Chapter 1 Introduction

INDEX

SR. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 Introduction 2 - 11

2 Literature Survey 12 – 14

3. Aim and Objective 15

4. Authentication and identification 16 – 17

5. Plant Profile 18 - 23

6. Plane of Work 24

7. Material and Method 25 - 35

8. Pharmacological Activity 35 – 39

9. Result and Discussion 40 - 45

10. Conclusion 46

11. Reference 47 - 50

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INTRODUCTION
Herbal medicines, often known as plant materials or herbalism, are used to cure wounds or
diseases by using complete plants or plant parts (1) . The use of medicinal herbs to promote
health and healing or to prevent and treat illnesses is known as herbal medicine (2) .
According to WHO When it comes to maintaining health and preventing, diagnosing, improving,
or treating physical and mental illnesses, traditional medicine is the culmination of all the
knowledge, skills, and practices derived from theories, beliefs, and experiences that are unique to
various cultures, whether or not they can be explained (3).
One of the oldest forms of medicine that people have ever encountered is herbal therapy, which
uses whole plants or plant parts to cure a variety of crippling illnesses (4,5). or to promote health
(6).Many aspects of modern medicine have their roots in the ancient use of plants for therapeutic

purposes. Aspirin (willow bark), digoxin (foxglove), morphine (opium poppy), quinine
(cinchona bark), and pilocarpine (Jaborandi) were among the early medications that were based
on clinical, pharmacological, and chemical studies of these traditional medicines, which were
primarily derived from plants (7).

Fig 1 : Types of Herbal medicines

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 Advantages of Herbal Drugs

 Low/Minimum cost.
 potency and efficiency
 enhanced tolerance
 More protection
 fewer side-effects.
 complete accessibility
 recyclable
 Disadvantages of Herbal Drugs
 Not able to cure rapid sickness and accidents.
Risk with self dosing
 Complexity in standardizations
 Factors Influencing Accelerated Herbal Medicine Acceptance and Self-Medication. The
latest revival of public curiosity in herbal preparations has been ascribed to numerous
factors such as:
 Efficacy of plant medicines,
 Increasing interest of consumers in alternative medicines and natural therapies.
 Erroneous trust about the superiority of herbal remedies over manufactured products,
 Inadequate or ineffective results from conventional medicines and trust on efficacy of
herbal product.
 Expensive cost and adverse effects of most pharmaceutical medicaments.
 Enhancement in the safety and quality of herbal medicines by incorporating latest
scientific technology.
 Patients' treat herbal medicines as alternative treatment, believing that their physician
doesn't identified their problem properly.
 Self-medication (9).
Ayurvedic businesspeople are promoting awareness of the effectiveness and capacity of
conventional medical systems, dissatisfaction with allopathy, coordinated side effects,
government assistance, growing research and development
initiatives, etc. Interest in implementing traditional health
care services has increased as a result of the WHO's Beijing declaration on
herbal products. Ayurveda and other nutrition sectors
have grown to serve the global population because to government assistance, expanding
eCommerce, and rising demand (10).

Numerous illnesses can be effectively and safely treated with the proper use of herbal
medications. Usually, the patient's perception of the herbal medications' effectiveness is
subjective (11).Since ancient times, people have utilized plants to treat both human and animal
illnesses. Common names for this therapeutic approach include "unani, folk, eastern, or
indigenous medicine."(12). Anthelmintic, antiperiodic, antipyretic, febrifugal, antiphlegmatic,
and anti-flatulant actions are among the therapeutic qualities attributed to these plants. These
plants have also been used to treat rheumatism, persistent fever, eczema, cough, dyspepsia,
neurological issues, and skin conditions (13).

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 Background of the study:

Helminth infections, caused by parasitic worms, pose a significant global health burden,
particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), over a billion people are infected with helminths, leading to malnutrition, anemia, and
impaired cognitive function. Current treatments for helminth infections rely heavily on
anthelmintic drugs, but their effectiveness is threatened by the emergence of drug-resistant
parasites. Additionally, the limited number of available drugs and their potential side effects
underscore the need for novel antihelmintic agents. Natural products, such as those derived from
plants, have been a rich source of antiparasitic compounds. Saponins, a class of bioactive
molecules found in various plant species, have shown promise as antihelmintic agents. This study
aims to investigate the antihelmintic activity of [specific plant extract/saponin compound],
exploring its potential as a novel therapeutic agent against helminth infections.

 Purpose of the study:

This study aims to investigate the antihelmintic potential of extracts from castor (Ricinus
communis) and cotton (Gossypium spp.) against specific helminth parasites. The primary
objective is to evaluate the efficacy of these plant extracts in reducing helminth burden and
identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the antihelmintic activity. By exploring the
potential mechanisms of action underlying the antihelmintic effects, this study seeks to
contribute to the discovery and development of novel, effective, and safe antihelmintic agents
from natural sources. Ultimately, this research may provide alternative or complementary
treatments for helminth infections, addressing the growing need for new therapeutic options.

 Antihelmintic activity :
Many plants have been reported to have anthelmintic properties by indigenous medical systems.
There aren't many thorough scientific studies comparing their effectiveness to that of commercial
anthelmintics, though. Within 24 hours, earthworms were 100% killed by alkaloid
hydrochlorides that were derived from Butea frondosa seeds at 0.1±2.0 mg/ml, demonstrating
their anthelmintic action (14). In poor countries, intestinal parasites pose a major threat to animal
output. Chemotherapy is still often employed to control helminthes, despite the fact that parasites
of greater economic relevance have developed anthelmintic resistance (15 ). Worldwide,
helminthiasis, which is brought on by helminthes infections, has been shown to be a significant
barrier to cattle productivity. As previously stated, chemotherapeutics continue to be the
mainstay for treating helminthiasis by overcoming a number of obstacles, including toxicity and
chemical residues, high costs, the inability of medications to be modified, and their unavailability
in remote locations (16 ).

 ANTHELMINTIC EFFECTS OF THE ABOVE MEDICINAL PLANTS :

Chenopodium album L: Seed kernel and crude aqueous and methanolic extract of the plant part
have been used and tested against trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep and tested for adult
motality assay and ogg hatch test. They found that plant exhibited dose and time-dependent
anthelmintic effects by

causing mortality of worms and inhibition of egg hatching (17) .

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Hedera helix L: Ripe fruit extracts, both aqueous and hydro-alcoholic, were tested for their
ability to reduce the number of fascal eggs, packed red cell volume, and total worm count in oggs
and adult nematode parasites. When compared to the aqueous extract, the hydro-alcoholic extract
demonstrated superior in vitro activity that was consistent with adult parasites ( 18 ) .
Coriandrum sativum: Crude aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of the seeds were tartan
against egg and adult nematode parasite, Faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and Total Worm
Count Reduction (TWCR) parameters were checked. Both the extracts were found to inhibit the
hatching of eggs completely at a concentration less than 0.5 mg mL (19 ) .
Musa paradisiaca L: By using an adult motility testing and egg hatch, the plant's leaves that
were extracted and aligned with crude aqueous and methanol were tested against gastrointestinal
nematodes in sheep. The anthelmintic effects on live worms and egg hatching were shown to be
dose and time dependent (20 ).
Zingiber officinale Roscoe: Crude Powder (CP) and Crude Aqueous Extract (CAE) of dried
ginger, gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, Eggs Per Gram (EPG) of faeces, Both CP and CAE
exhibited a dose and a time-dependent anthelmintic effect (21).

Fig 2 : Properties of Antihelmintic

Paris polyphylla: Rhizome was extracted with methanol and checked against Dactylogyrus
intermedius, Dioscin and polyphyllin D exhibited significant activity against D. Intermedius
(22).
Nucifera cocos L. : This plant's fruit was extracted using ethyl acetate and tested on sheep
nematodes using tests for larval development and egg hatching. It was discovered that these
extracts were 100% effective at egg hatching and 99.77% effective in larval development (23 ).
Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (Family-Convolvulaceae) :It is widely used in Ayurveda as
powerful brain stimulant, aphrodisiac and anthelmintic. Ethanolic extract of the whole plant
material was screened to validate its anthelmintic activity using adult Indian earthworm,
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Pheretima posthuma as model animal. The extract caused paralysis followed by death of the
worms at all tested dose

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levels. At higher concentration of 100mg/ml the ethanolic extract was found to be more potent
than the reference control Piperazine citrate (24) .

HELMINTHIASIS
Helminths is a Greek word meaning “worm”. It was supposed to be used only for intestinal
worms but now includes tissue parasite free living species and mainly other worms (25).
Helminth infection are common parasitic infection affecting large number of populations,
especially children. The planet is rife with parasites and parasitic illnesses. Their detrimental
impacts on social-economic and health conditions are more obvious, and in certain regions of
Iran, they have been deemed to be of great public health significance. Humans can contract
parasitic diseases through a variety of sources, including water, soil, food, and vegetables. These
infections can lead to gastrointestinal issues, malnourishment, anemia, allergies, and occasionally
even death (26 , 27).Helminthiasis is one of the most important animal diseases worldwide,
indicting heavy production losses in grazing animals (28). Helminthes infections are among the
most prevalent infections in human beings in which human intestine parasitic worms are vectored
through air, food, and water, which produces illness state, secretes poisons, and steals the
necessary nutrients from host bodies (29). Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The
helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies. In medic ally
oriented schemes the flatworms or platyhelminths

Fig 3 : Helminthiasis
(meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms. Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the
Greek root meaning “thread”). These groups are subdivided for convenience according to the
host organ in which they reside, e.g., lung flukes, extraintestinal tapeworms, and intestinal
roundworms. This chapter deals with the structure and development of the three major groups of
helminths (30).

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Types of Helminthiasis
1. Roundworms (Nematodes)
Adult and larval roundworms are bisexual, cylindrical worms. They inhabit intestinal and
extraintestinal sites.

2. Flukes (Trematodes) :-
Adult flukes are leaf-shaped flatworms. Prominent oral and ventral suckers help maintain
position in situ. Flukes are hermaphroditic except for blood flukes, which are bisexual. The life-
cycle includes a snail intermediate host.

3. Tapeworms (Cestodes)
Adult tapeworms are elongated, segmented, hermaphroditic flatworms that inhabit the intestinal
lumen. Larval forms, which are cystic or solid, inhabit extraintestinal tissues (31).

Fig: 4 Types of Helminthiasis

 Common signs symptoms of helminths infections are:

• Abdominal pain

• Hypoproteinemia

• Nausea

• Diarrhea

• Cough

• Slow down the mental growth and physical development (32).

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Fig 5: Symptoms of helminths

fig 6: sings of Helminthiasis

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Treatment / Management Of Helminthiasis

 some standard medication or drugs and their MOA used in helminthiasis disease

lumbricoides, several drugs may be used, including albendazole, mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate,
levamisole, and ivermectin. If patients develop intestinal obstruction, it requires proper treatment
with intravenous support, anthelmintics, and antibiotic treatment. Laparotomy might be
necessary in case of small bowel obstruction, intussusception, and volvulus. Hepatobiliary
ascariasis can be treated with drug therapy. If conservative therapy fails, then endoscopic and
surgical therapy may be required (33 ).

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 Pathophysiology / mechanism of Antihelmintic activity

Direct damage:
Direct damage is done by worm activity itself, such as internal organ blockage or direct pressure
effects by growing parasites.
 Adult Ascaris blocks the intestine that leads to small bowel obstruction, volvulus, or
intussusception, especially in children, or can invade orifices leading to appendicitis,
cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and gastric ascariasis. Migrating Ascaris can also block the
bile duct and may also alter the intestinal microbiota. Mucosal bleeding from the upper
gastrointestinal tract or generalized inflammation leads to anemia.
 Trichuris lies in intestinal mucosa and can cause petechial lesions, blotchy mucosal
hemorrhage, oozing, and colonic inflammation. It can also cause severe anemia in
pregnant women (35) (36) .
 Schistosomiasis infection is acquired by contact with contaminated freshwater,
especially during swimming or washing (37) (38). Deposition of schistosome eggs
within the liver and bladder may form granulomas around these eggs that can block
blood flow in the liver that leads to pathological changes like periportal fibrosis and have
been linked with [Link], this periportal fibrosis has retained
hepatocellular function that is different from other causes of cirrhosis. These liver flukes
can also cause bile duct hyperplasia.(36)(39) (40) (41) .
 Wuchereria bancrofti causes lymphatic obstruction leads to elephantiasis(36)(42).
Hydatid cyst caused by the larval tapeworm infections (Echinococcus granulosus) leads
to pressure atrophy.
 Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm, frequently develops in the intestine leads to taeniasis,
and in the central nervous system leads to cysticercosis.(36) (39) (43).
 Ancylostoma and Necator burrow their teeth into mucosa and submucosa, create
negative pressure by contracting their muscular esophagi that lead to rupture of the
capillaries and arterioles and actively sucks blood. Blood vessels are ruptured by both
mechanical compressions and hydrolytic enzymes secreted by these hookworms. These
worms also secrete anticoagulants that lead to prolonged bleeding and, ultimately,
significant blood loss. They can cause significant anemia, especially in children and
pregnant women, along with schistosomiasis, these can increase neonatal prematurity
and maternal morbidity and mortality, also causes protein loss by inflammation.
 Diphyllobothrium latum causes vitamin B12 deficiency through interfering with the
absorption through the intestine. Migration through body tissue, many helminths cause
direct tissue damage and also by hypersensitivity reactions, whereas most affected
organs are skin, lungs, liver, and intestines.(36)(35) (39) (44).

Indirect damage:

Indirect damage is done by the host immune response against helminth.

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 All helminths are antigenic to the body because they are foreign bodies and stimulate the
immune response. Lymphatic blockage by W. bancrofti and granuloma formation by
schistosomes in the liver and bladder are associated with hypersensitivity reaction against
these helminths.
 Strongyloides and Trichinella may induce prolonged inflammation of the intestine that
causes villous atrophy; in severe cases, it may cause protein-losing enteropathy.
 S stercoralis can cause Loeffler syndrome by type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
 Trichuris, which is also known as whipworm, can cause inflammation of the colon that
leads to blood loss and rectal prolapse.
 Indirect damage depends on the severity of the inflammation and the duration of
inflammation. If the duration is prolonged, many worms produce extensive
 inflammatory damage to tissues that is an irreversible and functional loss of the tissues,
such as bile duct hyperplasia by long term infection with liver flukes, fibrosis caused by
schistosomiasis and skin atrophy caused by onchocerciasis (35)(36) .

Fig 7 : Mechanism of Helminthiasis

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LITERATURE REVIEW :

SR. TITLE AUTHOR NAME SUMMARY

NO.
1. In vitro anthelmintic Manpreet Rana*, Hitesh Researchers tested aqueous and ethanol
activity of bark of Kumar and Bharat extracts from Ricinus communis bark for
Ricinus communis Parashar anthelmintic (anti-parasitic) activity against
Linn. worms. Both extracts showed significant
activity at various concentrations,
comparable to a standard reference drug
(Albendazole). This study demonstrated the
potential anthelmintic properties of Ricinus
communis bark extracts, marking a first-
time finding.
2. Chemical constituents Prof Dr Ali Esmail Al-The current review discussed the chemical
and pharmacological Snafi constituents, pharmacological effects and
activities of therapeutic importance of Gossypium
Gossypium herbaceum herbaceum
3. Helminthiasis and Mahesh Bandappa Helminthiasis (worm infection) is
medicinal plants: a Manke* commonly treated with existing drugs, but
review , Shashikant Chaburao these have side effects. There's a need for
Dhawale, Prasad safer alternatives. Many people rely on
Govindrao Jamkhande traditional medicine and plant extracts,
which this review explores as potential
treatments for helminthiasis.
4. A REVIEW Radhika Chikkulla*, Gossypium herbaceum (G. herbaceum) is
ON Sandhya Rani Mondi, used in traditional medicine for various
GOSSYPIUM Krishna Mohan ailments. It contains diverse
HERBACEUM(LINN Gottumukkula phytochemicals, exhibiting multiple
) activities, including:
Anti-diabetic ,Anti-bacterial , Anti-viral
,Anti-helminthic, Anti-oxidant ,Anti-tumor
These properties make it a potential source
for developing new drugs.
5. Anthelmintic Potential Temesgen Berhanu , This study found that castor oil and
and In Silico Studies of Eyael Tewelde ricinoleic acid have anthelmintic (anti-
Ricinoleic Acid from , Mariamawit Y. Yeshak worm) activity. Molecular docking showed
the Seed Oil of Ricinus , Daniel Bisrat and ricinoleic acid binds strongly to certain
communis L. Kaleab Asres ,* proteins, suggesting potential as a worm
treatment. Further experimental validation
is needed.
6. A S M Al Helminthiasis (worm infection) is a
Helminthiasis 1
Amin ; significant health issue, especially in
Roopma underdeveloped and developing countries,
Wadhwa2. causing morbidity and mortality. It often
goes undiagnosed, leading to
complications. Interprofessional teamwork
is essential for effective evaluation,
mechanism and treatment.

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7. Mosleh Mohammad Ab Ricinus communis shows promise in

A phytochemical omughaid,John Oluwaf various applications, including wound
and pharmacological emi Teibo,Opeyemi Abi healing, diabetes control, and cancer
review of Ricinus gail Akinfe treatment, due to its rich phytochemical
Abiodun Mohammed A composition. Further research and clinical
communis L.
dewolu ,Titilade Kehind studies are needed to unlock its full
e Ayandeyi Teibo, Moh potential.
ammed Aff,Ammar Mo
hammed Hamood Al-
Fa rga, Hayder M. Al-
kurai shy, Ali I. Al-
Gareeb, Athanasios
Alexiou, Marios
Papadakis, Gaber El-
Saber Batiha
8 Kaleson Meshack Sanu The studied plants show potential as sources
Phytochemical * of useful drugs. Further research is
screening of extracts and Neksumi Musa recommended to isolate and identify the
cotton plants active compounds, validating their
(Gossypium medicinal properties. This study aligns with
Barbadense), pumpkin previous research on similar plant
plants (Cucurbita properties.
Pepo) and valavet bean
(Mucuna Pruriens) in
Fufore Local
government of
Adamawa State,
Nigeria

9. [Link], Sujith The anthelmintic/wormicidal activity of

Anthelmintic activity Thomas, Anurag various extracts of leaves of Gossypium
of leaves of different Bhargava, SK Shajahan herbaceumsuggests that it is effective
extracts of Gossypium against parasitic infections of humans.
herbaceum linn Further, in future it is necessary to isolate
the possible active phytoconstituents
responsible for the anthelmintic activity
mainly phenolic compound and study its
pharmacological actions.
10. *[Link] Anthelmintics are drugs that expel or kill
ANTIHELMINTHIC a parasitic worms. Types of worms include
STUDIES AND and M. Niranjan Babu roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms.
MEDICINAL Treatment options include medicinal herbs
HERBS – AN (e.g., Artemisia absinthium) and allopathic
drugs (e.g., Albendazole, Mebendazole).
OVERVIEW
11. Mahmoud Bahmani Medicinal plants are a valuable source of
A review on most , Mahmoud Rafieian- natural products and drugs, offering
important herbal and Kopaei*, Hassan potential for developing new treatments and
synthetic antihelmintic Hassanzadazar, industrial products. They show promise for
drugs Kourosh Saki, Seyed pharmacological and therapeutic
Ahmad Karamati applications.
,Bahram Delfan

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12. A COMBINE Ms. Gunjal Supriya Ricinus communis (castor) and Gossypium
OVERVIEW OF Somnath, Ms. Khule (cotton) are two distinct plants. Castor is an
RICINUS Priyanka Sampat, annual oilseed crop that thrives in various
COMMUNIS L. AND Ms. Gore locations, with varying characteristics.
Sanika
GOSSYPIUM Sandeep, Ms. Dange Cotton, belonging to the Malvaceae family,
HERBACEUM Shamali S. was domesticated around 7,000 years ago
in India. Gossypium herbaceum, a specific
type of cotton, is a bushy shrub with
distinctive leaves and flowers, producing
short cotton fibers rich in cellulose.
13. ANTHELMINTIC Sarvani Manthri*, Kota The castor oil and mustard oil were
ACTIVITY OF Chaitanya Sravanthi, found to be effective upon comparison with
CASTOR OIL Srilakshmi Sidagonde the standard in causing paralysis and death
AND MUSTARD OIL of earthworms than the Standard drug,
Albendazole. It can be concluded that
active constituents responsible for
anthelmintic
activity might be present in the oils.

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AIM AND OBJECTIVES :

AIM : To study of anthelmintic activity of Castor oil and Cotton seed oil .

Objective:

1. To collect exhaustive literature of Ricinus communis Linn. And Gossypium herbaceum Linn.

2. To study the pharmacognosy of the plant.

3. To study preliminary Phytochemistry of ethanolic extract of plant Seeds.

4. To study anthelmintic activity of the seeds extract

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PLANT PROFILE:
1. CASTOR
Castor is the popular name for the annual oilseed crop Ricinus communis. Although it is not a
real bean in nature, it is occasionally referred to as castor bean. The castor plant, which is a
member of the Euphorbiaceae spurge family, may thrive in a variety of geographic locations .

The name of plant: Ricinus communis L.

Common name: Erand

English name of the plant: castor bean

Traditional or Ayurveda name: Gandharvahasta , Eranda taila

Biological source of the plant : It is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of
Ricinus communis Linn .

 TAXONOMICAL DESCRIPTION:
Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Malpighiales

Family: Euphorbiaceae
Sub Family: Acalyphoideae

Tribe: Acalypheae
Sub Tribe:
Ricininae Genus:
Ricinus

Species: Communis

 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
It is mainly found in India (Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh), Brazil, America, China, Thailand.

 MORPHOLOGY:
Although it is not hardy by nature, the castor oil plant grows quickly as a suckering perennial
shrub or, on occasion, as a small tree with soft wood up to 6 meters or more. This plant was
grown for its oil production as well as its leaf and blossom colours. The leaves have a diameter of
30 to 60 cm and are either green or reddish in hue. The leaves have five to twelve deep lobes
with palmate, alternating, coarsely serrated [Link] colouration of the stems varies (fig 8).
The monoecious flowers are between 30 and 60 centimetres in length (fig 9).
The fruit is a thorny capsule with three cells. The fruit capsule, which has soft spin-like structures
covering it, dehisces into three cocci with two valves ( fig 10) . There are notable variations in
the size and colour of the seeds. They are oval, 8–18 mm length, 4–12 mm wide, and slightly
compressed. The testa is thin, fragile, and extremely smooth. A warty projection known as the
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caruncle is typically found at one end of castor seeds, from which the raphe extends to end in a
somewhat elevated chalaza at the other end of the seed (fig 11).

Fig Fig 9:
8: Leaf Flower

Fig 10: Fruits Fig 11: Seeds

 PHYTOCHEMISTRY:
Leaf: Major: Ricinine, Quercitine 3-O-β-rutinoside (rutin) Others: Alkanes (C26 –C29),
hexacosane-1,3-diol, primary alcohols (C22-C38); aldehydes (C26 and C28), citric, fumaric,
malic, tartaric, β-eleosteric, linoleic, linolenic, myristic, oleic, palmatic, palmitoleic and stearic
acids (C24-C34) fatty acids, ellagic, chlorogenic, 2,5 dihydroxybenzoic (gentisic), gallic and
neochlorogenic acids; di-butyl phthalate, 3-hexen 1-yl acetate, methyl gallate; decanamine; N-
demethyl ricinine, N butyl-morpholine, 4-octa decylmorpholine; kaempferol, quercetin,
hyperoside, quercetin 3-glucoside (isoquercetin), kaempferol. 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
(astragalin), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-rutinoside (nicotoflorin),
Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (isoquercetin), Quercetin 3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside
(reynoutrin); Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol; camphor, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-caryophylline; α-
amyrin, β -amyrin, lupeol.

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Seed: Major: Ricinoleic acid , Others: Arachidic and eicosenoic, linoleic, oleic, palmitinic and
stearic acids; glycine, leucine, phenyl alanine,

tryptophan, valine, ricin; hydroproline, proline, ricinine, maltose, ergost-5-en-3-ol, fucosterol,

probucol, ϒ-sitosterol, stigmasterol ..

Root: Major: Ricinitin, Quercetin 3-O-rhamnosylglucoside (rutin).Others: 3α-

Hydroxypentatriacont-14-en-26-one (ricipentatriacontanol),dipiperenolymethy ester methylene
(ricipiperanyl ester), 1-oleio-2-palmitoglyceryl phosphate, 3-0-benzyol-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3 β
21-diol (ricinusteryl benzoate), quercetin 3-0-glucoside.

 TRADITIONAL USES :
Prior to the discovery of chemical and synthetic compounds, natural resources, such as plants,
were used as conventional and traditional medicine to treat illnesses. All of R. communis's parts,
including the seeds, leaves, fruit, flowers, stem, bark, and roots, are beneficial. About 2500 years
ago, it was employed as a laxative in ancient Greece and Rome . Aphids, rust mites, mosquitoes,
and whitefies were all susceptible to the insecticidal effects of the powdered leaves. In order to
boost milk production, cats are also fed their leaves .

Infants are given the leaf oil extract to help with eye infections, stomachaches, and farting . The
leaf juice is used to treat jaundice and as an emetic in cases of opium and narcotic poisoning . In
the US, the proprietary leaf extract is marketed under the name "Spra Kast." It has been observed
that the aqueous and alkaline extract exhibits antifungal activity against mycobacterium and
yeast
. The root preparations are used to treat purging and toothaches . Castor or ricinus oil can be
derived by removing the seed covering . This oil has been used as a cathartic, laxative, and
rheumatic. The oil relieves mild to severe constipation by cleansing the large intestine while
retaining water, making it one of the safest purgatives . Corns, moles, warts, breast indurations,
inflammations, cysts, sciatica, gout, piles, paralysis, and tumours are among the conditions for
which it has historically been used . This oil has also been used to treat skin disorders including
psoriasis and eczema, as well as eye conditions like conjunctivitis and styes Additionally, some
pregnant women who take the oil orally alone or in combination with quinine sulphate
experience labour induction. Juice from the leaves is administered to nursing women to promote
milk secretion . The manufacture of soap, fungicides, embalming fluid, lamp fuel, lubricant,
cosmetics, plastics, braking fluid, paints, printer ink, textile dyes, leather finishes, waxes, fibres,
hydraulic fluid, varnishes, and adhesives are some other uses for oil .

2). COTTON :
The name of plant: Gossypium herbaceum

Common name: Levant cotton

English name of the plant: Arabian cotton ,Maltese cotton

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Traditional or Ayurveda name: Pambadana ,

 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION :
The bushy shrub Gossypium herbaceum can reach a height of 2 to 8 feet. It features delicate,
hairy branches on a thick, woody stem. Three to seven partitions divide the leaves from the core.
The tiny blooms can be white, purple, red, or yellow, and they may or may not have a crimson
splotch at the base of the petals. After the fuzz is removed, the seeds' two layers of cotton turn
black. The inside of the roots is white, while the outside is yellow. Seeds, roots, bark, leaves, and
flowers are the plant parts that are employed in the medication. The shrub blooms and bears fruit
from January to April.

 TAXONOMICAL DESCRIPTION: .

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta

Class : magnoliopsida

Order: malvales

Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Gossypium

Species: Gossypium herbaceum.

 MORPHOLOGY:
Height: A shrub or subshrub that can grow up to 3 meters tall ,Stem: Thick and woody, and can
be hairy or glabrous , Leaves: Wide, hairy, and spirally arranged(Fig 12) Flowers: Large, yellow
with a purple center(Fig 13) , Fruit: A rounded capsule that is 2–3.5 cm long and beaked(Fig 14
), Seeds: Ovoid with a dense covering of long, white, woolly hairs(Fig 15 ), Cotton: Short, about
25 millimeters (1 in) long, and firmly attached to the seed(Fig 16 ) ,G. herbaceum has high stems
that grow 60 to 180 centimetres (2 to 6 ft) high with wide, hairy leaves. Their flowers are small
and yellow with a purple center. The plant exhibits extrafloral nectaries[2] (calyculal nectaria,
found on the receptacle, near the base of the calyculus).When ripe and in warm weather, the
flower capsule will burst and expose the cotton surrounding the seeds firmly. The cotton
produced by this plant is short, about 25 millimetres (1 in) long and is firmly attached to the seed,
which is covered in hairy down. Cotton fibres grow from the surface of the seeds and can be
separated from these by hand or mechanically; the long fibres are called lint. The cotton fibres
consist of nearly pure cellulose. The expected yield is 340 kilograms per hectare (300 pounds per
acre).

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Fig 12: Leaf Fig13: Flower

Fig Fig 15: Seed

14: Fruits

Fig 16: Cotton

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 PHYTOCHEMISTRY:
The preliminary phytochemical investigations of the flower showed the presence of
carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, resins, phenols and proteins
.Cotton seeds were found to include steroids, flavonoids, protein, amino acids, sugars, and
saponins, according to a phytochemical examination. However, the root of Gossypium
herbaceum included carbohydrates, phenols, tannin, starch, and saponin. Gossypol was the
primary pigment found in cotton seeds. The phenolic chemical known as gossypol was initially
identified in 1899. The term was created by combining the scientific name for the plant genus
(Gossypium) with the phenolic ending (ol). It is crystalline, yellow, insoluble in hexane and
water, soluble in acetone, chloroform, ether, and methyl ethyl ketone, and partially soluble in
crude vegetable oils. Gossypol has a molecular weight of 518.55 Dalton. The chemical structure
was 2,2-bis(8-formyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3 methylnaphthalene), and the molecular
formula was C30H30O8. Two enantiomers, (−) and (+) gossypol, were combined to form
gossypol. Different amounts of both enantiomers were produced by the Gossypium species.
Other pigments present in the seed were included gossypupurin, gossyfulvin, gossycaerulin,
carotenoids and flavones. Sitosterol and ergostoerol, lactic acid, choline, betaine and sulphydryl
compounds were identified in the unsaponifiable fraction of Indian cotton seed oil. The leaf
extract of [Link] were screened to have Condensed tannins i.e Proanthocyanidins which
can undergo hydrolysis yield Cyanidin and O-75 percent del-phinidin. The tannins combination
with flavan-3-ols,mainly(+)- catechin and (+)-gallocatechin which are associated with lesser
concentrations of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin . The seed extract of [Link]
were screened to have glycosides, steroids, resins, carbohydrates, saponins, proteins and phenolic
compounds tannins. The main chemical constituents of [Link] seed is gossypol. It is a
polyphenolic compound present to 0.4-2.0% in the kernels. The presence of two aldehydic
groups and six phenolic hydroxyl groups makes gossypol chemically reactive. Gossypol can
participate in oxidation, methylation, ozonolysis, Schiff base formation to produce gossypol
derivatives . Tannins, starch, saponin, calcium, mucilage, carbohydrate, phenolic compounds
which are screened from root extract of [Link] . Carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins,
steroids, saponins, terpenoids, resins, phenols and proteins which are screened from flower
extract of [Link] .

 TRADITIONAL USES:
Cotton seeds have been used medicinally to cure headaches, migraines, and intermittent fevers.
They were also used as a nervine tonic to ease discomfort. Burns were treated with a poultice
made from seeds and flowers. Additionally, seeds were utilised as an antidote to snake poison
and to treat epilepsy. Dysentery was treated with the leaf juice and seed decoctions .Gossypium
herbaceum leaves, roots, and seeds were used as emmenagogues, to aid with placenta retention,
and to enhance labour. In Senegal, newborns and children who were ill or rachitic were given a
root maceration to help them feel better. In Somalia, the juice of the heated unripe fruit was
sprayed into the ear to treat earaches, while a root infusion was employed as an abortifacient. In
Ethiopia, the powdered fruit was applied to the head to treat fungal infections, and the root was
consumed in the event of a snake bite. The powdered root bark was used as a haemostatic in
Namibia. In Botswana, heart palpitations were treated using root concoctions. Root decoctions
were used as a tonic, to prevent vomiting, and as an infusion to combat appetite loss in
Mozambique. Otitis was treated with the stem juice (45 ) .
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PLAN OF WORK

1. Material and Method

 Collection

 Authentication
2. Pharmacogenetic study

 Macroscopy

 Microscopy
3. Detection of Physicochemical content

 Loss on drying

 Total ash

 Acid insoluble ash

 Water soluble ash

4. Extraction

 Extraction with Water

5. Phytochemical test of crude extract

 Aqueous extract

6. Pharmacological study

 Antihelmintic Activity
8. Result and Discussion

9. Conclusion

10. References

11. Publications and Presentations

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1. MATERIALAND METHOD:
 COLLECTION: The seeds of Gossypium herbaceum (cotton) and, Ricinus communis
(castor) plant which contain in family Malvaceae and, Euphorbiaceae was collected from the
farm near about home town Sangamner, Ahmednagar and the authentication did by botany
department Of PVP college Loni .

Fig 17 : Seeds of cotton. Fig 18: Seeds of castor.

AUTHENTICATION :

Fig 19 : Herbarium of Cotton Fig 20 : Herbarium of Castor

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2. PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY :
The Seeds part of plant was studied for its different parameters like macroscopic features,
microscopic features, physicochemical parameters, phytochemical study etc.

 Macroscopy :
A systematic examination of the shape, size, surface, texture, colour, taste and odour of the
seeds Ricinus communis and Gossypium herbaceum was carried out. The external features
of seeds were observed using dissecting microscope.

 Microscopy :
Transverse hand cut sections of authenticated samples were taken and made permanent
with suitable stains. For the measurement of cell contents like, starch grains, vessels,
calcium oxalate crystals, stomata etc. occular and stage micrometer were used.
Photographs were taken using Motic microscope (46).

3. DETERMINATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL CONTENT :

 LOSS ON DRYING : LOD is to determine moisture contents and also volatile substances
which present in drug samples.

Procedure: Weight a dish that has been dried for 30 min. Powdered Seeds sample was placed in
dish and weighted accurately. Placed the dish into the oven sample was dried until it gets
constant weight after that allow to cool at room temperature. Difference in initial weight and
final weight gave loss on drying.

 Observation:

[Link] CHARACTERISTICS CASTOR SEEDS COTTON SEEDS

1. Weight of empty petridish 33.88 gm 31 gm
2. Weight of seed powder 2gm 2 gm
3. Weight of petridish and seed powder 35.93 gm 33.10 gm
4. Weight of petridish and seed powder after 35.90 gm 33.01 gm
drying at 105 degrees
5. Loss in weight due to removal of moisture 0.03 gm 0.09 gm
Table no. 1: observation of Loss on drying

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Fig 21 : Loss on drying of Castor Seeds and Cotton seeds

 ASH VALUE : The ash values mainly represent the inorganic residues such as phosphates,
carbonates and silicates present in herbal drugs. These are one of the major indices to
illustrate the quality as well as purity of herbal [Link] of crude drugs after
incineration contains mostly inorganic salts known as Ash .

 TOTAL ASH VALUE : Organic and carbon matter present in the drug is converted to ash
at temperature 450°C or above. It mostly contains carbonates, Phosphate, Silicate and
Silica. Total ash value can be used further study water soluble and acid insoluble ash.
 Procedure for the determination of total ash value:
1. Weigh accurately about 2 gm of dried drug in a tared platinum (or) silica dish
incineration at a temperature not exceeding 450°C until free from carbon.
2. Cool and weigh it.
3. If carbon free ash is not obtained in this way exhaust the chared mass with hot water.
4. Collect the residue on an ashless filter paper incineration the residue until the ash is
white (or) nearly white...
5. Add filterate to the dish, evaporate to dryness and ignite at a temperature not exceeding
450°C.
 Observation:
[Link]. CHARACTERISTICS CASTOR COTTON
SEEDS SEEDS
1. Weight of empty crucible 57.03 54.09
2. Weight of seed power 2.0 gm 2.0gm
3. Weight of crucible and seed 59.03 gm 56.09gm
powder
4. Weight of crucible and ash 58.91gm 55.99gm

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5. Weight of ash O.12gm 0.12gm

Table no. 2: Observation of Total ash value

 WATER SOLUBLE ASH VALUE: It is introduced by separating the water soluble

material which is direct to yield water soluble [Link] this case most of water insoluble salt
may contribute in total ash, or remove to find out the water soluble contents.
 Procedure for the determination of water soluble ash value:
1. Boil the total ash obtained for 5 minutes with 25 ml of water.
2. Collect insoluble matter in a Gooche crucible (or) in ash less filter paper.
3. Wash with hot water and ignite to constant weight at low temperature.
4. Subtract the weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the ash.
5. Calculate the percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the air-dried drug.
 Observation:

SR .NO. CHARACTERISTICS CASTOR SEEDS COTTON SEEDS

1. Weight of total ash 0.12gm 0.1gm
2. Weight of empty filter paper 1gm 1gm
3. Weight of filter paper with dried 1.19gm 1.12gm
residue
4. Weight of water-soluble residue 0.1gm 0.06gm
Table no. 3: Observation of water soluble ash value

 ACID INSOLUBLE ASH:Total ash may be treated with dilute hydrochloric acid which
removes any inorganic salts to yield many silica in the residue at acid insoluble ash.
 Procedure for the determination of acid insoluble ash value:
1. Boil the ash obtained in the total ash for 5 minutes with 25 ml of dilute Hel.
2. Collect the insoluble matter in gooche crucible (or) on an ashless filter paper, wash with hot
water and ignite to constant weight.
3. Calculate the percentage of acid insoluble of acid ash with references to the air dried drug (47).
 Observation:

[Link]. CHARACTERISTICS CASTOR SEEDS COTTON SEEDS

1 Weight of total ash 0.12gm 0.1gm
2. Weight of empty filter paper 1gm 1gm

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3. Weight of filter paper with dried 1.12gm 1.1gm

residue
4. Weight of insoluble residue 0.05gm 0.04gm
Table no. 4: Observation of Acid insoluble ash value

4) EXTRACTION :
 Distillation :
Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture
by using selective boiling and condensation
 Steam Distillation :
 Aspecial type of distillation
 Temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds.
 It once was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds
 Distillation at lower temperatures, reducing the deterioration of the desired products.
 Principle :
 When a mixture of two practically immiscil liquids is heated liquid exerts its own
vapour pressure as a function of temperature as if the other constituent were not
present.
 The vapour pressure of the whole system increases.
 Boiling begins when the sum of the vapour pressures of the two immiscible liquids
just exceeds the atmospheric pressure.
 In this way, many organic compounds insolubl in water can be purified at a
temperature well below the point at which decomposition occurs.
 For example, the boiling point of bromobenzene is 156 °C and the boiling point of
water is 100 °C, but a mixture of the two boils at 95 °C.
 Thus, bromobenzene can be easily distilled at a temperature 61 °C below its normal
boiling point.
 Procedure:

 Setup Apparatus: Assemble the steam distillation setup with a distillation flask,
steam generator (or water flask), condenser, and receiving flask.
 Add Sample: Place the immiscible mixture (e.g., essential oils + water) into the
distillation flask.

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 Generate Steam: Heat the water in the steam generator to produce steam.
 Distillation: Steam passes through the sample, vaporizing the volatile
components.
 Condensation: The vapors (water + volatile oil) pass through a condenser and are
cooled into a liquid.
 Collection: Collect the distillate in a separating funnel and allow it to settle into
layers.
 Separation: Separate the oil from water using the separating funnel.

Fig . 22:Steam distillation of Cotton Fig . 23:Steam distillation of Castor

 FOAMING INDEX : The Foaming Index measures the foam efficiency of a liquid extract
derived from plant materials which is reflective of the presence of surface-active agents
such as saponins.
 Procedure:
1) 1 g of the castor seed and cotton seed powder transferred to a 500-ml conical flask
containing 100 ml of boiling water.
2) Maintain at moderate boiling for 30 minutes.
3) Cool and filter into a 100-ml volumetric flask and add sufficient water through the filter
to dilute to volume.

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4) Pour the decoction into 10 stoppered test-tubes in successive portions of 1 ml, 2 ml, 3
ml, etc. up to 10 ml, and adjust the volume of the liquid in each tube with water to 10
ml.
5) Stopper the tubes and shake them in a lengthwise motion for 15 seconds, two shakes
per second. Allow to stand for 15 minutes and measure the height of the foam.
 Observation:

Test Tube Height of foam(cm) Height of foam(cm)

Castor seed Cotton seed
T.T-1 No foam No foam
T.T-2 No foam No foam
T.T-3 No foam 0.3
T.T-4 No foam 0.4
T.T-5 No foam 0.2
T.T-6 No foam 0.6
T.T-7 No foam 0.4
T.T-8 No foam 1
T.T-9 No foam 0.5
T.T-10 No foam 0.6
Table No 5: Observations of foam formation in cm

Fig 24: Foaming Index of Castor Seeds

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Fig 25: Foaming Index of Cotton Seeds.

 SWELLING INDEX : The Swelling Index is the ability to absorb water or other fluids,
growing in volume but not dissolving.
1 ) Transfer 1gm of the seeds to a 25ml of stoppered cylinder.
2) Fill up to the 20ml mark on the cylinder with water. Agitate gentle and occasionally
during 24hrs and allow to stand.
3) Measure the volume occupied by the swollen seeds. The genuine seeds of Castor and
Cotton occupy a volume of not less than 10ml.
Observation :
[Link]. Swelling index Value
1 Castor seed 0.1cm
2. Cotton seeds 0.6cm
Table no.6: Swelling index

Fig 26 : After Swelling. Fig 27: Before Swelling

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5) PHYTOCHEMICAL TEST : (48 ,49)

1) CASTOR SEEDS EXTRACT :
A. Test for Alkaloids : A quantity, 2ml of the sample was boiled with 5ml of 1% aqueous HCl in
a in a water bath for 45 mins. The mixture was filtered and 1ml partion of the filtrate was
distributed evenly in two test tubes with two draps of the following reagents.
a) Drangendorff Test : Drangendorff reagents An orange-red precipitate indicates the presence
of alkaloids.

b) Meyer's reagent: A creamy-white the precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids.

B .Test for Glycosides : A quantity, 0.2m of Fehling's solution - A was added to 5ml castor
seed extract (filtered ) solution until turned alkaline (tested with litmus paper) and heated on a
water bath for 2 minutes. A brick-red precipitate indicates the presence of glycosides.

C . Test for Saponin :

a) Frothing test :A quantity, 1ml of the filtrate was diluted with 3ml of distilled water. The
mixture was shaken vigorously for 5 minutes, frothing which persisted warming was taken as
evidence for the presence of saponin

D. Test for Carbohydrates :

a) Molish test : A known weight, 0.5g of the sample was shaken vigorously with distilled
water and filtered. To the aqueous filtrate, few drops of Molisch reagent were added and
vigorously shaken. Then, 1ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was carefully added down the side
of the lest tube to form a layer below the aqueous solution. A brown ring at the Interface
indicates the presence of carbohydrates.

E . Test for Tannin :

a) Ferric chloride test : A quantity, 2ml of the filtrate was diluted with distilled water and then
2 drops of ferric chloride solution were added. A transient greenish to black colour or blue-
black or blue-green precipitate indicates the presence of tannins
F. Test for Protein :
a) Million test : Millon's reagent is added to the castor seed extract solution, and the
mixture is heated (optionally). A positive result will be indicated by the formation of a red
or pink precipitate or solution.

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Fig 28 : Phytochemical test for Castor seeds extract .

2) COTTON SEEDS EXTRACT :

A. Test for Alkaloids :

a) Mayer’s test : To a few ml of plant sample extract, two drops of Mayer’s reagent are added
along the sides of test tube. Appearance of white creamy precipitate indicates the presence of
alkaloids .

b) Drangendorff test : About 2 ml of filtrate sample was treated with Four to five drops of
Dragendorff’s reagent and result was observed.
c) Hager’s test : few drops of Hager's reagent (saturated picric acid solution) added to 2 ml of
the respective plant extract.
B . Test for Tannin :
a) Ferric chloride test : The extract (50 mg) is dissolved in 5 ml of distilled water. To this, few
drops of neutral 5% ferric chloride solution are added. A dark green colour indicates the presence
of Tannins.
C . Test for Saponin :
a) Foam test: small amount of extract was shaken with little quantity of water. If foam produced
persists for ten minutes it indicates the presence of saponins
D. Test for Flavonoids : Dilute ammonia (5 ml) was added to a portion of an aqueous filtrate of
the extract. Concentrated sulphuric acid (1 ml) was added. A yellow coloration that disappears on
standing indicates the presence of flavonoids.
E . Test for Cardiac glycosides :
a) Killer-killani test: To 0.5 gm of extract diluted to 5ml with distilled water and add 2 ml of
glacial acetic acid and containing one drop of ferric chloride solution. This was underplayed with
1 ml of conc. sulphuric acid. Brown ring at the interface indicates the presence of a deoxy sugar
characteristic of cardenolides

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F . Test for Phytosterols :

a) Salkowski's Test: Extracts were treated with chloroform and filtered. The filtrates were
treated with few drops of Conc. Sulphuric acid, shaken and allowed to stand. The appearance of
golden yellow colour indicates the presence of triterpenes.

Fig 27 : Phytochemical test for Cotton seeds extract.

6) PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY :

 ANTIHELMINTIC ACTIVITY :
 Experimental Worms:
The experiment carried out on the Indian earthworms (Pheretima Posthuma) because they
have anatomical resemblance with intestinal roundworm parasite of human being They
are collected from moist soil and washed with water.

Fig 28 : Pheretima Posthuma

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 EVALUATION OF ANTIHELMINTIC ACTIVITY / CHECK ANTIHELMINTIC

ACTIVITY :
For Standard Drug / Oil Extract/ Agar Media / Extract/ And Soil Media .
1) FOR STANDARD DRUG - ALBENDAZOLE SUSPENSION.
The albendazole is used for the treatment of parasitic diseases. Which is act against
helminthiasis or killed the parasitic worms. It is used to comparison between Extract ,
oil extract , soil Media and to check or determined this activity. The Albendazole
suspension is used in various concentrations like 10ml , 20ml , 30ml .
2) OIL EXTRACT :
The oil extract of castor seeds and Cotton seed are used to check or determined
Anthelmintic activity for the comparison of standard drug albendazole suspension.
The oil extract which is obtain from castor seed and cotton seed by using steam
distillation process . The oil is used combined with various concentrations like 10ml ,
20ml, 30ml.

3) AGAR MEDIA :
 Preparation of Nutrient Agar Media :
 Composition of Nutrient Agar
 0.5% Peptone - principal source of organic nitrogen for the growing bacteria.
 0.3% beef extract-water-soluble substances which aid in bacterial growth, such as
vitamins, carbohydrates, organic nitrogen compounds and salts.

 1.5% agar- solidifying agent.

 0.5% NaCl- maintains a salt concentration in the medium that is similar to the cytoplasm
of the microorganisms.

 Distilled water-Water is essential for the growth of and reproduction of micro-organisms

and also provides the medium through which various nutrients can be transported.

 pH is adjusted to neutral (7.4) at 25 °C.

 Preparation of Nutrient Agar

1. Suspend 28 g of nutrient agar powder in 1 liter of distilled water.

2. Heat this mixture while stirring to fully dissolve all components.

3. Autoclave the dissolved mixture at 121 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes.

4. Once the nutrient agar has been autoclaved, allow it to cool but not solidify.

5. Pour nutrient agar into each plate and leave plates on the sterile surface until the agar
has solidified.

6. Replace the lid of each Petri dish and store the plates in a refrigerator.

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4) EXTRACT OF CASTOR SEEDS AND COTTON SEEDS :

The extract is used for the check antihelmintic activity of earthworms which is obtain from castor
and Cotton seed by using double boiling method .the extract is used to determine the
antihelmintic activity comparison with standard drug , oil extract , soil media , agar media with
various concentrations like 10ml, 20ml, 30ml.

Fig 29 : Death of earthworms in Agar Nutrient Media .

Fig 30 : Earthworms in Soil Media

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Figure 31: Earthworms in Water ( Blank )

Fig32 : Death of earthworms in Castor seed Oil and Cotton seed oil ( conc.10/20/30 )

Fig 33 : Death of earthworms in Castor seed extract and Cotton seed extract ( conc.10/20/30 )

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Fig34 : Death of earthworms in Standard drug – Albendazole suspension

(conc.10/20/30 ).

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RESULTS :

1. PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY:
 Macroscopic study:
The macroscopic study of Castor Seeds and Cotton seeds done with naked eyes like the
seeds shows the color , odor, taste, size , texture. The result shown in table no.7.

[Link] MORPHOLOGICAL CASTOR SEEDS COTTON SEEDS

EVALUATION
1. Colour yellow, grey, and black dark brown or black
2. Odor Mild to fain slightly earthy or musty
3. Taste bland, then similar to hummu
becomes
bitter and unpleasan
4. Size 10 mm to 20 mm long, with
8.5 to 10.0 mm in
a breadth of 5 to 16 [Link],
4.5 to 5.5 mm in
width,
and 4.0 to 5.0 mm in
thicknes
5. Texture smooth, oval, and shiny fuzzy
Table no. 7: Macroscopy of seeds

 Microscopic study :
The Microscopic study of seed are determined by compound Microscop using different
reagent for observed Lignified fibers ,Oil globule, Aleurone grain , Mucellage cell
are present or not.

1).Microscopy of T.S. of Castor seed:

Sr. Chemical agent observstion Inferance

no.
1 Phloroglucinol + HCl No pink colour Lignified fibers are
obtained absent
2 Sudhan red Red colour obtained Oil globule is present
3 Picric acid yellow colour obtained Aleurone grain is
present
4 Rhuthenium red Red colour not Mucellage cell is
obtained present

Table no. 8: Microscopy of Castor seeds

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endosperm

Cotyledons

Seed coat

Fig.35:T.S. of Castor seed

2).Microscopy of t.S. of Cotton seed:

Sr. Chemical agent observstion Inferance
no.
1 Phloroglucinol + HCl No pink colour Lignified fibers are
obtained absent
2 Sudhan red Red colour obtained Oil globule is present
3 Picric acid yellow colour obtained Aleurone grain is
present
4 Rhuthenium red Red colour not Mucellage cell is
obtained present
Table no. 9: Microscopy of Cotton seeds

Radicle

Mucillage and testa

Chalazal endosperm

Cotyledons

Fig.36:T.S. of Cotton seed

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 PHYSICOCHEMICAL CONTENT :
Standardization of seeds of Castor and Cotton includes the different physicochemical
tests and quantitative analysis of phytoconstituents. The result shown in table no 10.

SR. PARAMETERS CASTOR SEEDS VALUE COTTON SEEDS VALUE

NO. (%w/w ) (%w/w)

1. Loss on drying 1.5 4.5

2. Total ash value 6 5

3. Acid insoluble ash 0.4 1.2

4. Water soluble ash 3.5 0.1

5. Foaming Index 00 125

Table no. 10: Physicochemical parameter of seeds

 PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTS:
Phytochemical test were performed for aqueous extracts of Castor and Cotton seed .
Aqueous extracts shows the presence of alkaloid, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, phenol,
sterols, flavonoid, saponins... The result was shown in table no.

[Link]. Chemical test Observation Chemical test Observation

of castor of Cotton
seeds Seeds

1. Alkaloid test : Alkaloid test:

a) Drangendroff test +ve a) Mayer’s test +ve
b) Mayer’s test +ve b) Drangendorff +ve
test
c) Hager’s test +ve
2. Glycosides test: Tannin test:
a) Fehling’s solution A +ve a) Ferric +ve
test chloride test

3. Saponins test: Saponins test:

a) Frothing test +ve a) Foam test +ve

4. Carbohydrates test: Flavonoids test: +ve

a) Molish test +ve

5. Tannin test : Cardiac glycosides

a) Feric chloride test +ve test: +ve

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Dr. Ithape Institute of Pharmacy,
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Chapter 1 Introduction

a) Killer-killani
test

6. Protein test: Phytosterols test:

a) Millon’s test +ve a) Salkowski’s +ve
Test
Table no. 11: Phytochemical test of seeds

 PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY :
2. ANTIHELMINTIC ACTIVITY:
1) Antihelmintic Activity In Agar Agar Media

[Link]. Group Dose (mg/ml) Time of Time of death

paralysis (min) (min)
1 Blank -
2 Test(extract) 20 9.40 9.55
3 Test (oil) 25 7.10 7.50
4 Standard 10 5.00 5.20
Table no. 12 :Antihelmintic Activity In Agar Agar Media

Anthelmintic activity

10

0
Test(extract)20 Test(oil)25 Standard 10

Time of Paralysis Time of Death 0

2).Antihelmintic Activity In Soil Media

[Link]. Group Dose (mg/ml) Time of Time of death

paralysis (min) (min)
1 Blank -
2 Test(extract) 20 55.00 1hrs
3 Test (oil) 25 44.15 45.10
4 Standard 10 30.00 31.00

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Table no. 13 :Antihelmintic Activity In soil Media

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Dr. Ithape Institute of Pharmacy,
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Chapter 1 Introduction

Anthelmintic activity
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 Test(extract)20
Test(oil)25 Standard 10

Time of Paralysis Time of Death 0

3).Antihelmintic activity in standard preparation:

[Link]. Group Dose (mg/ml) Time of Time of

paralysis death
(min) (min)

1 Blank
2 Test(oil)
10 30:55 35:45
20 23:40 28:15
30 20:00 21:10
3 Test (extract)
10 47:19 50:00
20 39:20 45:08
30 30:15 34:00
4 Standard
10 15:00 15:40
20 10:00 10:38
30 5:30 5:35

Table no. 14 :Antihelmintic Activity In Standard preparation

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Chapter 1 Introduction

Antihelmintic Activity

50

40

30

20

10 30(mg/ml)

0 20(mg/ml)
Test(oil)
Test(extract) 10(mg/ml)
Standard

10(mg/ml) 20(mg/ml) 30(mg/ml)

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SUMMARYAND CONCLUSION

The literature surveyed represented that Ricinus communis Linn (castor) and Gossypium
herbaceum Linn (cotton) is an important medicinal plant with the diverse pharmacological
spectrum and medicinally important phytoconstituents. Castor seeds and Cotton seed shows the
presence of many chemical constituents which are responsible for various medicinal properties.
There are many other traditional uses of Castor and Cotton species in different traditional
systems. The anthelmintic activity was studied on the oil extract extract of Castor and Cotton
seeds .

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Chapter 1 Introduction

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