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Problems 2

The document presents a collection of mathematical problems focused on various topics such as quadratic weight estimates, weighted integral identities, trapezoidal bounds, Lipschitz estimates, fixed-point type integral equations, and monotonicity from differential equations. Each problem requires the application of calculus and analysis concepts to demonstrate specific properties or relationships involving continuous and differentiable functions. The problems are designed for advanced study and exploration in mathematical analysis.

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2 views2 pages

Problems 2

The document presents a collection of mathematical problems focused on various topics such as quadratic weight estimates, weighted integral identities, trapezoidal bounds, Lipschitz estimates, fixed-point type integral equations, and monotonicity from differential equations. Each problem requires the application of calculus and analysis concepts to demonstrate specific properties or relationships involving continuous and differentiable functions. The problems are designed for advanced study and exploration in mathematical analysis.

Uploaded by

nagarjunagovind299
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Collected Problems II

Translated and Compiled

Problem 1 — A Quadratic Weight Estimate

Let f be continuous on [a, b] with f (x) ≥ 0 for every x ∈ [a, b]. Suppose
Z b
f (x) dx = 1.
a

Show that 2
b 
b−a
Z
2 b+a
f (t)(x − t) dt ≤ + x− .
a 2 2

Problem 2 — A Weighted Integral Identity

If f, g are continuous on [0, a], show that there exists ξ ∈ (0, a) such that
Z ξ Z a Z ξ Z a
tf (t) dt g(t) dt = tg(t) dt f (t) dt.
0 0 0 0

Problem 3 — A Trapezoidal Bound

Let f be differentiable on [1, 2] with |f ′ (x)| ≤ 1 for every x ∈ [1, 2]. Show that
2
1 − [f (1) − f (2)]2
Z
f (1) + f (2)
f (x) dx − ≤ .
1 2 4

(Also solvable using elementary high-school methods.)

Problem 4 — Two Lipschitz Estimates

Let |f (x) − f (y)| ≤ M |x − y| for every x, y ∈ R. Show that for every a, b ∈ R with a < b:
b  
|b − a|
Z
1 a+b
f (x) dx − f ≤M ,
b−a a 2 4
b
|b − a|
Z
1 f (a) + f (b)
f (x) dx − ≤M .
b−a a 2 3

1
Problem 5 — A Fixed-Point Type Integral Equation
Z 1 Z 1
If f is continuous on [0, 1] and t f (t) dt = f (t) dt, show that there exists ξ ∈ (0, 1)
0 0
such that Z ξ
(t2 + t)f (t) dt = ξ 2 f (ξ).
0

Problem 6 — A Product of Derivative Values


If f is continuous on [0, 1], differentiable on (0, 1), n ∈ N∗ is given, and f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1,
show that there exist
ξ1 , ξ2 , . . . , ξn ∈ (0, 1)
such that
f ′ (ξ1 )f ′ (ξ2 ) · · · f ′ (ξn ) = 1.
(Note from the author: for n = 2 this appears in all standard textbooks; showing it for n = 3
is left to students, with the general case as a further goal.)

Problem 7 — A Lower Bound from Two Moments


Z 1 Z 1
If f is continuous on [0, 1] with f (t) dt = 0 and tf (t) dt = 1, show that there exists
0 0
ξ ∈ [0, 1] such that
|f (ξ)| ≥ 4.

Problem 8 — Monotonicity from a Differential Equation

Let f be twice differentiable on [1, +∞) with f ′ (1) = f (1) = 1, and


′ f (x) − 1
xf ′ (x) = [f (x)]3 +

for each x ∈ [1, +∞).
x5
Show that f is strictly increasing on [1, +∞).

Problem 9 — A Self-Referential Integral Equation


Z 1
If f is continuous on [0, 1] and tf (t) dt = 0, show that there exists ξ ∈ (0, 1) such that
0
Z ξ 2
f (ξ) = f (t) dt .
0

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