo", 1016128))
rj.add_city(City("Duque de Caixias", 867067))

for state in [am, sp, rj]:

print(f"State: {[Link]} Acronym: {[Link]}")
for city in [Link]:
print(f"City: {[Link]} Population: {[Link]}")
print(f"State Population: {[Link]()}\n")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-12
Modify the Account and SpecialAccount classes so that the withdrawal operation
returns True if the withdrawal was made and False if the withdrawal failed.

# Here [Link] and [Link] were copied into a single file.

# This change is only to facilitate the visualization
# of the answer to this exercise.

class Client:
def __init__(self, name, phone):
[Link] = name
[Link] = phone

# Modify the [Link] file from the listings

class Account:
def __init__(self, clients, number, balance=0):
[Link] = 0
[Link] = clients
[Link] = number
[Link] = []
[Link](balance)

def summary(self):
print(f"AC N°{[Link]} Balance: {[Link].2f}")

def withdraw(self, value):

if [Link] >= value:
[Link] -= value
[Link](["WITHDRAW", value])
return True
else:
print("Insufficient balance!")
return False

def deposit(self, value):

[Link] += value
[Link](["DEPOSIT", value])

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

def statement(self):
print(f"Statement AC N° {[Link]}\n")
for o in [Link]:
print(f"{o[0]:10s} {o[1]:10.2f}")
print(f"\n Balance: {[Link].2f}\n")

class SpecialAccount(Account):
def __init__(self, clients, number, balance=0, limit=0):
Account.__init__(self, clients, number, balance)
[Link] = limit

def withdraw(self, value):

if [Link] + [Link] >= value:
[Link] -= value
[Link](["WITHDRAW", value])
return True
else:
return [Link](self, value)

john = Client("John", "5554-3322")

joe = Client("Joe", "1243-3321")

account = Account([john, joe], 2341, 500)

[Link]()
print([Link](1000))
print([Link](100))
[Link]()

account2 = SpecialAccount([joe], 3432, 50000, 10000)

[Link]()
print([Link](100000))
print([Link](500))
[Link]()

[Link] 274 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-13
Change the SpecialAccount class so that your statement shows the limit and the total
available for withdrawal.

# Here [Link] and [Link] were copied into a single file.

# This change is only to facilitate the visualization
# of the answer to this exercise.

class Client:
def __init__(self, name, phone):
[Link] = name
[Link] = phone

# Modify the [Link] file from the listings

class Account:
def __init__(self, clients, number, balance=0):
[Link] = 0
[Link] = clients
[Link] = number
[Link] = []
[Link](balance)

def summary(self):
print(f"AC N°{[Link]} Balance: {[Link].2f}")

def withdraw(self, value):

if [Link] >= value:
[Link] -= value
[Link](["WITHDRAW", value])
return True
else:
print("Insufficient balance!")
return False

def deposit(self, value):

[Link] += value
[Link](["DEPOSIT", value])

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

def statement(self):
print(f"Statement AC N° {[Link]}\n")
for o in [Link]:
print(f"{o[0]:10s} {o[1]:10.2f}")
print(f"\n Balance: {[Link].2f}\n")

class SpecialAccount(Account):
def __init__(self, clients, number, balance=0, limit=0):
Account.__init__(self, clients, number, balance)
[Link] = limit

def withdraw(self, value):

if [Link] + [Link] >= value:
[Link] -= value
[Link](["WITHDRAW", value])
return True
else:
return [Link](self, value)

def statement(self):
[Link](self)
print(f"\n Limit: {[Link].2f}\n")
print(f"\n Available: {[Link] + [Link].2f}\n")

joe = Client("Joe", "1243-3321")

account = SpecialAccount([joe], 3432, 50000, 10000)

[Link]()

[Link] 276 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-14
Observe the withdrawal method from the Account and SpecialAccount classes.
Modify the withdrawal method of the Account class so that the possibility of
withdrawal is verified by a new method, replacing the current condition. This new
method should return True if the withdrawal can be performed or False if not. Modify
the SpecialAccount class to work with this new method. Check whether you need to
change the SpecialAccount withdrawal method or just the new method created to
verify the possibility of withdrawing.

# Here [Link] and [Link] were copied into a single file.

# This change is only to facilitate the visualization
# of the answer to this exercise.

class Client:
def __init__(self, name, phone):
[Link] = name
[Link] = phone

# Modify the [Link] file from the listings

class Account:
def __init__(self, clients, number, balance=0):
[Link] = 0
[Link] = clients
[Link] = number
[Link] = []
[Link](balance)

def summary(self):
print(f"AC N°{[Link]} Balance: {[Link].2f}")

def can_withdraw(self, value):

return [Link] >= value

def withdraw(self, value):

if self.can_withdraw(value):
[Link] -= value
[Link](["WITHDRAW", value])

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

return True
else:
print("Insufficient balance!")
return False

def deposit(self, value):

[Link] += value
[Link](["DEPOSIT", value])

def statement(self):
print(f"Statement AC N° {[Link]}\n")
for o in [Link]:
print(f"{o[0]:10s} {o[1]:10.2f}")
print(f"\n Balance: {[Link].2f}\n")

class SpecialAccount(Account):
def __init__(self, clients, number, balance=0, limit=0):
Account.__init__(self, clients, number, balance)
[Link] = limit

def can_withdraw(self, value):

return [Link] + [Link] >= value

def statement(self):
[Link](self)
print(f"\n Limit: {[Link].2f}\n")
print(f"\n Available: {[Link] + [Link]:%10.2f}\n")

# Note that with the can_withdraw method of SpecialAccount

# we don't even need to write a special withdraw method!

joe = Client("Joe", "1243-3321")

account = SpecialAccount([joe], 3432, 5000, 1000)

[Link]()
[Link](6000)
[Link](3000)
[Link](1000)
[Link]()

[Link] 278 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 10

Exercise 10-15
Modify the UniqueList class to override the [Link] method. extend works
like append but takes a list as a parameter. Check the type of each element in the list
before adding it.

from collections import UserList

class UniqueList(UserList):
def __init__(self, elem_class, enumerable=None):
super().__init__(enumerable)
self.elem_class = elem_class

def append(self, elem):

self.check_type(elem)
if elem not in [Link]:
super().append(elem)

def extend(self, iterable):

for elem in iterable:
[Link](elem)

def __setitem__(self, position, elem):

self.check_type(elem)
if elem not in [Link]:
super().__setitem__(position, elem)

def check_type(self, elem):

if not isinstance(elem, self.elem_class):
raise TypeError("Invalid type")

[Link] 279 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 11

Chapter 11
Exercise 11-01
Make a program that creates the [Link] database with the price table to store a list
of sales prices for products. The table must contain the name of the product and its
respective price. The program must also insert some data for testing.

import sqlite3
from contextlib import closing

with [Link]("[Link]") as connection:

with closing([Link]()) as cursor:
[Link](
"""
create table prices(
name text,
price numeric)
"""
)
[Link](
"""
insert into prices (name, price)
values(?, ?)
""",
("Potato", "3.20"),
)
[Link](
"""
insert into prices (name, price)
values(?, ?)
""",
("Bread", "1.20"),
)
[Link](
"""
insert into prices (name, price)
values(?, ?)
""",
("Papaya", "2.14"),
)

[Link] 280 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 11

Exercise 11-02
Make a program to list all the prices in the [Link] database.

import sqlite3
from contextlib import closing

with [Link]("[Link]") as connection:

with closing([Link]()) as cursor:
[Link]("""select * from prices""")
for result in [Link]():
print("Name: {0:30s} Price: {1:6.2f}".format(*result))

[Link] 281 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 11

Exercise 11-03
Write a program that performs queries in the [Link] database created in Exercise
11.1. The program must ask for the product’s name and list its price.

import sqlite3
from contextlib import closing

with [Link]("[Link]") as connection:

with closing([Link]()) as cursor:
while True:
name = input("Product name to search [blank to exit]: ")
if not name:
break
[Link]("""select * from prices where name = ?""",
(name,))
found = 0
for result in [Link]():
print("Name: {0:30s} Price: {1:6.2f}".format(*result))
found += 1
if found == 0:
print("Not found.")
else:
print("{} product(s) found.".format(found))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 11

Exercise 11-04
Modify the Exercise 11.3 program to ask for two values and list all the products with
prices between those two values.

import sqlite3
from contextlib import closing

with [Link]("[Link]") as connection:

with closing([Link]()) as cursor:
price1 = input("Enter the minimum price to list: ")
price2 = input("Enter the maximum price to list: ")

[Link](
"""select * from prices
where price >= ? and price <= ?""",
(price1, price2),
)
found = 0
for result in [Link]():
print("Name: {0:30s} Price: {1:6.2f}".format(*result))
found += 1
if found == 0:
print("Not found.")
else:
print("{} product(s) found.".format(found))

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 11

Exercise 11-05
Write a program that increases the price of all products from the [Link] database
by 10%.

import sqlite3
from contextlib import closing

with [Link]("[Link]") as connection:

with closing([Link]()) as cursor:
[Link](
"""update prices
set price = price * 1.1"""
)
# Show the new prices
[Link]("""select * from prices""")
for result in [Link]():
print("Name: {0:30s} Price: {1:6.2f}".format(*result))

[Link] 284 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 11

Exercise 11-06
Write a program that asks for the product’s name and a new price. Using the prices.
db database, update the product price with the same name in the database.

import sqlite3
from contextlib import closing

with [Link]("[Link]") as connection:

with closing([Link]()) as cursor:
name = input("Enter the product name to change price: ")

[Link](
"""select * from prices
where name = ?""",
(name,),
)

result = [Link]()
if result:
print("Name: {0:30s} Price: {1:6.2f}".format(*result))
new_price = input("Enter the new price: ")
[Link](
"""update prices
set price = ?
where name = ?""",
(new_price, name),
)
else:
print("Not found.")

[Link] 285 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

Chapter 12
Exercise 12-01
Modify the previous program to recognize letter sequences. A letter is a character
between A and Z or between a and z (you must account for uppercase and lowercase
letters). Ignore accented characters. Print a list with the strings of letters found.

input_string = "ABC431DEF901c431203FXEW9"
output = []
number = []

for character in input_string:

if "a" <= [Link]() <= "z":
if not number:
[Link](number)
number += character
elif number:
number = []

for found in output:

print("".join(found))

[Link] 286 Updated on Aug 2, 2025

Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

Exercise 12-02
Using the pattern_check function, rewrite the function that parsed the numbers in
the entry ABC431DEF901C431203FXEW9 .

input_string = "ABC431DEF901c431203FXEW9"

def check_pattern(input_string, patterns):

position = 0
for pattern in patterns:
found, _, end = pattern(input_string[position:])
if found > 0:
position += end + 1
else:
return -1, -1, -1
return 1, 0, position - 1

def numbers(input_string):
found = 0
end = -1
for i, character in enumerate(input_string):
if "0" <= character <= "9":
found += 1
end = i
else:
break
return found, 0, end

position = 0
while position < len(input_string):
found, start, end = check_pattern(input_string[position:], [numbers])
if found > 0:
print(input_string[position : position + end + 1])
position += end + 1
else:
position += 1

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

Exercise 12-03
Using the pattern_check function, write a function that detects a date in the format
dd/mm/yy where dd is the day, mm the month, and yy the year. The function should
only detect the date pattern and it does not need to verify whether the date is valid.

# Functions number, sequence and check pattern from listing 12.5

from functools import partial

def number(input_string, min_qty, max_qty):

num = 0
for character in input_string:
if [Link]():
num += 1
else:
break
if min_qty <= num <= max_qty:
return num, 0, num - 1
else:
return -1, -1, -1

def sequence(input_string, pattern):

position, max_position = 0, len(pattern)
for character in input_string:
if character == pattern[position]:
position += 1 # Same characters, test next character
else:
break # Out of sequence
if position == max_position: # Found entire sequence
return 1, 0, position - 1
return -1, -1, -1

def check_pattern(input_string, patterns):

position = 0
for pattern in patterns:
found, _, end = pattern(input_string[position:])
if found > 0:
position += end + 1
else:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

return -1, -1, -1

return 1, 0, position - 1

two_numbers = partial(number, min_qty=2, max_qty=2)

slash = partial(sequence, pattern="/")
pattern = [two_numbers, slash, two_numbers, slash, two_numbers]

# Here's a small list of inputs to facilitate visualization

inputs = [
"12/03/24", # Pattern found
"12/3/2024", # Pattern not found
"Twelfth of March 12/03", # Pattern not found
"12-03-24 12/03/2024 abc 21/30/24", # Pattern found
"12/03/24 12/03/624 abc 21/30/24", # Pattern found twice
]
for input_string in inputs:
print("Input:", input_string)
found = False
position = 0
while position < len(input_string):
found, start, end = check_pattern(input_string[position:],
pattern)
if found > 0:
print(f"Date positions: {position+start} to {position+end} ",
end="")
print("Date:", input_string[position + start : position + end
+ 1])
found = True
position += end + 1
else:
position += 1
if not found:
print("No date found in input")
print()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

Exercise 12-04
Using the pattern_check function, write a function that detects a value in dollars in
the format $999.99, where 9 represents any digit. The first number can have one or
more digits, but the second part (cents) must have a maximum of two digits.

# Functions number, sequence and check pattern from listing 12.5

from functools import partial

def number(input_string, min_qty, max_qty):

num = 0
for character in input_string:
if [Link]():
num += 1
else:
break
if min_qty <= num <= max_qty:
return num, 0, num - 1
else:
return -1, -1, -1

def sequence(input_string, pattern):

position, max_position = 0, len(pattern)
for character in input_string:
if character == pattern[position]:
position += 1 # Same characters, test next character
else:
break # Out of sequence
if position == max_position: # Found entire sequence
return 1, 0, position - 1
return -1, -1, -1

def check_pattern(input_string, patterns):

position = 0
for pattern in patterns:
found, _, end = pattern(input_string[position:])
if found > 0:
position += end + 1
else:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

return -1, -1, -1

return 1, 0, position - 1

# Bonus, how to recognize an optional pattern.

# Not part of the exercise, but interesting.
def optional(input_string, patterns):
found, start, end = check_pattern(input_string, patterns)
if found > 0:
return found, start, end
else:
return 1, -1, -1

three_numbers = partial(number, min_qty=1, max_qty=3)

cents = partial(number, min_qty=1, max_qty=2)
dollar_sign = partial(sequence, pattern="$")
comma = partial(sequence, pattern=",")

# Only the values mentioned in the exercise

pattern = [dollar_sign, three_numbers, comma, cents]
# Using the optional function to accept values without cents (bonus)
# pattern = [dollar_sign, three_numbers, partial(optional,
patterns=[comma, cents])]

# Here's a small list of inputs to facilitate visualization

inputs = [
"123,45", # Pattern found
"$123,450", # Pattern not found
"$123,45", # Pattern not found
"$12,34", # Pattern found
"$123,45 $12,34 $1,23 $1,0", # Pattern found four times
"$123 $12 $1 $1,0", # Pattern found four times (if bonus - optional
enabled), once otherwise
]
for input_string in inputs:
print("Input:", input_string)
found = False
position = 0
while position < len(input_string):
found, start, end = check_pattern(input_string[position:],
pattern)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

if found > 0:
print(f"Dollars at positions: {position+start} to
{position+end} ", end="")
print("Dollars:", input_string[position + start : position +
end + 1])
found = True
position += end + 1
else:
position += 1
if not found:
print("No dollar values found in input")
print()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

Exercise 12-05
Create a sequence function that receives qmax and qmin. It should work similarly to
number but call the sequence function. It should also work when qmin is 0 when the
sequence is optional.

# Functions sequence and check pattern from listing 12.5

from functools import partial

def sequence(input, pattern):

position, max_position = 0, len(pattern)
for character in input:
if character == pattern[position]:
position += 1 # Same characters, test next character
else:
break # Out of sequence
if position == max_position: # Found entire sequence
return 1, 0, position - 1
return -1, -1, -1

def sequences(input, pattern, min_qty=1, max_qty=1):

position = 0
end = -1
found_count = 0
while position < len(input):
found, _, iend = sequence(input[position:], pattern)
if found > 0:
found_count += 1
position += iend + 1
end = position - 1
else:
break
# If pattern is optional, returns found 1, but start and end -1
# so that check_pattern continues searching
if min_qty == 0 and found_count == 0:
return 1, -1, -1
# Checks if number of findings is between min_qty and max_qty
elif min_qty <= found_count <= max_qty:
return found_count, 0, end
else:

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return -1, -1, -1

def check_pattern(input, patterns):

position = 0
for pattern in patterns:
found, _, end = pattern(input[position:])
if found > 0:
position += end + 1
else:
return -1, -1, -1
return 1, 0, position - 1

inputs = [
"(((---)))", # Pattern found
"(((--)))", # Pattern not found
"(\----)", # Pattern not found
"\----", # Pattern not found
"((--))", # Pattern not found
"<(((--)))>", # Pattern found
"<<(((--)))>>", # Pattern found
"<<(((---)))>>", # Pattern found
"<<((--))>> <(((---)))> (((---))) ((((\----))))", # Pattern found
twice
]
# The pattern is a sequence of characters that can be optional
# < zero or up to two times
# ( three or up to four times
# - two or up to three times
# ) three or up to four times
# > zero or up to two times
# You can create other patterns to test the sequences function
pattern = [
partial(sequences, pattern="<", min_qty=0, max_qty=2),
partial(sequences, pattern="(", min_qty=3, max_qty=4),
partial(sequences, pattern="-", min_qty=2, max_qty=3),
partial(sequences, pattern=")", min_qty=3, max_qty=4),
partial(sequences, pattern=">", min_qty=0, max_qty=2),
]

for input in inputs:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

print("Input:", input)
found = False
position = 0
while position < len(input):
found, start, end = check_pattern(input[position:], pattern)
if found > 0:
print(f"Pattern at positions: {position+start} to
{position+end} ", end="")
print("Pattern:", input[position + start : position + end +
1])
found = True
position += end + 1
else:
position += 1
if not found:
print("No pattern found in input")
print()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

Exercise 12-06
Create a function using pattern_check that validates cell phone numbers. A cell
phone has 9 digits after the LDC (for example, (92)99812-1103).

# Functions number, sequence and check pattern from listing 12.5

from functools import partial

def number(input, min_qty, max_qty):

num = 0
for character in input:
if [Link]():
num += 1
else:
break
if min_qty <= num <= max_qty:
return num, 0, num - 1
else:
return -1, -1, -1

def sequence(input, pattern):

position, max_position = 0, len(pattern)
for character in input:
if character == pattern[position]:
position += 1 # Same characters, test next character
else:
break # Out of sequence
if position == max_position: # Found entire sequence
return 1, 0, position - 1
return -1, -1, -1

def check_pattern(input, patterns):

position = 0
for pattern in patterns:
found, _, end = pattern(input[position:])
if found > 0:
position += end + 1
else:
return -1, -1, -1

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return 1, 0, position - 1

def cell_number(input):
pattern = [
partial(sequence, pattern="("),
partial(number, min_qty=2, max_qty=3),
partial(sequence, pattern=")"),
partial(number, min_qty=5, max_qty=5),
partial(sequence, pattern="-"),
partial(number, min_qty=4, max_qty=4),
]
found, _, _ = check_pattern(input, pattern)
return found > 0

inputs = [
"(92)99999-9999", # Yes
"(11)99999-999", # No
"(2)99999-9999", # No
"(12)9999999999", # No
"(312)9999999999", # No
"(312)99999-9999", # Yes
]

for input in inputs:

print(f"{input}: is it a cell number? {'Yes' if cell_number(input)
else 'No'}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

Exercise 12-07
Write a program that validates user data entry. It will validate ISBNs (International
Standard Book Numbers), which are used to identify books worldwide. The program
must accept ISBNs in the following format: ISBN 999-9-99-999999-9, where each 9
represents a digit. The ISBN letters are optional and be case-insensitive. The space
between N and the first number is mandatory if the ISBN is present. Require the
dashes as in the example, verifying the correct number of digits.

Valid values: ISBN 123-3-12-123456-1 Isbn 123-3-12-123456-1 123-3-12-123456-1

Invalid values: ISBN123-3-12-123456-1 ISBN 1233-12123456-1

import re

def validate_isbn(isbn):
# Regex pattern to validate the ISBN format
# ^ - start of string
# (?:ISBN\s+)? - optional "ISBN" followed by at least one space
# \d{3}-\d{1}-\d{2}-\d{6}-\d{1} - specific format with hyphens
# $ - end of string
# flags=[Link] - ignore case for "ISBN"
pattern = r"^(?:ISBN\s+)?\d{3}-\d{1}-\d{2}-\d{6}-\d{1}$"

return [Link](pattern, isbn, flags=[Link])

print("Enter ISBNs for validation (or 'exit' to quit)")

print("Expected format: ISBN 999-9-99-999999-9\n")

while True:
isbn_input = input("Enter an ISBN: ").strip()

# Check if the user wants to exit

if isbn_input.lower() in ["sair", "exit", "quit", "q"]:
print("Program terminated.")
break

# Validate the ISBN

if validate_isbn(isbn_input):
print("✓ VALID ISBN\n")
else:

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print("✗ INVALID ISBN")

print(" Expected format: ISBN 999-9-99-999999-9")
print(" Example: ISBN 123-3-12-123456-1\n")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

Exercise 12-08
Write a program that validates user data entry. It will validate ISSNs (International
Standard Serial Numbers), which are used to identify periodical publications, like
magazines. The program must accept ISSNs in the following format: ISSN 9999-
9999, where each 9 represents a digit. Require the dash at the end, verifying the
correct number of digits. The word ISSN is optional and must be accepted regardless
of the case. If the word ISSN is specified, the space between it and the number is
required.

Valid values : ISSN 1234-4567 1234-4567

Invalid values: ISSN 123-4567 IssN11112-22

import re

def validate_issn(issn):
# Pattern explanation:
# ^ - start of string
# (?:ISSN\s+)? - optional "ISSN" followed by one or more spaces
# \d{4}-\d{4} - exactly 4 digits, dash, exactly 4 digits
# $ - end of string
pattern = r"^(?:ISSN\s+)?\d{4}-\d{4}$"

# Check if the input matches the pattern (case-insensitive)

return [Link](pattern, issn, [Link])

print("ISSN Validator")
print("=" * 50)
print("Enter ISSN numbers to validate.")
print("Valid formats: 'ISSN 1234-5678' or '1234-5678'")
print("Press Enter without input to exit.")
print()

while True:

issn_input = input("Enter ISSN: ").strip()

# Exit condition
if not issn_input:
print("Goodbye!")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

break

# Validate the ISSN

if validate_issn(issn_input):
print("✓ VALID ISSN")
else:
print("✗ INVALID ISSN")

print()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

Exercise 12-09
Write a program that validates user data entry. Try to find a valid ISBN or ISSN, as
defined in previous exercises. Display a message stating whether the number is a
valid ISBN or ISSN (identify which one in your response).

# Functions number, sequence and check pattern from listing 12.5

# Function cpf from exercise 12.07
# Function cnpj from exercise 12.08
import re

CPF_RE = r"^\d{3}\.\d{3}\.\d{3}-\d{2}$"
CNPJ_RE = r"^\d{2}\.\d{3}\.\d{3}/\d{4}-\d{2}$"

def cpf(input):
return bool([Link](CPF_RE, input))

# Checks if input is a valid CNPJ, that is:

# A sequence in the format 99.999.999/9999-99
def cnpj(input):
return bool([Link](CNPJ_RE, input))

inputs = [
"12.345.678/9012-34", # Valid CNPJ
"12.345.678-9012-34", # Invalid
"99.999.999/9999-99", # Valid CNPJ
"123.456.789-01", # Valid CPF
"23.456.789-01", # Invalid
"999.456.789-01", # Valid CPF
]

for input in inputs:

print(
f"{input}:\nis it a CNPJ? {'Yes' if cnpj(input) else 'No'}\nis it
a CPF? {'Yes' if cpf(input) else 'No'}\n"
)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 12

Exercise 12-10
Write a function that accepts prices in dollars. The program must ignore white spaces
and accept values prefixed with $ or not. The user must enter correctly formatted
values with a comma separating the thousands and a period separating the cents. If
the user types cents, they must have two digits.

Valid values: $500 $500 $500.10 $7,312.10

Invalid values: $500\.1

500\.1$ 500.1 7312.10$

The function must return the entered value converted to float or generate a
ValueError exception if the value entered is invalid.

import re

DOLLARS_RE = r"^(([rR]\$)?(((\d{1,3}\.)?(\d{3}\.)*?\d{3})|(\d{1,3}))(,
\d{2})?)$"
# ^ - From the start of the string
# ( - Group of the right part of the expression, before the comma
# ([rR]\$)? - Optionally can have $
# ( - Group of the integer part
# ((\d{1,3}\.)?(\d{3}\.)*?\d{3}) - Group of the integer part with dots
separating thousands
# Required to ensure that parts between dots have 3 digits, except the
first one
# | - or
# (\d{1,3}) - Group of the integer part without dots
# ) - Group of the right part
# (,\d{2})? - Optionally can have the decimal part
# )$ - Until the end of the string

def clean_spaces(input):
return [Link](" ", "")

def dollars(input):
# It's easier to clean spaces before validation,
# since the regular expression is already quite complex
# Remember: you don't need to use regex for everything!
input = clean_spaces(input)

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return bool([Link](DOLLARS_RE, input))

inputs = [
"$ 1.234,56", # Yes
"$ 1.234,56", # Yes
"$1.234,56", # Yes
"$12.123.234,56", # Yes
"1.234,56", # Yes
"$1.234,56", # Yes
"$234,56", # Yes
"$234,56", # Yes
"234,56", # Yes
"$234", # Yes
"$234", # Yes
"$2", # Yes
"$23", # Yes
"234", # Yes
"34", # Yes
"4", # Yes
"$234,4", # No - Cents must have 2 digits
"$234,4", # No - Cents must have 2 digits
"$1234,4", # No - Missing . to separate thousands
"$1234,4", # No - Missing . to separate thousands
"$1234.12,4", # No - Incorrect use of thousands separator (.)
"$1.24,56", # No - Irregular, only two numbers after the .
]

for input in inputs:

print(f"{input}: {dollars(input)}")

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

Chapter 13
Exercise 13-01
Modify Program 13.7 to save and load the drawing in JSON format. You can traverse
the objects on the canvas and save the chosen shape, coordinates, and colors.

import tkinter as tk
import [Link] as ttk
import json
from [Link] import askcolor
from [Link] import asksaveasfilename
from [Link] import askopenfilename

class App([Link]):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.background_color = ""
self.foreground_color = "black"
[Link] = [Link](self)
self.create_toolbar()
self.create_drawing_area()
[Link]("Drawing")
[Link]("1200x700")
[Link] = []
[Link]([Link].create_line((0, 0, 0, 0),
dash=[2, 4]))
[Link]([Link].create_line((0, 0, 0, 0),
dash=[2, 4]))
[Link] = 0
[Link] = None
[Link] = None
self.curr_id = 0
[Link](expand=True, fill=[Link])
[Link] = [Link].create_line

def create_drawing_area(self):
self.work_area = [Link]([Link], height=600)
self.work_area.grid(column=1, row=0, sticky=[Link])
[Link].grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
[Link].grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

[Link] = [Link](self.work_area, background="white")

[Link](fill=[Link], expand=True)
[Link]("<Motion>", self.mouse_move)
[Link]("<Button-1>", self.mouse_click)
[Link]("<ButtonRelease-1>", self.mouse_release)
[Link] = [Link](self.work_area, text="Move the mouse")
[Link](ipadx=10, ipady=10)

def create_toolbar(self):
[Link] = [Link]([Link], width=100, height=600)
self.line_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Line", padding="10", command=self.line_
tool
)
self.line_button.pack()
self.oval_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Circle", padding="10", command=self.oval_
tool
)
self.oval_button.pack()
self.rectangle_button = [Link](
[Link],
text="Rectangle",
padding="10",
command=self.rectangle_tool,
)
self.rectangle_button.pack()
undo_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Undo", padding="10", command=[Link]
)
undo_button.pack()
clear_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Clear", padding="10", command=[Link]
)
clear_button.pack()
self.foreground_label = [Link]([Link], text="Foreground
Color")
self.foreground_label.pack()
self.foreground_button = [Link](
[Link],
text="Color",
command=self.foreground_color,

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bg=self.foreground_color,
)
self.foreground_button.pack(fill="x")
self.background_label = [Link]([Link], text="Background
Color")
self.background_label.pack()
self.background_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Transparent", command=self.background_
color, bg=None
)
self.background_button.pack(fill="x")
self.save_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Save", padding="10", command=[Link]
)
self.save_button.pack(fill="x")
self.load_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Load", padding="10", command=[Link]
)
self.load_button.pack(fill="x")
[Link](column=0, row=0, sticky=[Link])

def undo(self):
if items := [Link].find_withtag("drawing"):
[Link](items[-1])

def clear(self):
[Link]("drawing")

def save(self):
filename = asksaveasfilename(
defaultextension=".json", filetypes=[("JSON", ".json")]
)
if not filename:
return # User cancelled
drawing = {} # Create a dictionary with the drawn objects
for item in [Link].find_withtag("drawing"):
drawing[item] = {
"type": (type := [Link](item)),
"coordinates": [Link](item),
"fill": [Link](item, "fill"),
}
if type in ["rectangle", "oval"]:

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outline = [Link](item, "outline")

drawing[item]["outline"] = outline
with open(filename, "w") as f:
[Link](drawing, f)

def load(self):
filename = askopenfilename(filetypes=[("JSON", ".json")])
if not filename:
return # User cancelled
with open(filename, "r") as f:
drawing = [Link](f)
[Link]()
for data in [Link]():
match data["type"]:
case "line":
[Link].create_line(
data["coordinates"], fill=data["fill"],
tags=["drawing"]
)
case "rectangle":
[Link].create_rectangle(
data["coordinates"],
fill=data["fill"],
outline=data["outline"],
tags=["drawing"],
)
case "oval":
[Link].create_oval(
data["coordinates"],
fill=data["fill"],
outline=data["outline"],
tags=["drawing"],
)

def background_color(self):
color = askcolor(title="Background color")
self.background_color = color[1] or ""
self.background_button.config(
text="Transparent" if self.background_color == "" else "",
background=self.background_color or "SystemButtonFace",
)

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def foreground_color(self):
color = askcolor(title="Foreground color")
if color[1]:
self.foreground_color = color[1]
self.foreground_button.config(background=self.foreground_color)

def line_tool(self):
[Link] = [Link].create_line

def oval_tool(self):
[Link] = [Link].create_oval

def rectangle_tool(self):
[Link] = [Link].create_rectangle

def mouse_move(self, event):

[Link]["text"] = f"Mouse x={event.x} y={event.y}"
[Link](
[Link][0], event.x, 0, event.x, [Link].winfo_
height()
)
[Link](
[Link][1], 0, event.y, [Link].winfo_width(),
event.y
)
if [Link] == 1:
[Link](self.curr_id, [Link], [Link], event.x,
event.y)

def mouse_click(self, event):

if [Link] == 0:
[Link] = event.x
[Link] = event.y
self.curr_id = [Link](
([Link], [Link], event.x, event.y),
fill=self.foreground_color,
tags=["drawing"],
)
type = [Link](self.curr_id)
if type in ["rectangle", "oval"]:
[Link](
self.curr_id,

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{
"outline": self.foreground_color,
"fill": self.background_color,
},
)
[Link] = 1

def mouse_release(self, event):

if [Link] == 1:
[Link] = 0

App().mainloop()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

Exercise 13-02
Modify the previous program and save the image in SVG format. The SVG format is a
text file that follows a well-defined format.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>

<svg width="190mm" height="63mm" viewBox="0 0 190 63" version="1.1"
id="svg1"
xmlns="[Link] xmlns:svg="[Link]
svg">
<g id="layer1">
<rect style="fill:#cccccc;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.264583"
id="rect1" width="42.451897" height="29.063223" x="14.858164"
y="16.001099" />
<ellipse style="fill:#cccccc;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.264583"
id="path1" cx="93.067612" cy="18.940079" rx="15.837823" ry="12.082462" />
<path style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.264583px;
stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1" d="m
172.90984,16.654206 -54.69763,37.5536" id="path2" />
</g>
</svg>

This draws the image shown in Figure 13.14.

Tip: mm — millimeters. We have the rectangle in rect.

The coordinates are inside the style attribute. fill is the internal filling color. strike the
outline color. We have our oval in the ellipse element. cx, cy are the coordinates of the
center of the ellipse. rx and ry are the horizontal and vertical distance from the center
(radius).

The line is in the path element, property d. In d, we have a mini language in which m
means to move, followed by the coordinates x1, y1 (without spaces) of the first point
and the displacement (x2, y2) after that as the second coordinate. The line is then
drawn from (x1, y1) to (x1 + x2, y1 + y2). Try altering the file in a text editor and
changing the values before writing the program.

You can view an SVG file in any web browser, so don’t forget to reload the page
whenever you save your changes. Once you have a clear understanding of how to
manipulate these values, write the Python program. You can search for the
specification in SVG format on the internet, starting with the Wikipedia website:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

[Link] and the Mozilla Foundation: [Link]

[Link]/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Tutorial.

import tkinter as tk
import [Link] as ttk
import json
from [Link] import askcolor
from [Link] import asksaveasfilename
from [Link] import askopenfilename

class App([Link]):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.background_color = ""
self.foreground_color = "black"
[Link] = [Link](self)
self.create_toolbar()
self.create_drawing_area()
[Link]("Drawing")
[Link]("1200x700")
[Link] = []
[Link]([Link].create_line((0, 0, 0, 0),
dash=[2, 4]))
[Link]([Link].create_line((0, 0, 0, 0),
dash=[2, 4]))
[Link] = 0
[Link] = None
[Link] = None
self.curr_id = 0
[Link](expand=True, fill=[Link])
[Link] = [Link].create_line

def create_drawing_area(self):
self.work_area = [Link]([Link], height=600)
self.work_area.grid(column=1, row=0, sticky=[Link])
[Link].grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
[Link].grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
[Link] = [Link](self.work_area, background="white")
[Link](fill=[Link], expand=True)
[Link]("<Motion>", self.mouse_move)
[Link]("<Button-1>", self.mouse_click)

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[Link]("<ButtonRelease-1>", self.mouse_release)
[Link] = [Link](self.work_area, text="Move the mouse")
[Link](ipadx=10, ipady=10)

def create_toolbar(self):
[Link] = [Link]([Link], width=100, height=600)
self.line_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Line", padding="10", command=self.line_
tool
)
self.line_button.pack()
self.oval_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Circle", padding="10", command=self.oval_
tool
)
self.oval_button.pack()
self.rectangle_button = [Link](
[Link],
text="Rectangle",
padding="10",
command=self.rectangle_tool,
)
self.rectangle_button.pack()
undo_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Undo", padding="10", command=[Link]
)
undo_button.pack()
clear_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Clear", padding="10", command=[Link]
)
clear_button.pack()
self.foreground_label = [Link]([Link], text="Foreground
Color")
self.foreground_label.pack()
self.foreground_button = [Link](
[Link],
text="Color",
command=self.foreground_color,
bg=self.foreground_color,
)
self.foreground_button.pack(fill="x")
self.background_label = [Link]([Link], text="Background

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

Color")
self.background_label.pack()
self.background_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Transparent", command=self.background_
color, bg=None
)
self.background_button.pack(fill="x")
self.save_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Save", padding="10", command=[Link]
)
self.save_button.pack(fill="x")
self.load_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Load", padding="10", command=[Link]
)
self.load_button.pack(fill="x")
self.save_svg_button = [Link](
[Link], text="Save SVG", padding="10", command=self.
save_svg
)
self.save_svg_button.pack(fill="x")
[Link](column=0, row=0, sticky=[Link])

def undo(self):
if items := [Link].find_withtag("drawing"):
[Link](items[-1])

def clear(self):
[Link]("drawing")

def create_drawing_dict(self):
drawing = {} # Creates a dictionary with the drawn objects
for item in [Link].find_withtag("drawing"):
drawing[item] = {
"type": (type := [Link](item)),
"coordinates": [Link](item),
"fill": [Link](item, "fill"),
}
if type in ["rectangle", "oval"]:
outline = [Link](item, "outline")
drawing[item]["outline"] = outline
return drawing

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

def save(self):
name = asksaveasfilename(
defaultextension=".json", filetypes=[("JSON", ".json")]
)
if not name:
return # User cancelled

with open(name, "w") as f:

[Link](self.create_drawing_dict(), f)

def save_svg(self):
name = asksaveasfilename(defaultextension=".svg", filetypes=[("SVG",
".svg")])
if not name:
return
size = [Link].winfo_width(), [Link].winfo_height()
base = f"""<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<svg width="{size[0]}mm" height="{size[1]}mm" viewBox="0 0 {size[0]}
{size[1]}" version="1.1" id="svg1" xmlns="[Link]
xmlns:svg="[Link]
<g id="layer1">"""
for i, item in enumerate(self.create_drawing_dict().values()):
x, y, xf, yf = item["coordinates"]
width, height = xf - x, yf - y
match item["type"]:
case "line":
base += f"""<path style="fill:none;stroke:
{item["fill"]};stroke-width:0.264583px;strokelinecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:
miter;stroke-opacity:1" d="m {x},{y} {width},{height}" id="line{i}" />"""
case "rectangle":
base += f"""<rect style="fill:{item["fill"] or "none"};
stroke:{item["outline"] or "none"};stroke-width:0.264583" id="rect{i}"
width="{width}" height="{height}" x="{item["coordinates"][0]}"
y="{item["coordinates"][1]}" />"""
case "oval":
base += f"""<ellipse style="fill:{item["fill"] or
"none"};stroke:{item["outline"] or "none"};stroke-width:0.264583"
id="oval{i}" cx="{x + width // 2}" cy="{y + height // 2}" rx="{width//2}"
ry="{height//2}" />"""

base += """</g></svg>"""
with open(name, "w") as f:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

[Link](base)

def load(self):
name = askopenfilename(filetypes=[("JSON", ".json")])
if not name:
return # User cancelled
with open(name, "r") as f:
drawing = [Link](f)
[Link]()
for data in [Link]():
match data["type"]:
case "line":
[Link].create_line(
data["coordinates"], fill=data["fill"],
tags=["drawing"]
)
case "rectangle":
[Link].create_rectangle(
data["coordinates"],
fill=data["fill"],
outline=data["outline"],
tags=["drawing"],
)
case "oval":
[Link].create_oval(
data["coordinates"],
fill=data["fill"],
outline=data["outline"],
tags=["drawing"],
)

def background_color(self):
color = askcolor(title="Background Color")
self.background_color = color[1] or ""
self.background_button.config(
text="Transparent" if self.background_color == "" else "",
background=self.background_color or "SystemButtonFace",
)

def foreground_color(self):
color = askcolor(title="Foreground Color")
if color[1]:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

self.foreground_color = color[1]
self.foreground_button.config(background=self.foreground_color)

def line_tool(self):
[Link] = [Link].create_line

def oval_tool(self):
[Link] = [Link].create_oval

def rectangle_tool(self):
[Link] = [Link].create_rectangle

def mouse_move(self, event):

[Link]["text"] = f"Mouse x={event.x} y ={event.y}"
[Link](
[Link][0], event.x, 0, event.x, [Link].winfo_height()
)
[Link]([Link][1], 0, event.y, [Link].winfo_
width(), event.y)
if [Link] == 1:
[Link](self.curr_id, [Link], [Link], event.x,
event.y)

def mouse_click(self, event):

if [Link] == 0:
[Link] = event.x
[Link] = event.y
self.curr_id = [Link](
([Link], [Link], event.x, event.y),
fill=self.cor_de_frente,
tags=["desenho"],
)
tipo = [Link](self.curr_id)
if tipo in ["rectangle", "oval"]:
[Link](
self.curr_id,
{
"outline": self.cor_de_frente,
"fill": self.cor_de_fundo,
},
)
[Link] = 1

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

def mouse_release(self, event):

if [Link] == 1:
[Link] = 0

App().mainloop()

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

Exercise 13-03
Modify the [Link] code (Program 13.12) to validate dates when editing or adding
new links. Display an error message if the date is invalid.

from datetime import date

import tkinter as tk
import [Link] as ttk
from [Link] import showerror
from site_register import Site
from data import Data

class Window([Link]):
MIN_X = 300
MIN_Y = 300
PADXY = 10

def __init__(self, parent, site, on_change=None):

super().__init__(parent)
[Link](f"{self.MIN_X}x{self.MIN_Y}")
[Link]("Site")
[Link] = {"padx": [Link], "pady": [Link]}
self.on_change = on_change
self.create_controls()
[Link](self.MIN_X, self.MIN_Y)
self.capture_site(site)

def capture_site(self, site):

[Link] = site or Site()
[Link]([Link] or "")
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link] or "")
self.t_notes.delete("1.0", [Link])
self.t_notes.insert("1.0", [Link] or "")

def create_controls(self):
self.f_url = [Link](self)
self.f_url.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=3, sticky=[Link],
**[Link])
self.l_url = [Link](self.f_url, text="URL")
self.l_url.pack(anchor=tk.W)

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[Link] = [Link]()
self.e_url = [Link](self.f_url, textvariable=[Link])
self.e_url.pack(fill=tk.X, expand=True)
self.f_category = [Link](self)
self.f_category.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=tk.W, **[Link])
self.l_category = [Link](self.f_category, text="Category")
self.l_category.pack(anchor=tk.W)
[Link] = [Link]()
self.e_category = [Link](self.f_category, textvariable=self.
category)
self.e_category.pack()
self.f_date = [Link](self)
self.f_date.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky=tk.E, **[Link])
self.l_date = [Link](self.f_date, text="Date")
self.l_date.pack(anchor=tk.W)
[Link] = Data(self.f_date)
[Link]()
self.f_notes = [Link](self)
self.f_notes.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=3, sticky=[Link],
**[Link])
self.l_notes = [Link](self.f_notes, text="Notes")
self.l_notes.pack(anchor=tk.W)
self.t_notes = [Link](self.f_notes, height=3)
self.t_notes.pack(expand=True, fill=[Link])
self.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=2)
self.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
self.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
self.b_frame = [Link](self)
self.b_frame.grid(row=3, column=0, columnspan=3, **[Link])
self.b_ok = [Link](self.b_frame, text="Ok", command=[Link])
self.b_ok.pack(side=[Link])
self.b_cancel = [Link](self.b_frame, text="Cancel",
command=[Link])
self.b_cancel.pack(side=[Link])

def close(self):
[Link]()

def ok(self):
try:
self.validate_date()
except ValueError:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

showerror("Error", "Invalid date")

return
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = self.t_notes.get("1.0", [Link])
if self.on_change:
self.on_change([Link])
[Link]()

def validate_date(self):
day, month, year = [Link]().split("-")
valid_date = date(int(year), int(month), int(day))
return valid_date

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

Exercise 13-04
Modify the [Link] code (Program 13.12) not to accept blank URLs. Display an
error message if the URL is invalid (blank).

from datetime import date

import tkinter as tk
import [Link] as ttk
from [Link] import showerror
from site_register import Site
from data import Data

class Window([Link]):
MIN_X = 300
MIN_Y = 300
PADXY = 10

def __init__(self, parent, site, on_change=None):

super().__init__(parent)
[Link](f"{self.MIN_X}x{self.MIN_Y}")
[Link]("Site")
[Link] = {"padx": [Link], "pady": [Link]}
self.on_change = on_change
self.create_controls()
[Link](self.MIN_X, self.MIN_Y)
self.capture_site(site)

def capture_site(self, site):

[Link] = site or Site()
[Link]([Link] or "")
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link] or "")
self.t_notes.delete("1.0", [Link])
self.t_notes.insert("1.0", [Link] or "")

def create_controls(self):
self.f_url = [Link](self)
self.f_url.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=3, sticky=[Link],
**[Link])
self.l_url = [Link](self.f_url, text="URL")
self.l_url.pack(anchor=tk.W)

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[Link] = [Link]()
self.e_url = [Link](self.f_url, textvariable=[Link])
self.e_url.pack(fill=tk.X, expand=True)
self.f_category = [Link](self)
self.f_category.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=tk.W, **[Link])
self.l_category = [Link](self.f_category, text="Category")
self.l_category.pack(anchor=tk.W)
[Link] = [Link]()
self.e_category = [Link](self.f_category, textvariable=self.
category)
self.e_category.pack()
self.f_date = [Link](self)
self.f_date.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky=tk.E, **[Link])
self.l_date = [Link](self.f_date, text="Date")
self.l_date.pack(anchor=tk.W)
[Link] = Data(self.f_date)
[Link]()
self.f_notes = [Link](self)
self.f_notes.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=3, sticky=[Link],
**[Link])
self.l_notes = [Link](self.f_notes, text="Notes")
self.l_notes.pack(anchor=tk.W)
self.t_notes = [Link](self.f_notes, height=3)
self.t_notes.pack(expand=True, fill=[Link])
self.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=2)
self.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
self.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
self.b_frame = [Link](self)
self.b_frame.grid(row=3, column=0, columnspan=3, **[Link])
self.b_ok = [Link](self.b_frame, text="Ok", command=[Link])
self.b_ok.pack(side=[Link])
self.b_cancel = [Link](self.b_frame, text="Cancel",
command=[Link])
self.b_cancel.pack(side=[Link])

def close(self):
[Link]()

def ok(self):
try:
self.validate_url()
except ValueError:

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showerror("Error", "Invalid URL")

return
try:
self.validate_date()
except ValueError:
showerror("Error", "Invalid date")
return
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = self.t_notes.get("1.0", [Link])
if self.on_change:
self.on_change([Link])
[Link]()

def validate_url(self):
if not [Link]():
raise ValueError("URL cannot be empty")

def validate_date(self):
day, month, year = [Link]().split("-")
date = date(int(year), int(month), int(day))
return date

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

Exercise 13-05
Modify the [Link] code (Program 13.12) to accept only URLs starting with
http:// or [Link]

from datetime import date

import tkinter as tk
import [Link] as ttk
from [Link] import showerror
from site_register import Site
from data import Data

class Window([Link]):
MIN_X = 300
MIN_Y = 300
PADXY = 10

def __init__(self, parent, site, on_change=None):

super().__init__(parent)
[Link](f"{self.MIN_X}x{self.MIN_Y}")
[Link]("Site")
[Link] = {"padx": [Link], "pady": [Link]}
self.on_change = on_change
self.create_controls()
[Link](self.MIN_X, self.MIN_Y)
self.capture_site(site)

def capture_site(self, site):

[Link] = site or Site()
[Link]([Link] or "")
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link] or "")
self.t_notes.delete("1.0", [Link])
self.t_notes.insert("1.0", [Link] or "")

def create_controls(self):
self.f_url = [Link](self)
self.f_url.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=3, sticky=[Link],
**[Link])
self.l_url = [Link](self.f_url, text="URL")
self.l_url.pack(anchor=tk.W)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

[Link] = [Link]()
self.e_url = [Link](self.f_url, textvariable=[Link])
self.e_url.pack(fill=tk.X, expand=True)
self.f_category = [Link](self)
self.f_category.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=tk.W, **[Link])
self.l_category = [Link](self.f_category, text="Category")
self.l_category.pack(anchor=tk.W)
[Link] = [Link]()
self.e_category = [Link](self.f_category, textvariable=self.
category)
self.e_category.pack()
self.f_date = [Link](self)
self.f_date.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky=tk.E, **[Link])
self.l_date = [Link](self.f_date, text="Date")
self.l_date.pack(anchor=tk.W)
[Link] = Data(self.f_date)
[Link]()
self.f_notes = [Link](self)
self.f_notes.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=3, sticky=[Link],
**[Link])
self.l_notes = [Link](self.f_notes, text="Notes")
self.l_notes.pack(anchor=tk.W)
self.t_notes = [Link](self.f_notes, height=3)
self.t_notes.pack(expand=True, fill=[Link])
self.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=2)
self.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
self.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
self.b_frame = [Link](self)
self.b_frame.grid(row=3, column=0, columnspan=3, **[Link])
self.b_ok = [Link](self.b_frame, text="Ok", command=[Link])
self.b_ok.pack(side=[Link])
self.b_cancel = [Link](self.b_frame, text="Cancel",
command=[Link])
self.b_cancel.pack(side=[Link])

def close(self):
[Link]()

def ok(self):
try:
self.validate_url()
except ValueError as e:

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

showerror("Error", f"Invalid URL\n{e}")

return
try:
self.validate_date()
except ValueError:
showerror("Error", "Invalid date")
return
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = self.t_notes.get("1.0", [Link])
if self.on_change:
self.on_change([Link])
[Link]()

def validate_url(self):
url = [Link]()
if not url:
raise ValueError("URL cannot be empty")
if not ([Link]("[Link] or [Link]("[Link]
raise ValueError("URL must start with http:// or [Link]

def validate_date(self):
day, month, year = [Link]().split("-")
valid_date = date(int(year), int(month), int(day))
return valid_date

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

Exercise 13-06
Modify Program 13.13 to load and save data from a database. Modify the SiteManager
class or create another one that allows you to switch the JSON storage for a database
like SQLite.

import [Link]
import sqlite3
import tkinter as tk
import [Link] as ttk
from [Link] import askquestion, showinfo, showerror

from uuid import uuid4

from datetime import date

# All classes are included in the exercise answer

# Only the App class was modified and
# the SitesDBManager class was created

class Date([Link]):
def __init__(self, parent, min_year=00, max_year=40):
super().__init__(parent)
self.min_year = min_year
self.max_year = max_year
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = [Link]()
self.create_controls()

def set(self, date):

day, month, year = [Link]("-")
[Link](day)
[Link](month)
[Link](year)

def get(self):
return f"{[Link]()}-{[Link]()}-{[Link]()}"

def create_controls(self):
self.c_day = [Link](
self,

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

textvariable=[Link],
width=3,
values=[f"{d:02d}" for d in range(1, 32)],
state="readonly",
)
self.c_day.pack(side=[Link])
self.c_month = [Link](
self,
textvariable=[Link],
values=[f"{m:02d}" for m in range(1, 13)],
width=3,
state="readonly",
)
self.c_month.pack(side=[Link])
self.c_year = [Link](
self,
textvariable=[Link],
values=[f"{m:02d}" for m in range(self.min_year, self.max_year
+ 1)],
width=6,
state="readonly",
)
self.c_year.pack(side=[Link])

class Site:
def __init__(self, /, url=None, category=None, date=None, id=None,
notes=None):
if id is None:
id = str(uuid4())
[Link] = id
if date is None:
date = [Link]().strftime("%d-%m-%y")
[Link] = date
[Link] = url
[Link] = category
[Link] = notes

def __str__(self):
return f"Site {[Link]} {[Link]} {[Link]} {[Link]}"

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class SitesDBManager:
def __init__(self):
[Link] = "[Link]"
exists = [Link]([Link])
[Link]()
if not exists:
self.create_table()

def create_table(self):
[Link](
"CREATE TABLE sites (id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, url TEXT, category
TEXT, date TEXT, notes TEXT)"
)
[Link]()

def connect(self):
[Link] = [Link]([Link])

def disconnect(self):
[Link]()

def save(self, site):

[Link](
"""INSERT INTO sites (id, url, category, date, notes) VALUES
(?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
ON CONFLICT(id) DO UPDATE SET url=[Link],
category=[Link], date=[Link], notes=[Link]""",
([Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link]),
)
[Link]()
[Link][[Link]] = site

def delete(self, id):

[Link]("DELETE FROM sites WHERE id=?", (id,))
[Link]()
if id in [Link]:
del [Link][id]

def load(self):
[Link] = {}
q = [Link]("SELECT * FROM sites")
for site in [Link]():

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

new_site = Site(
id=site[0],
url=site[1],
category=site[2],
date=site[3],
notes=site[4],
)
[Link][new_site.id] = new_site
return [Link]

class Window([Link]):
MIN_X = 300
MIN_Y = 300
PADXY = 10

def __init__(self, parent, site, on_change=None):

super().__init__(parent)
[Link](f"{self.MIN_X}x{self.MIN_Y}")
[Link]("Site")
[Link] = {"padx": [Link], "pady": [Link]}
self.on_change = on_change
self.create_controls()
[Link](self.MIN_X, self.MIN_Y)
self.capture_site(site)

def capture_site(self, site):

[Link] = site or Site()
[Link]([Link] or "")
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link] or "")
self.t_notes.delete("1.0", [Link])
self.t_notes.insert("1.0", [Link] or "")

def create_controls(self):
self.f_url = [Link](self)
self.f_url.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=3, sticky=[Link],
**[Link])
self.l_url = [Link](self.f_url, text="URL")
self.l_url.pack(anchor=tk.W)
[Link] = [Link]()
self.e_url = [Link](self.f_url, textvariable=[Link])

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

self.e_url.pack(fill=tk.X, expand=True)
self.f_category = [Link](self)
self.f_category.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=tk.W, **[Link])
self.l_category = [Link](self.f_category, text="Category")
self.l_category.pack(anchor=tk.W)
[Link] = [Link]()
self.e_category = [Link](self.f_category, textvariable=self.
category)
self.e_category.pack()
self.f_date = [Link](self)
self.f_date.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky=tk.E, **[Link])
self.l_date = [Link](self.f_date, text="Date")
self.l_date.pack(anchor=tk.W)
[Link] = Date(self.f_date)
[Link]()
self.f_notes = [Link](self)
self.f_notes.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=3, sticky=[Link],
**[Link])
self.l_notes = [Link](self.f_notes, text="Notes")
self.l_notes.pack(anchor=tk.W)
self.t_notes = [Link](self.f_notes, height=3)
self.t_notes.pack(expand=True, fill=[Link])
self.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=2)
self.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
self.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
self.b_frame = [Link](self)
self.b_frame.grid(row=3, column=0, columnspan=3, **[Link])
self.b_ok = [Link](self.b_frame, text="Ok", command=[Link])
self.b_ok.pack(side=[Link])
self.b_cancel = [Link](self.b_frame, text="Cancel",
command=[Link])
self.b_cancel.pack(side=[Link])

def close(self):
[Link]()

def ok(self):
try:
self.validate_url()
except ValueError as e:
showerror("Error", f"Invalid URL\n{e}")
return

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

try:
self.validate_date()
except ValueError:
showerror("Error", "Invalid date")
return
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = [Link]()
[Link] = self.t_notes.get("1.0", [Link])
if self.on_change:
self.on_change([Link])
[Link]()

def validate_url(self):
url = [Link]()
if not url:
raise ValueError("URL cannot be empty")
if not ([Link]("[Link] or [Link]("[Link]
raise ValueError("URL must start with http:// or [Link]

def validate_date(self):
day, month, year = [Link]().split("-")
valid_date = date(int(year), int(month), int(day))
return valid_date

class App([Link]):
MIN_X = 800
MIN_Y = 200

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):

super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
[Link]("Interesting Sites Manager")
[Link](f"{self.MIN_X}x{self.MIN_Y}")
self.create_controls()
[Link] = SitesDBManager()
[Link]()
self.show_data()
[Link](self.MIN_X, self.MIN_Y)

def create_controls(self):
[Link] = [Link](self)

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

[Link](row=0, column=0, columnspan=2, padx=10, pady=10,

sticky=[Link])
self.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)

# Create table
[Link] = [Link](
[Link], columns=["url", "category", "date", "notes"],
show="headings"
)
[Link]("url", text="URL")
[Link]("category", text="Category")
[Link]("category", anchor=[Link])
[Link]("date", text="Date")
[Link]("date", anchor=[Link])
[Link]("notes", text="Notes")
[Link](row=0, column=0, sticky=[Link])
[Link](selectmode="browse")

# Add scrollbar
scrollbar = [Link](
[Link], orient=[Link], command=[Link]
)
[Link](yscroll=[Link])
[Link]("<Double-Button-1>", self.open_window)
[Link](row=0, column=1, sticky=[Link])

# Configure grid weights

[Link].grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
[Link].grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)

# Create menu
[Link] = [Link](self)
self.m_sites = [Link]([Link], tearoff=0)
self.m_sites.add_command(label="Add", command=[Link])
self.m_sites.add_command(label="Delete", command=[Link])
self.m_sites.add_separator()
self.m_sites.add_command(label="Delete All", command=self.delete_
all)
[Link].add_cascade(label="Sites", menu=self.m_sites)
[Link].add_command(label="About", command=[Link])
[Link](menu=[Link])

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

def add(self):
self.show_site(None)

def delete(self):
if selected_id := self.get_selected():
[Link](selected_id)
[Link](selected_id)

def delete_all(self):
if (
askquestion(
title="Delete All Sites",
message="Are you sure you want to delete all sites?",
)
== "yes"
):
[Link]()

def clear(self):
for id in [Link]():
[Link](id)
[Link]()
[Link](*[Link].get_children())

def about(self):
showinfo(
title="About",
message="Introduction to Programming with Python.\nhttps://
[Link]",
)

def add_site_to_table(self, site):

[Link](site)
[Link](
"",
[Link],
values=([Link], [Link], [Link], [Link]),
iid=[Link],
)

def show_data(self):
for site in [Link]():

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Python from Scratch - Solved Exercises - Chapter 13

self.add_site_to_table(site)

def get_selected(self):
if selected_item := [Link]():
return selected_item[0]
return None

def open_window(self, event):

if selected_id := self.get_selected():
site = [Link][selected_id]
else:
site = None
self.show_site(site)

def show_site(self, site):

[Link] = Window(self, site, on_change=[Link])
[Link].grab_set()

def update(self, site):

if [Link]([Link]):
[Link](
[Link],
text="",
values=([Link], [Link], [Link], [Link]),
)
else:
self.add_site_to_table(site)
[Link](site)

App().mainloop()

[Link] 336 Updated on Aug 2, 2025