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1 Necessary knowledge
0.1.1 Mathematics knowledge
Mathematics is a fundamental and fundamental science that plays an important
role in most other sciences. Mathematics provides tools for analyzing, modeling,
and solving complex problems, explaining phenomena in science. Having a solid
foundation in mathematics not only helps to deeply understand concepts and
theories, but also opens up opportunities for research and diverse applications
in fields such as data science, artificial intelligence, finance, etc. Mathematics
is divided into many small branches, including Algebra, Analysis, Discrete
Mathematics, Probability and Statistics, and Optimization, which are areas of
mathematics with common applications.

Hình 0.1: Algebra

(Source: Network)

a) Algebra
Algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, called
algebraic structures, and the operations on expressions within those systems. It
is a generalization of arithmetic, introducing variables and algebraic operations
in addition to standard arithmetic operations such as addition and multiplication.
Linear algebra, a closely related field, focuses on the study of linear equations and
their combinations, known as systems of linear equations. It provides methods for
finding solutions that satisfy all equations in the system simultaneously and for
studying the set of these solutions. Abstract algebra, on the other hand, studies
algebraic structures, which consist of a set of mathematical objects along with one
or more operations defined on that set.

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 Algebra is a fundamental area of knowledge in many fields, including
mathematics, computer science, engineering, and finance. In computer science,
concepts such as matrices, linear equations, and vector spaces are used in image
processing and in the computation of machine learning models.
b) Calculus

Hình 0.2: Calculus

(Source: Medium)

Calculus is an important field in mathematics that studies the continuous change

of functions and quantities. It consists of two main branches: differential calculus
and integral calculus. Differential calculus is concerned with derivatives and the
instantaneous rate of change of a function. Integral calculus focuses on finding the
integral of a function, calculating the area under curves, and solving other related
problems.
Calculus has numerous applications across various fields such as science,
technology, engineering, and economics. In computer science, calculus is used to
develop optimal algorithms, analyze algorithm complexity, and calculate machine
learning models, artificial intelligence, data processing, analysis, and signal
processing. In economics, calculus is used to optimize profits, minimize costs,
and analyze economic growth models. Tools such as derivatives and integrals are
essential in analyzing changes within economic and financial systems.

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 c) Probability and Statistics
Probability and statistics are two closely related fields in mathematics that deal
with the numerical description of the likelihood of an event occurring or the
probability of a proposition being true. Probability predicts the behavior of random
systems, ranging from simple experiments such as coin tossing to more complex
models like weather forecasting and financial market analysis. Statistics involves
the process of collecting and analyzing data to draw conclusions about a sample or
population. It includes techniques such as parameter estimation, hypothesis testing,
correlation analysis, and regression, which aid in making informed decisions.
Probability and statistics are essential
tools for data analysis and making
predictions based on random data.
With the explosion of big data and
artificial intelligence (AI), the ability
to analyze and predict based on
probability is becoming increasingly
important. Statistical models not only
assist computers in making better
decisions but also help in understanding
and improving algorithms, opening up
new opportunities for research and
technological applications.
In Big Data analysis, when working Hình 0.3: Probability and Statistics
with large datasets, probability and explained in the context of deep learning
(Source: Dive into Deep Learning)
statistics techniques are vital tools for
analyzing and extracting data features,
building accurate models, and making predictions. In AI systems, probability and
statistics are used to train and optimize machine learning models to solve complex
problems in areas such as image recognition, natural language processing, and
automated decision-making.

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 d) Discrete Mathematics
Discrete mathematics is a field of mathematics that studies discrete, non-
continuous structures. Basic concepts in discrete mathematics include sets and set
theory, graph theory, number theory, and logic.

Hình 0.4: Discrete Mathematics

(Source: ShutterSock)

Discrete mathematics has numerous practical applications, especially in

computer science, as it provides the theoretical foundation for algorithms and
data structures. Searching, sorting, and routing algorithms all rely on the theory
of discrete mathematics. Graph theory is an essential tool in the design and
analysis of computer network systems, including local area networks (LANs),
wide area networks (WANs), and complex communication networks. Concepts
in number theory and combinatorics form the basis for encryption methods used
in information security. In optimization, discrete mathematics is used to solve
problems related to analyzing different solutions and finding optimal solutions in
discrete problems, such as resource allocation problems.

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 e) Optimization
Mathematical optimization (or simply optimization) is the process of selecting
the best option, based on specific criteria, from a set of available choices. It
is typically divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous
optimization. Optimization problems occur across all quantitative sciences, from
computer science and engineering to operations research and economics. The
development of methods for solving these problems has been an important area
of mathematics.

Hình 0.5: Transportation Problems

In a broader sense, an optimization problem involves maximizing or minimizing

a real-world function by systematically selecting input values from a given set and
calculating the function’s value. Generalizing optimization theory and techniques
to other types of problems is a major focus in applied mathematics.
In computer science and information technology, optimization plays a
significant role in training machine learning models to enhance model accuracy.
Optimization algorithms help improve computational efficiency, minimizing time
and memory usage in large-scale problems, such as processing Big Data or
conducting complex calculations.

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 0.1.2 Computer science knowledge
In today’s technology-driven world, computer science has become one of the
most essential fields of study. It influences nearly every aspect of modern life,
from business and healthcare to entertainment and education. The importance of
computer science knowledge cannot be overstated, as it provides the foundation for
innovation, problem-solving, and the development of new technologies that drive
our digital age.
a) Computer Architecture and Operating Systems

Hình 0.6: Diagram depicting the structure of basic computer architecture with a
uniprocessor CPU

Students must have knowledge about the design and organization of components
within a computer system, including the CPU system and memory system (the
bus that connects them). Understanding how these components work is crucial for
designing and optimizing the system.
An operating system (OS) is software that controls and manages all hardware
resources in a computer, including the CPU, memory, disk drives, and peripheral
devices. Students need to understand how the operating system interacts with
the hardware to create an efficient computer system. Basic computer knowledge
not only helps students understand how computers work but also forms a
solid foundation for effective software application, development, and system
optimization.

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 b) Data Structures and Algorithms
Understanding data structures and algorithms is a fundamental skill for efficient
problem-solving and successful software development. Data structures provide
organized ways to store, access, and manage data effectively. Common structures
like arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs are each suited to specific
tasks. For example, arrays are optimal for indexed access, linked lists enable
dynamic memory allocation, stacks and queues handle sequential processing, while
trees and graphs are essential for hierarchical and networked data.

Hình 0.7: Data Structures and Algorithms

(Source: DEV Community)

Data structures and algorithms are indispensable in real-world applications

such as database indexing with B-trees, pathfinding in navigation systems
using Dijkstra’s algorithm, and social network analysis through graph traversal
techniques. Practicing these concepts through coding platforms like LeetCode
or HackerRank not only strengthens technical skills but also prepares
developers for technical interviews and challenges in building scalable, robust
[Link], on the other hand, are step-by-step procedures for solving
problems. Efficient algorithms such as sorting (quicksort, mergesort), searching
(binary search), and optimization (dynamic programming) are critical for reducing
computational time and memory usage. These are the building blocks for
addressing real-world challenges like database management, data analysis, and
system optimization. Data structures and algorithms form the foundation for
many areas of computer science and information technology, including artificial
intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision.
Data structures and algorithms are indispensable foundational knowledge for
students majoring in Mathematics and Informatics, especially those intending to
work in the IT field. Mastering them not only helps students write more efficient
and optimal code but also nurtures logical thinking and the ability to systematically
solve problems.

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 c) Database Design

Hình 0.8: Database Schema Design

(Source:PlanetScale)

Knowledge of databases is crucial and essential for students to master. A

database is a collection of organized, stored, and managed data that can be
easily retrieved, edited, and updated. Databases are frequently used to store
information in software systems and applications, ranging from personal data
to important business information. Databases help organizations and individuals
organize data in a structured manner, aiming to manage and process data
more effectively. Databases can include tables, indexes, relationships, and query
methods. Understanding the basic concepts, tools, and techniques in databases
will help students design and implement effective database systems and solve
issues related to data storage, querying, and security. Databases are vital tools
for managing and organizing information, with wide applications in fields such
as business management, e-commerce, and big data analysis.

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 d) Software Design and Development
Software system design and development involves a set of knowledge and
understanding related to the development, implementation, maintenance, and use
of software systems. For students majoring in Mathematics and Informatics,
mastering software system design knowledge helps in developing complex software
systems and building models. Software knowledge encompasses various aspects,
from understanding basic principles to utilizing modern programming tools and
languages. This knowledge forms a solid foundation, allowing students to develop
programming thinking that can adapt to the rapid changes of the technology
industry. For students, mastering this critical knowledge not only expands career
opportunities but also equips them with the ability to solve practical problems in
study and research.

Hình 0.9: 7 Phases of Design and Development Process

(Source: Custom Software Lab)

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 e) Machine lerning and Deep learning
Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are two key areas within
artificial intelligence, focusing on the development of algorithms and models
that enable computers to learn from data without explicit programming for
each task. Machine learning encompasses three main types: supervised learning,
unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. In supervised learning, models
learn from labeled data to predict outcomes, such as in linear regression and
decision trees. Unsupervised learning, on the other hand, helps uncover patterns
or structures in unlabeled data, as seen in clustering algorithms like K-means.
Reinforcement learning, applied in systems that learn through interaction with an
environment, is often used in gaming and robotics applications.

Hình 0.10: Convolutional neural network modeling

(Source: Convolutional neural network modeling and response surface analysis of
compressible flow at sonic and supersonic Mach numbers)

Key components of machine learning include algorithms like decision trees,

random forests, and gradient boosting methods (e.g., XGBoost, LightGBM). Data
preprocessing is a crucial step to clean, handle missing values, and normalize
data, ensuring the model can effectively learn from it. Model evaluation is also
an important part, using metrics like Precision, Recall, and F1-Score to assess
the model’s performance in classification or prediction tasks. To optimize models,
techniques such as Gradient Descent and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) are
used to adjust model weights and improve accuracy.

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Hình 0.11: Relationship between AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning
(Source: Medium)

Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, focuses on building deep artificial

neural networks (ANNs) with multiple layers to process complex data, especially
for image recognition and natural language tasks. Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs) are widely used for image recognition tasks, while Recurrent Neural
Networks (RNNs) are ideal for processing sequential data like text and audio.
Modern models like Transformers, with prominent examples such as BERT and
GPT, have made significant advancements in natural language processing (NLP),
allowing computers to understand and generate human-like text.
In deep learning, techniques such as regularization (particularly Dropout) and
Batch Normalization help improve the model’s generalization ability and prevent
overfitting. Transfer Learning, which allows the use of pre-trained models to solve
new tasks with limited data, is a powerful approach that reduces the need for
large labeled datasets. By mastering both machine learning and deep learning
techniques, data scientists and engineers can tackle a wide range of complex
problems, from image recognition to language understanding and beyond.

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0.2 Necessary skills
In today’s rapidly evolving world, students majoring in Mathematics and
Information Technology need to develop a diverse set of skills to succeed both
academically and professionally. These skills not only enable them to tackle
complex mathematical and technological problems but also enhance their ability to
innovate, communicate, and adapt to the ever-changing demands of the field. From
mastering programming languages and problem-solving techniques to honing
analytical and creative thinking, the skills acquired in this field are essential for
building a solid foundation for future success.
a) Programming language
Programming skills are crucial for students majoring in Mathematics and
Informatics, as they enable the use of programming languages to create software,
applications, or solutions for specific problems. These skills help students solve
problems, develop algorithms, and apply scientific and technological principles.
Firstly, students need to master several programming languages to effectively
develop software. Popular programming languages today, such as Python, C++,
Java, JavaScript, and Ruby, each have their own applications and characteristics,
making them suitable for different purposes.

Hình 0.12: Some popular programming languages

Programming skills provide an essential foundation for students in Mathematics

and Information Technology, helping them develop the ability to solve complex
problems, apply mathematical knowledge, and create innovative solutions. Mastery
of programming skills not only opens up a wide range of career opportunities but
also enables students to contribute to scientific research projects, technological
development, and solving complex problems in various technology fields.

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 b) Report writing and presentation skills
Report writing and presentation skills are integral to students’ academic and
career development. During their studies and future careers, students often need to
prepare reports and presentations to effectively convey the content of their work
and ideas. Crafting a quality report requires not only professional knowledge but
also the ability to organize and present information clearly and coherently.
Students need to know how to collect data, analyze results, and present findings
in a logical and easily understandable manner. Presentation skills are closely tied
to communication skills, enabling students to express their ideas confidently and
engage their audience. Successful presentations are based not only on content but
also on effective use of body language, time management, and the ability to answer
questions skillfully.
Teamwork skills are also crucial in completing reports and group presentations.
Practicing and receiving continuous feedback helps students improve their abilities
and better prepare for future challenges. Strong report writing and presentation
skills enhance critical thinking, decision-making, and problem-solving abilities,
making them valuable assets in both academic and professional settings.
c) Teamwork Skills
Teamwork skills are essential for students’ success in both their studies
and future careers. In today’s work environment, tasks are rarely completed
individually, requiring collaboration among individuals with different skills and
expertise. Teamwork plays a pivotal role in the success of projects, organizations,
and individuals. Each team member can contribute their unique ideas, experiences,
and perspectives, fostering creativity and helping to overcome challenges.
The ability to work in a team also enhances coordination, knowledge-sharing,
and the rapid and effective resolution of complex problems. In the modern
workplace, teamwork is a key factor in achieving success, making this an
indispensable skill for students to develop.

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 d) Communication skills
Communication skills are the ability to effectively exchange information, ideas,
thoughts, and emotions between individuals. These skills are fundamental to both
personal and professional life, applicable across all fields and professions.
Effective communication includes not only speaking but also active listening,
understanding the message others wish to convey, and responding appropriately. It
also involves body language, gestures, and facial expressions, all of which enhance
understanding and foster positive relationships.
Strong communication skills help students build relationships, solve problems,
and achieve personal or organizational goals. This essential soft skill enables
students to connect with others, achieve their objectives, and navigate their careers
and personal lives more effectively.
e) Time management skills
Time management skills are the ability to plan, organize, and use time
effectively to accomplish goals in both work and life. This critical skill helps
students increase productivity, enhance work efficiency, and reduce stress.
Effective time management is not just about completing tasks but ensuring
the right tasks are completed at the right time, achieving optimal results in work
and life. It helps students strike a balance between academic responsibilities and
personal well-being, which is essential for maintaining long-term success.
f) Analytical skills
Analytical skills refer to the ability to collect, process, and evaluate information
to draw reasonable conclusions and make decisions. Students with strong analytical
skills can gain a deeper understanding of problems, identify key factors, and apply
them effectively to solve technological challenges. These skills require logical
thinking, attention to detail, and the ability to view problems comprehensively.
Students must be able to break down complex issues into understandable parts,
find relationships between factors, and provide optimal solutions.
Practicing and enhancing analytical skills helps students develop critical,
logical, and creative thinking, boosting their ability to manage tasks and solve
complex situations. These skills are valuable in various contexts, from academic
work to daily life, and are essential in problem - solving, decision-making, and
strategic planning.

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 g) Problem-solving skills
Problem-solving skills are the ability to identify, analyze, and find effective
solutions to problems that arise in work and life. This is a vital skill for students,
as problems inevitably occur in all areas. Having strong problem-solving skills
allows students to respond flexibly and promptly, improving performance and
adaptability in both work and personal life. It also creates opportunities for growth
and achievement.
Problem - solving requires a combination of analytical thinking, creativity,
and decisiveness. A good problem solver looks at challenges from multiple
perspectives, finding the most effective solution in the shortest time. This skill
is indispensable for success in complex or evolving situations and is a key driver of
innovation.
h) Creativity skills
Creative skills are the ability to think, imagine, and generate new and unique
ideas to solve problems, create products, or improve work processes. Creativity is
not just about developing new ideas; it also involves connecting existing concepts
to create novel and valuable solutions.
Creativity plays a critical role in fields like science and technology, especially
for students majoring in Mathematics and Information Technology. It enables them
to apply theoretical knowledge to practical problems, develop software systems,
and create innovative solutions. The ability to think creatively is an important
factor in solving technical problems and advancing new ideas in technology.
It encourages out-of-the-box thinking, fosters innovation, and helps students
contribute to scientific discoveries and technological advancements.

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 i) English skills
Proficiency in English is a crucial skill for students in Mathematics and
Informatics, as English is the global language of science and technology. It
serves as a tool for accessing new academic resources, research, and technological
developments worldwide. Students need to be able to read and comprehend
research papers, textbooks, and new technologies, most of which are written in
English. Mastering English enables students to access the latest theories, methods,
and trends in their field, improving their ability to analyze and synthesize complex
information.

Hình 0.13: 4 Core Skills of English Language Learning

(Source: English EFL)

The ability to communicate effectively in English is vital in both academic and

professional settings. Students can participate in seminars, present research, and
engage in international competitions where English is the common language. In
international technology companies, English proficiency opens opportunities to
work in a global environment, applying programming and mathematical skills.
In today’s digital age, many programming tools, software libraries, and online
resources are available primarily in English. Mastering English gives students
access to a wealth of learning materials and software platforms that are essential
for their development.
Additionally, learning other foreign languages further expands students’ access
to global research and career opportunities, fostering international collaboration.
English proficiency, therefore, serves as a fundamental skill for students of
Mathematics and Informatics, enhancing their competitiveness in a globalized
world.

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