Date.

Pags

Datobasi Concast

what A o t aduantogea datob

shwamtoges s dato
da-to bal

Reducton in Rdundamy Alth dato

þlae ihus is no rhetitib
Stozcdat bae plau.
ammedat Jhis also duce the
bast 9tosiam dato n hand
memor daoica,

Jmpraucd Ctnsistancy Tk clamce sf data incaaisto

datobae i als
dato at s
a kingle cepy

Smproucd Auai labitihy Smu inloumation is

made awailable todocont Thi
halh shasing înpnation by
dado oas

Sapzaucd seunty By making

passwaxd and sntoling uss datobasL
theABA cam poovida
to dato bal.
 Dato.|

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-2
whatis datoba mamasment usttinn
chns dattba mamagnnt
abblicaten ha ot built admistr
Qnd datobaA
a dto
aahastoy that mat
allQrdence lth
hen accesible by asiees usen in
tn meale As
As awsult , all afpliatien þrogaommés.
Aingd dato
otocl
DBMS > QL

Q-3 what the dilut chanctsttcs a dato baie

datoba0

l dscribinq natui oa databass Ayateon

(SBMS) alse
managment aystrn
inluse
oatobase Neto dato
datoboltkxes
te dato A
to
obase eatola doto ic iemay
R a l t H includy e
th meto datois the imitoion
stuuctue Lwellad
dato'&
the dato
þlaesd
a d dato aog0ms
po9xomns
Inalatien bes
thís oloto e to be chamged
that aeoss Stoxcd
dato
hast managment ycteno
in te dato 3tuetu
chamgs to tte dato '
CDers) amd any The trn"Paog90 m
made n"the cato log
-Sndapmdemu"ltn to this quaiy
-Docta
 Dato. [
Pago
Pagn
IShainp adatt Cultple access (b)cwuty f coucry Ouuehusd
nce in a
multiuser Datotase þsottct tts
the datohase at dado
torn unothwrid ccLL
cCLoOlucycoe
Theeloslya DBMS mest hat toe
cencuUt accs Dato base failwu
aehwdsel to þaauide
datoh asetdata wtat cncetng amd censiste
Whad is Relaondl Datobas ?
A collection of Data elemunt wH Thu
D6MS thing
DBMSate Colunn that
Cuntittecd. Hisa cat f l s that diins the alus
-hat can be'kto ie a datobasc attnbt
hee ds 97wha do 4ou mian
hre Celuns cwth cse -clind domaii ceniainad mak
Datnbase Adnintatie -(PRA)he DBA to it casiax for wee to Grter valus ttat yelot to
the deto tyte Addimally it mlilas the
that -tte column hot
to ble anda r n s
Sadatobae
Whet
-that the
da lation cannst heY nllww. [Link]
ole buhind this cgnstaint is that wi Rnl the p
la datboe dui and al the tcla, tmemic duflitat
-ntial intgity
cOnstaoit a dagical
Hiyh czt he ceet nplnato tibn a Dets ntain no. duplit
conmag.
 Dato.|
Deto. |
Page
Pego
RDBMS FILES
basically diuidad ito ta ategoss Sast data only spucifid cobumn
DDL & DML
stihic columnTh olaing
lemmamds sbn. tho lillndut nlus aOrd but baly i n t
Dato daliatian longuage
dao dafinatien lamgatthe dato in ces-thurn x Naras eiyandot'slee
dato Ikese dat
statue
haldig cemttd whch mean t a t Sueet into custornun (wanne, bdy
autematially
dedieatd ehamgs made by DÞL Cemmada Valuss Cozdinal ,btovangu, Naaycouty
what is Nul! Valu
Dato Thydatobas R dato
J4 S a
an be ckangd uing Dato Henihulatin
Languag (M)cemmasode. Thele inteucttbal new HAuiced or ut dat
that adding to the ild, Ther,
wted based with aNell ualus
Noto
Ciut hat
wth Nullualu is nethat ha
CRPATE tObl cemmans, ALTER tol DROP blan duing tecod ceatien
ato
mejlation amguas (oo) iommands The SS_NLL
valuss
The foltowig SQL
&cud
 Dato. | Dato.I
Paga< Pugel
4S No_NäL -okuata
SQL (stuctunsd Qusy langug)
to t t
gtoteet ternat omilola
tor cmty valuis List as ceustomu wt
follaaing SOL ato nds or stuctuwud Quy lamguag
S8L omd aaripulat datobaz
Nam Contotan, Ade SOL_become Armenican Natienai
cust m r
stondand Instetutt (ANsi) in 1936 th
arnd
hemeus tâmn -3tmationel ganisatibn yo stondandizatm
wheu Adsss is not Nul n 81
Xwhat cam SQL do
Execate quenyag ainit datobal
Rat ic dato am dotobase
Jnivtecsde in a datobae
a dotobae
Dolte tucode oma datbass
CHagtenau datobai.
Leeatt hos tokin a datobag
in datobal
&ston cd þrocdunes
Cvaatt uic datobe
&et p m i i m r ktritable eacedere and u|k.
RDBMS
Atunds lo Rlatibmal atnbcac Hanagmint yt.
RDB MS th baAi or S&L far all
mordbm datobasl
1BM DB2.
dathase
he dato. inRD&MSfstoed
 Dato.
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Page4
called toblog AtObl Ihe tobl abo Centoi tiucucosd (ns
dato Cntusamd t censistt cAch cwstmv) and
Nane Cortoct n0-, Age, Cty and ContJ
toble is byohen ub nto &malllr Chttns
calledields Elcloa a e inMind that
attibts oX
anot anitiucilict
Keco2d also calld a 0wA calh ndiuidnl
e0tycocit is a t o b l bokin u into Anallr artitiu ealld
Riald's also as
Datokao Tablls
A daobose wppin Ca
tobls Each tobl
Tabl Contoii 3emi Colon(i) au SQl btottnt
seeord fos) Lth dato
the SELECT F eoctot dato an datoba
Rno datotak(inlude ufDATE r wpdatia data in datona
DELETE delt dato ora datoba
JASeT INTO 1hunt nw dato into datobae
CRE ATE DATA&ASE dato bal
lontoto Cot AltnDATABASE
CREATE TARLE CREet
lool 1. - - 2 25
hisa udia
too2 CReet
uindJbdia
loo 3 23
Ioo4 27
Ayan
Fimin 2 Busa . (loas
 Data. |
Dsta. |
Pago
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Thu sQL Selet Comand Nam Csntocno.
1
adie
The &elet &tottmet s d to selct dato John 3 22
MundaHico
|oo 3 -?
datobae |icheal 32
27 Rabtok
(o0s 7 -- 27
Selict eyto
fROM toble nanf-Stuttmet
t e s i hatr.
tTh aSol SELECT DUSTIT Stotmnat
Her Celumn 1 Columh2 ae the TkeSELT DISI t t t m t
name R tobe yewt to Alt anly diuht (dits) valle
dato em
a tobl,a caluwmn sta contain mam
SELET latemer b, leaty
CROM loatems
Rsultr lustomD SELECT DISINCI
loo 5ndia SELECT DISTICT Celunl , Calunn 2
1 oo2 CRDH tobe hane
loo 3
Sndia SELET DIZTINT Couty
Southlosial
that diitct
dndia
tobi yallowing SâL tuttmut let all
Soctk koca in the
hami
(Ruuit wwl!how a oL) ndcelumm
 Dato.|
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SELECT(oNT (DISTINCT (outy) fROM
As olkTINCT COunte
2ingu yuots ttet uass
SEL ELr CoL dato boLA alo doubl
(Oston):
FROM (SELECI DISTINT COUNTRY ROH te
RESULTS DISTNCT CoUNTRES4 HowcCY nmie ahould not b enlod
n gotta
Jht SQ wHERE CAUSE
8ELECT FRoH stem WHERE lowte D- lool
ceteat
Shtiled condilen Ruslt Coustomir lD am Cerntot no.
Rah
wHERE
SELEC nam hatox in thi whi
WHERE mditien
NoTE
Desoihen
aly usLd in SfEcI Stotm
Cracat tham
ruat than equa
WHERE
Atottmet a the <>
Castrmite "Hvico "in the Beween
' t m r tobl
Ta
Coumty 'Kuuito' vales Joy awms
The asetL AND
oo2 26
Hone Muo
shee lauie
Tttid
 Dato. [
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more tham
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lo o 2
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John 25 ind teie
EL AND Ppnato disjlay loo3 Michs 26 N
Cenditea Spratd by AND axe TRuE.
tollauig SOL tottnd
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oRis TRME
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SELECI CeluNnL Colunn2fRON toblu
iam,
AND Syntox hHERE NoT Coditin -
SELECT lolumn , (emn 2 fRON tobli SELECT EROH Cstnin
hHERE NoT (onte analia':
Name Centoctna Age City Cst
loo2 Tohn 2 M.
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SELECT Colsean , bunn 2 feD
WHeRE [Link] You Can abo commbin Th ANO OR
SeLET
WHERe
lowntyU:s-A'; Custemd .whbc
 Dato. |
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'Rohtok" ORDER BY Etamoplu
The follewiuy SQL ctotmet Alt all custernuns bera
the austemer' tobl
PRON Cees tomus
by th 'Cownt
ANACtyHisax a Rottt SELECT CRON Custormuh
WHERE Countey 'ndia'
ORDER BY Centuy
(Patotno
Rost Nan
2
fool Rahu! 20 Rohtob
Cantono
city
loo4 Jool Rabul isLa
Ange loo4 23 Poltok
suia
ndia
/oo 2 John 25 Meida
|o05
Not uSA Hichal 28 USA
fRoH eustomb DESC Eeamaple
WHERE NOT Chueta, =" Sndia' AND NOT Cauty 's R* Thi
talauing
Result Custnail Name bolumn
loo 2 23 Hirda
Vivin Busam S Horca SELECT
AsC
DRDER CountyDLSC;
Jh S DRDE BY
keybod ed to ALt Anm entoci m
deludiy erden loo3 2$
loo5 Jimin
DR DER BYsYNIAX 25
loo2
(oo4 3 23 Ro hook
PROM tobuhawms lool Rah Hiss a
ttio
OROER
stetmt
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toble Paud the teoche elaon ( gahm qucn blo
NSERT iNTD &tote
3+ is þossi ble to wt he dett mo
both thi o9lumn nanes andthe ualuo
+o insutd Cemamaad
lCREATE ABLE2- Tacher
SNSERT SAD tobu-nami olumm (elumm2)
Nalus (ualu , Vale2, Ualse ElRSTNA NE vachar 20)
Last aamat (vnchar -2o)
adding uals ter althe esun acnde Char)
toble
SSI A y
uou do not
oucLHK maks
fo
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Datt
n t
to datoba ti
SNSERT STO tobli-nasl be den
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CREATE TAALE
hetou detof.
CÝE ATE TA8IE <THE1E - nascos>
lCscatt to bls Teacher
athn ID (1rttgH bimary Riy
st name arha NotNel)
datohy1 >(onstairt) Lodt harne
dato tase_ al .
HOchexwokingina.
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daauLtuooo Tho saL
Salary diina? [1o.2) ubdat stottrment
Date e bith(Datt The updatt tortrnet s
Relene to modi
hxcgin Hey (DcpartmotONno)
DELE TE
witing Mecod a toble
Dehantmam ( Debt, ID) updatt Syntox
Set ul uDAIE tobu narne
SET Colurnnl yaluet
Thus i a datantmat gikn vale WHERE CONDMN
Dcht gD s deleted indhantmeat tobl Nottot Be carepl ehm ubdatng ecord în a tobl Not
thu
hi caeShanding tubles hat camto in th ela in th wbdat stotermntTu
daletd value dor dubt NO. ateibut in tohlo wheu louse shilus whichucosd that should be
wAuld be
update ysu Gmit whix clause al Lud
thy toble will k! uhdattd
2. CREATE TAB(A ach'
UPDAIE TABLES
SOL tottnst ubdatt that kist Celumn
lot- hems (uaxha2) wth contost þ n nd a n
Chenden= (Chau jlo 3L Rer
Salany doima UPDAE Ceste
Debt &t centot Narne e
uhdat casLodi, clauee that dutomine o ay
updatt.
shun datig
claue
dehantment toble the akous UeDATE Cuatozmn
Lanshamding yalu [Link] lltd in SET Con toet Namy S Jaiar'
T6athix toble
hi Delete Statmt
delitt. Atotleuct
 DatY.!
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romto be name
Deltt tobleI
whn dileting
.
clause t e deletgtottmet
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faltaing
Duciticr
whne customen nammo a.2ind any valw stortd with°a
pelttAIL uoxdb
oy
to deltt alXOs in a toble wihout
Atentue whino Custommr N uale ha
toble
Cestmen N , a ,) Find value stat c " t t
atteibuHs and ndesuill be Rn toct
DELETE RON tobls - hame
SOL Cstot with a Cnia
Custa" toblo wita dulating the toble stotcmat Alct l Cstmh wwh a
SQL
Examl DELETE fom hust©r wtsa"
Cstrals narmA stonting
Ex eutn SQL
ge Cus totH
whe lau SELET
Custemer
to Seanch
two wild cad
Ex beet fROr
wHerc temu
mltipl chanactu
he nd ethotu
chaeetox
 Data.|
Pago Dsto.|
Pagal
Examl SELEL
RON CuStomnut |213 Mauisl Null 22
WHERE Customun a |214
1217 Holit
Anetyst 220o 1300 25
Salan Nl 22
PROA lustemin
Examee
wHERE CAntot hara
ExamlLgeECT* RON csttme
Hanag that
Inceut snte Exambli
stotmat nnt a
a)CREATE THE aboe toble
SAL CREAE TABLE HPloYEE
Custnniy toble EMPIOEE - D SNTE, R BR IHORY NE
GMPLDYE6 -Namme vARCHAR (20) Not NULL
þoroL Lods aue (Lamdidata Balary Deimal(10,2) DELAULT 4o, coe
forcgia KEY (Managu)
into
Ths stomuH 1D auto- inast
b) Snscyalues as shonabeue
ganats automatically
12
(Emjlay
tobly
Iablc nams bles (120,Divya
Yaplay (1206 Amya, Hanage 3000e, 2sc0, 2, e)
23, 205;
Rahuw,uA nae20asa 1300
|201 -ialany Bonus
(1213 "Hanick Saumasgoo Nul, 22,
|205
26
|21 (1241, "tait,Saynd, lhoQo_, Nul, 22, 20s,
2o000 3
 Dato.|
Pago
Detn.|
Para|
elet the brnhlayl haing Cmplay wh
to
duspay the
Whosc is "Amaya
to 4o000 SELETO Employel Nane
UPDATE thi salany a Amya" PROH
Endoy wHERE Hamag
uPDATE fmplayc SET Salay
NAME Wtt a
wHERE fraloye da blay hi nam ana
thase
NuL vale
code ROM Employ WHERE Age blw 26 am 30,
Aen tobl HoDIÊY AGE N41gn Aot N
amd balaios
A eilwa comapang was maciu to
to
dsplay hames
malned dtoils and
inhazmation odod in twp tobls
than
SELET bobloyu Naml Salay Table NameiHachin feild
LWHERE Salay 2e,c0
Setotian
who's ham contoin 1abe namg SaleR field
SEeT fmplaye Nam Hachin l
Datatype
CHAR(3)
baplayee Dato DA TE
Tck1t Sa
amd Joh incarm Decinc
SE LE CT
Cmplos whi Naman D s.
apleye WH ERE TK þrimay key e the tobu mattint s Machine
Ricoda in t tohle
Sala wniqudy idanti\jd by th
maching 9D a d Datt
he lrnploywhoe
diaplay Mamag
1201.
SEECT Ermloyl - Nan Job - to. PRDM
BHPLOYEE WHRE
 Date.|
Pago Dete. |
Page!
Nachins and Sa les
Cxcate t¦e toble
CREATE TABLE
HACHE
DATA BASE CONCEPT (HC- Qs)
CHAR(9) PRHARY
KEY,
(HACH INE SD
Stotion CHAR (3o))
Dato is a Collicion Rauo tact wich has not
CREATE TABE SALES beem procs to al usl
CHAR () Not NUL UNIQUE
inlonation
(MáCHIE90
UNIQVE
wOhICH ob th olwing prokintin bleng to t
Datt DATE NoT Nul datobaz
TlckESSoLD_9TEhtR
tickts machin dutgned built d populated coith dato lor
wt a Quusy to ind
in each Sto tin bolad
detsELET stntiên tm Halin GROUP B Tikak Seld
WHat aks the bmit datoba
wt a as to Lind th totol tickt inCee (a) ato Rdundaney o) Dato Íncenss toncy
ot thistotion Neus Dehi & calh day
SELECT Stotitn Rot HacinWHERE totien e
NE DELH)" COUP Ha Chie Hauing Colleciom
& ogami that tneblu
Datobase Hanagent yattm.
wtt a auxy to find th totol
Q-5 WHICH the failauoing nat aualid SQL typi
dat CHARAcTER,
SELET SuH (TKET- SoLD) PRON Saa wHRE Haline
L-6
UPDATE
Q-1 what th uaitus tohên that nid te bu
datobase
 Dato.
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Pagal
Shat hbhat epxator tst tor ahoing
Datobaie Hamagmnut Syttm usl prouiding ttchmical supot
note dotobase ystera accguiny
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Shasing dato
What shnator ttat fox abiace s dato
A meltiusn enuironmut alo mutia
acces& datobaAe Simltohiesy tlan
Shakig data L-18 wk abplicaien pgrmj to inkrat ith datobalo
n t stu ctuee e Dato
Any chamg
dens in ths cata logical hesceogamsd ehib dtmns the J qirenme thi Gnd uslns
aceus tbis dato nud not tobmodifid the dslop heciyitd to met thad aguimut
ato ducdependue Aa ystem Ana yst.
Q12 Ohat arh
L20blaye a mnajez gol in the datobae duign all
Hehnicai ccDnDc & asibility sbk.
Lubin& ’ Datobasi Admiss teator ’ Apolicaten
genanatigupats
hotcanned absut the dfouGd auaibiiy
LODsbing daigning the datobase knouh
Q-22 Dato in DBMS_is mot Concie becase a thdath.
lomthtl Rebasitoy
Can thenu be [Link] ble
+
4-a3 By makig th DBA Cam
olata
Dbih ta lollouwig Ýno~-ors tait in SQL? Dato base acss cgt antolliy faesde
 Data.|
Pago Dte.|
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limitotien using DBHS abþasoa, or ohich no- tuso
-24 tiit tyþu in a clatien stote has th Sam canditin val
cata as a clsctin
Q-25 Organse Colleactien a
eelatitas ach elation, coImds to a Q-36 Key helki te rettt dubicaion inatobss.
to ble valuei
Datob ase
Q - 3 1 S 2
Sa Cangag that is uid to mamag dato
-26 Aa0u is alsocalled a Tuplla
O.98SQL StOnd ox Stctud Qu langag
Q-27 A Calmn is also called Atzibuta
latienscalld orrn
degwenQ-32DDL stDndpr Data Dafinati§n lagag
Q-23 Tk cw atibts is a
dornar LQ- 4o|DAL sto ud or Data Hampulatbr languag
&-29
taeUnati LQ-4Dato base dysttm ned to hl Pnstoild
in awolatibnK alledd thl cega Cemputtd is kneisn
Hlatien
42Cuatt conmand is used to craat a nes toblu in thi dabbo
&- 3t
Ornel MysAL
-32 Cento axestictie n te valustored in a NmbanDeciml
datobase
-33 -44 hat tpi has a in thu datobad.
Chan)
Suhinkey
Q-34 or cneating a toh le.
Geatt to ble < Zable hamu (( Colnhas rdata tyhe>
Dernain censtot ky
onshoit,ftity Gonbtos
q-y6which command is
hluate dlatbo, <Dtokall
 Dato.|
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Ost.
DBMS 5) Domain!
whieh atti buct
Ezþlain Kayd ttuas ninolaud Rolatenal haue n earh Cam
Dato Hodle
Follsing lagits a inati In atudut
alahnte athibut Rollno
toks Integin..alues heme itsdDmainis sut
Atibut
Thu column avlatin ae
attibutts
Roll no, Name, Adxss ctt
a latisaa
datokOaea
2) Tible
teach toble
relatin cAntoin. Candidott uy
A camdidat key is am atibutt that
Sudt Roll o. Nam Adros
Ram Ayodp
A_e
28
identiby a toble tulple
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3). tam didots ox pimany g
Tk nmbin bl atthibuttb in the reati is
in reatiea.
Emplay
ID
Th Nam
shdt relaten hos
Adsass
PasþoztNe
ticnlo.
knon candi nalty [Link], fau at na
Casnd dat
Te studet
latinhas Candinality
 Date.|
Oate |
Popel
attibutt that
fozegian Key- Cam tok1 NUL valws
is an
Studt
A toble Can censist Det
Rolno Nama Dept Rollno
Ram Achry CS
2 Sito CS 3
n abouc toble ndoloye ID 3 a
whcutr a bsima Rey nsist e moc tham
attaibutiH Rnóun
64 9013 (o
67 Ao24
6 12
69 o26 3
pimany kRayuneto itis Rnousn cSnpasit ky
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tobli
A
is wd to t tu
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