PROBABILITY
2. Guessing the month in which a
classmate was born
REVIEW OF BASIC TERMS
1. Experiment
is any process or activity,
repeated under the same
condition, which generates well
defined outcomes 3. Selecting randomly a ball from a
bag, each marked with letter from
2. Outcome a to z
a possible result of some
experiment or activity
3. Sample Space
the set of all possible outcomes of
an experiment PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
is the likelihood of that event occurring
each outcome in a sample space
is called and element or sample
denoted by P(E)
point
Computational Formula: let E be
4. Event
any event and S sample space
is a subset of the sample space of
an experiment
PROBBAILITY EXAMPLES SHOWCASING EXAMPLES OF PROBABILITY
THE BASIC TERMS
In rolling a die once:
1. Coin toss activity a. What is the probability of event(A)
= {5} occurring?
2. Probability of rolling a die
b. What is the probability of event(B)
= {2,3} occurring?
3. 2 coin experiment
4. 2 die experiment
c. What is the probability of event(C)
= {2,4,6} occurring?
5. 2 die and 1 coin experiment In throwing a coin and a die
together:
a. What is the probability of the
event in which the coin comes up
heads?
FINDING THE SAMPLE SPACE AND N(S)
1. Selecting randomly a contestant
from a group of 15 students
b. What is the probability of the
event in which the coin comes up
tails?
DEPENDENT EVENTS
the occurrence of one event changes
ADDITION RULES (UNION OF EVENTS)
the probability of the other
1. Mutually exclusive events
cannot occur simultaneously Example of dependent events:
Drawing cards from a deck of without
replacement
Example: Richard is to select a
card from an ordinary deck of 52
playing cards. His opponent Aris MULTIPLICATION RULE FOR DEPENDENT
will pay him P100 if the card EVENTS
selected is an ace or a face card.
For dependent events A and B: means
What is the probability that
the probability of B given that A has
Richard wins P100?
occurred
Example: Let's start with a jar
containing 50 candies: 20 red candies,
15 blue candies, 15 green candies.
What is the probability of getting a red
candy first and a blue candy next.
2. Not mutually exclusive events
can happen together, sharing
common outcomes
KEY POINTS
Probability is a numerical
Example: If one card is drawn
representation of the likelihood of
from an ordinary deck of cards.
occurrence of an event. Its value is
What is the probability of getting
between zero (0) and one (1). When
an ace or a red card?
the value approaches 1, this means
the event is very likely to occur, while
a value close to zero (0) means it is
not likely to occur.
When A and B are mutually exclusive
events, then the probability of A or B is
INDEPENTDENT EVENTS P (A or B) = P(A) + P (B) (this is
called the Addition Rule)
the occurrence of one event doesn't
affect the probability of the other
If A and B are independent events,
then the probability of A and B is P(A
Example of independent events:
and B) = P(A) P(B) (this is called the
Flipping a coin twice
Multiplication Rule)
MULTIPLICATION RULE FOR
INDEPENDENT EVENTS
For independent events A and B:
Example: Rolling a die and getting a
4, then flipping a coin and getting
heads