SOLUTION , solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances whose composition may be altered with in ertain limits. ‘The solution of two components is referred to as binary selation. ‘The sotution of three end four components ere called ternary and quarternary solution. FOR BINARY SOLUTION Selveat + Selute ~ Setatioe ‘The component ‘The component | which is in which is in larger quantity Jesser quantity Componeat-I (Compeonent-II eee ieee nee ion, while the ther component is called solute. ‘Solvent Solute | Gas solid Gas Liquid - Gas Gas Liquid Gas Solid. Solid Solid &y | ‘The amount of sotute preféat' ven quent of wien cx che. |The concentfation measured in five basic units which are, fe ‘ Concentration ‘OF Percentage Molarity —-Moolality wate action parts Ver millivn PE, ‘AGE r of parts by mass of solute per hundred parts by mass of solution. vent + Solute — — Solution ig Wag (WrtWa)g oe Mh of solute = Mt x 100 nass% of solvent = wa * 100 Sumericals —> Le Eeey or molar concentration (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute which are dissolved in one litre of the nt + Solute — — Solution Wig, vof solution = ma =” = The number of moles of sotute mi Molatty = Votiona of sltion(} sey xx Ma(solute) Molatity = ysctution) ° it is mole/Litre ot M or Molar, ject of temperature :- { a fixed amounti,e, the fixed no of moles of solute the molarity of the solution i inversely; as the volume of solution is directly proportional to temp. so the molarity ofthe sofuti with the change in temp the molarity of solution inversely changes so It is not consi for a chemist. (colute) is fixed. 1 nies V solution «Temperature lunit is mole/kg or m or molal. fect of temperature :- ality is w/w relation and as w is indep Hence it is consider to be the better c nsolute € =: Mole = heat in the solution is defined as the ratio of the no of moles of that component to the: ‘components in the solution, 7 noofmoles ofa compansat, 2) = Totatno of moles of solution m Sg mim is pufp ratio with no units, a 4 Tam Parts per million itlion x Mt! 28 component Per million = olution 10° mericals :-lution formula Molarity of mixture MavtiaYh 1Vi = MaVa M Dher r or acids, Normality = Molarity x Basicity sr Bases , Normality = Molarity x Acidity slationship bAv Molarity and mass percentage M = mass x10xd Ms > atonship b/w molarity and molality Mx1000 z (Go00xd=MxMp) é 4 M= x = ' E plubility is defitted as "the ‘amount of solute that can be dissolved in 100 g of the solvent whe fenton oa Solubility of solid in liquid Solvent + Solute > Solution Liquid Solid i solute get dissolve in a solvent and solution is form, then this If solute is get dissolve in solvent and concentration is incr stage comes when no more quantity of solute can be dissolve means cou solution. 5 ution of ionic solid in liquid occurs duet ion. When an ionic solid is dissolved in of solld ‘Temperature ‘Nature: 1 (like disalve lhe) OS cute Lechataer ke et olids Subility increases continuously and gradually with rise int Reta, NaCl0;,KCIOsete (endo) Sete a : Solids wfiose solubility decreases gradually with rise in temp, (sof ff> 0) Ex t- CuSOr, NazSO, etc. - Solids whose solubility does not increase or decrease egularly or continuously like NayCOs.10E0 Polymeric form - transition temp - Increase & decrease) ‘Solubility of gas In liquids en a gas is passed through to liquid solvent, The gas particles dissolve in liquid, the concentration of solution ly increases till the equilibrium, point is reached and a saturated sol" obtained,Factors affectl jolybility of gases {n liquids f Temeraturo Pressure Sera eae Solubitity of gas in Gases are highly Nature of solvent quid is always compressible ‘exothermic sLHENRY'S LAW :- According to Henry's law with the increase in the pressure of the gas over the liquid solution, the solubility of the gas in the liquid sotution increases at constant temp, If the gas is dissolving in a liquid solution from the mixture of gases then the total pressure iigoees mixture has no practical significance therefore in the place of the total pressure, the partial pressure of the gaseous mixture is considered and if the mole fraction is taken as the measure of solubility then wa oe modified as | tery the liquid solution at constant temperature. Pressure of the gas over liquid solution « Solubility of gas in liquid solution Partial pressure of gas over liquid solution o¢ Mole fraction of gas in liquid solution ttre Pax G om Ky = 2 = mole fractious gas ¢ ‘The proportionality constant of Henrys law (Ki) is called Henry con ‘because the mole fraction being the pure ratio has no unit. The Hemy's constant depends upon twe factors, fe - hich has the same unit as that of pressure Se eR ene constant also depend upon the nature of gulf (Bq scnature of gas) If the two different gases are maintained af a; Yo ee have different values of Kx. fod to be ess ole ead vice A i ‘The average Kinetic energy of the gas molecules increases so their random motion béoggues id; hence the tendency to dissolve in the liquid solution decreases. ae a Steere & ‘= 760 mm of Hg = 760 Torr = 1 bar In the aerated at very high pressure is shield inside the container because according to Henry's law with fn pressure of CO: gas over the drink solution, The solubility of COa gas in the drink sotution increases nals are found to be more comfortable in cold water than in the worm water because in cold water due are the solubility of Os is availible for breathing than in the warm water, Hitude a condition is called anoxia occured because with the increase in altitude the total ecreases, 50 the partial pressure of Oz isles, Hence according to Henry's law of solubility of Qin blood $0 lesser amount of O; is available to a body tissue, There fore blood resulting in the lack of O2, De MetaP#Ky.x Y=m+e straight line equation Mole fraction . umericals s~ aes :Liquid- Liquid solution (RAOULT’S LAW)- wie ile liquid a liquidJiquid solution of two or more volatile liquids, the partial vapour pres ae ec bi ee ponent over the surface of liquid-liquid solution i directly proportional to its mole: In the modified form Raoults law may be stated as "the partial vapour pressure of the the liquid- liquid solution of two or more volatile liquid equals to its vapour pressure in the pure form at constant temperature. to Dalton’s law of partial pressure, the total vapour pressure Volatile liquids equal to the sum of volatite liquid components. agg” Solvent + Solute = Solution ? Proxy Pp x x2 Pr=P,+Pz (Dalton’s law) P=Pix P= Pix, Pp =P, +P, Pix, + Pix, since 4 {ee tee ‘ sRetusia Y= c+xm f Ae a oe ah pressure of the liquid. Liquid solution of two or more volatile liquid ean ‘component and the total vapour pressure shows direct linear variation with n of that component as it follows the straight line equation. 5 ; x=1 Mole fraction x,=0 x0 x1 It is assumed that the component two is more volatile having high vapour pressure than component one. lumericals :~ ults Law as a special case of Henry's law ;- r Py= Phx, — (Raoults law) P=Ky.x (Henry's law) a! jal Vapour pressure of the volatile liquid is direotly proportional to the volatile component in the solution, ly difference in the proportionality constant jo Xj, & PP, Therefore Raoults law becomes a special case of Henry's in Which Ky becomes equal to PP, Ideal Solution Non Ideal solution Ann = 0 AnH # 0 AnnV = 0 AnxV #0 obeys Raoults law not obey Raoults law A-A=B-B=A-B : Force of attraction is same. +ve deviated solution -vefdeviated solution Solvent Solution Solute Solvelii¢ Solution Solute AA > AB < BB AA “BR > BB Force of attraction ra attraction AnH > 0 er <0 V>0 AyuV <0 Ethanol’ cyclohe: *" Acetone & Chloroform ite composition behave like pure liquids because their vapour have some composition of lution. Such solutions are called azeotropic mixture, “ef ta 95% of [Link] solution. ids which boils at constant temperature like a pure liquid and posses same composition of mponents in liquid as well as in vapour phase and their components can not be separated by fractional AZEOTROPE Minimum boiling azeotrope Maximum boiling azeotrope (ve deviated non idea! sol") (-ve deviated non ideal sol) High vapour pressure - B,[Link] Low vapour pressure — B.P, High “ T = colligative properties may be defined as those properties of very dilute solutions for which magnitude depends upon ithe number of solute particles present in the solution and is independent of the nature of solute parcticles which make {UP solution.of colligative propertics t+ «Mole concept of colligative properties 1s ‘applicable only to the very dilute solution in which the solute concentration is $% or less, . cnn nono le and hl nitude moll eosin nr Gestion ne cotigative properties are of four typet . Relative lowering of vapour pressure + Blevation of boiling point . Depression of freezing point ‘© Osmotic pressure = PP-P, (Since P, = PPx, according to Raoults AP = Pix, Since x, -1—x, ifm «nmbolting pant ofa liguld may be defied aa the tempornure at which Is vapour pressure becomes equal to Stic pressure. Pure solvent Solvent with non volatile solute {.e. solution ®t > ding to definition. Boiling point TP < ot gd 2 is boiling pont of pure solvent and 7} 1s bolling point of Solution, Now elevation in boiling point an, =) -T2 5 ge is boiling point depends upon non volatile solute AT,xm (m= molality) AT, = Kym ere Ky is boiling point elevation constant or molal elevation constant. molal ebullioscopic constant. an = Ky vation in boiling point depends upon the relative number of moles ure of solute, so it is coligative property. IE molality (x) is nity then AT, = Kp ae MRI Ky = Frepltx1000 ‘pure solvent or ‘permeable membrane is. ‘vapour at igh (fiat of solution. Therefore, vapours of solvent move sponta i so rae a 6 sf ca of vel yopoe soa vent thre is aoe act ae F (or from a solution of lower conc to that of higher concentration) +t Osmotic pressure :- Lied on the solution is greater than the osmatic pressure then solvent start passing from solutiot called reverse osmosis, The phenomenon of reverse osmosis is generally used for purification of er or hard water, cA i lution :- he two solution haying equal osmotic pressure are called isotonic solution, be isotonic solution at the same temperature also having the same molar concentration. We have solution having different osmotic pressure then the solution having higher osmatic pressure is said t Pertonic solution and the solution having lower osmotic pressure is called hypotonic solution.yee Common phonomonon of ormoala t+ | ‘Shriveling of raw mangoes to plekel, Rovival of wilted flowers and limped carrots, Swelling of tissues in people consuming more sult, < Preservation of meat adsorption of water by plants, osmotic pressure Is a colligative property t+ osmotic pressure depends upon the molar concentration of solute but does not depend upon the nature. It is related dhe tumber of moles of solute by the following relation, ¥% & Cat constant temperature R= RCT ore = CRT where n= moles of solute Roast ‘R= Gas constant Te Temp ink ‘V=Votume of solution ds when dissolved in water dissociate into ions such as KCI in water dissociates into K* and foleeule of acetic acid dimerise in benzene due to H-bonding we know thatthe colligative properties help us culate the molar mass of solute, But in the case of association or dissociation of compounds molecular eae ined by the method do not agree with theoretical value, molar masses that are cither higher or lower than the expected or normal value are called abnormal molar mass. A ‘Von't Hoff introduced a facor | known as the Von't Hoff factor to account for ‘extent of association or iation, —; Norma molar mass ‘Abnormal molar mass [= 20served collgativa property © ealeulated colllgative property =ERpom Ay = UK. m= (CRT 2VAN'T HOFF FACTOR t: the magnitude of colligative properties is directly proportional to the number of solute particle present in the solution as observed from formulas of the colligative ote the magnitude of the colligative properties is inversly porional to the molar mass of the non volatile solute therefore forthe solute undergoing molecular steed car dissociation the number of solute particle in the solution would change as a result of which the! pitude of colligative properties would be different from the normal expected magnitude Src ee and ently the observed molar mass of the non volatile solute would be different from the normal eRpees x mass Tesulting in the abnormal molar masses which would be different. : i ha mo 3 Hoff factor oc ——*— oc magnitude of colligative property o number of solute particles fh P-P_ € *Pross) > C-Penormaty Mors) < M¢normany [Link]/H20 i>. oe Et mi 2 is the number of ions formed after