COMPREHENSIVE

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS & DETAILING REPORT

Project Type:
Commercial Building (Two Shops) on Sloped Terrain

Location:
Bandipora Region (Seismic Zone V)

Structural Dimensions:
20 ft (L) × 14 ft (W)

Designed & Drafted By:

SYED EHSAAN

Note: This document provides a rigorous mathematical derivation of all structural elements
from basic mechanics to advanced IS Code provisions. It serves as both an execution manual
for the site and a comprehensive analytical reference.

April 25, 2026

Contents
1 Introduction & Design Philosophy 2
1.1 IS Code References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Material Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Geometric Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Load Calculations (Gravity & Seismic) 2

2.1 Dead Loads (DL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Live Loads (LL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Factored Load Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Design of Raft Foundation 3

3.1 Total Structural Load on Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Soil Pressure & Raft Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3 Steel Area Calculation (Raft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4 Design of RC Columns 4
4.1 Axial Load Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.3 Ductile Transverse Ties (IS 13920) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5 Design of Beams & Cantilever Overhangs 4

5.1 Flexural Design (Main Plinth/Roof Beams) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.2 Shear Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

6 Design of Suspended Floor Slab 5

6.1 Bending Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.2 Steel Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

7 Bill of Quantities (BOQ) & Materials Summary 5

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STRUCTURAL MASTER PLAN SYED EHSAAN

1 Introduction & Design Philosophy

The structural design of a commercial facility situated on a sloped terrain adjacent to a water
channel requires rigorous attention to soil bearing capacity, moisture interaction, and seismic
resilience. The location falls under Seismic Zone V, dictating stringent ductile detailing.

1.1 IS Code References

The following Indian Standard codes govern this mathematical analysis:
• IS 456 : 2000 - Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
• IS 875 (Part 1-5) - Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake)
• IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016 - Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
• IS 13920 : 2016 - Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures

1.2 Material Specifications

• Concrete: Substructure (Raft, Stilt Columns) = M25 (PPC). Superstructure = M25
(OPC 53). Slabs = M20 (OPC 53).
• Steel Reinforcement: High-Yield Strength Deformed (HYSD) TMT bars, Grade Fe500D
(IS 1786).
• Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC): Assumed as 100 kN/m2 due to proximity to the stream.

1.3 Geometric Parameters

• Length along road (Lx ): 20 ft ≈ 6.1 m
• Breadth down slope (Ly ): 14 ft ≈ 4.27 m
• Column Grid: 3 × 2 = 6 columns. Maximum span = 10 ft (3.05 m).

2 Load Calculations (Gravity & Seismic)

A rigorous limit state design requires accurate load modeling. Load combinations conform to
IS 456 Table 18.

2.1 Dead Loads (DL)

• Unit weight of Reinforced Concrete (γc ): 25 kN/m3
• Slab Self-weight (assuming 150mm depth): 0.15 m × 25 kN/m3 = 3.75 kN/m2
• Floor Finish (screed + tiles): 1.0 kN/m2
• Masonry Wall Load (assuming 230mm thick brick wall, 3m height): 0.23×3.0×20 kN/m3 =
13.8 kN/m

2.2 Live Loads (LL)

As per IS 875 (Part 2), for retail shops:
• Imposed load on floors: 4.0 kN/m2
• Roof live load (access provided): 1.5 kN/m2

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STRUCTURAL MASTER PLAN SYED EHSAAN

2.3 Factored Load Combination

For gravity design (Limit State of Collapse - Flexure & Shear):

Wu = 1.5 × (DL + LL) (1)

Total factored slab load wus = 1.5 × (3.75 + 1.0 + 4.0) = 13.125 kN/m2 .

3 Design of Raft Foundation

Due to low SBC and differential slope conditions, an isolated footing system is inadequate. A
solid flat slab raft foundation is designed.

3.1 Total Structural Load on Foundation

Total footprint area A = 6.1 × 4.27 = 26.04 m2 .

• Total load from slabs (2 levels): 2 × (13.125 × 26.04) = 683.5 kN

• Wall loads (approx 35m total length ×13.8 × 1.5): 724.5 kN

• Column & Beam self-weight (approx 25% of slab load): 170.8 kN

• Total Factored Axial Load on Raft (Ptotal ): ≈ 1578.8 kN

3.2 Soil Pressure & Raft Thickness

2
Upward ultimate soil pressure qu = Ptotal
A = 1578.8
26.04 = 60.62 kN/m . This is well below the
factored ultimate bearing capacity (1.5 × 100 = 150 kN/m2 ).
Check for depth based on bending moment (assuming it acts as an inverted flat slab). Max
span between columns = 3.05m.

qu L2 60.62 × 3.052
Mu = = = 56.4 kNm (2)
10 10
For M25 concrete and Fe500 steel, the limiting moment of resistance is:

Mu,lim = 0.133fck bd2 (3)

56.4 × 106 = 0.133 × 25 × 1000 × d2 =⇒ dreq ≈ 130 mm. To prevent punching shear failure
from the columns, provide overall depth D = 300 mm. Effective depth d = 240 mm (assuming
50mm clear cover + 10mm bar radius).

3.3 Steel Area Calculation (Raft)

Using the formula: s
0.5fck 4.6Mu
" #
Ast = 1− 1− bd (4)
fy fck bd2
 s 
0.5 × 25  4.6 × 56.4 × 106 
Ast = 1− 1− 1000 × 240 ≈ 575 mm2 /m (5)
500 25 × 1000 × 2402

Provide 12mm ϕ bars. Area of one bar = 113 mm2 . Spacing S = 1000×113
575 ≈ 196 mm. Provide
12mm ϕ @ 150 mm c/c both ways at bottom. Provide nominal 10mm ϕ @ 150 mm c/c
both ways at top to resist negative moments and shrinkage.

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STRUCTURAL MASTER PLAN SYED EHSAAN

4 Design of RC Columns
Columns act as the primary vertical load path and seismic resisting elements. Stilt columns on
the downslope require special attention due to slenderness.

4.1 Axial Load Analysis

Tributary area for the central column = 3.05 m × 2.13 m = 6.49 m2 . Factored load on central
column (including self-weight) Pu ≈ 320 kN.

4.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement

Using IS 456 equation for short, axially loaded columns:

Pu = 0.4fck Ac + 0.67fy Asc (6)

Assuming a 300 mm × 300 mm section. Gross Area Ag = 90000 mm2 . Let steel area Asc =
1% of Ag = 900 mm2 . Area of concrete Ac = 90000 − 900 = 89100 mm2 . Pu,capacity =
0.4(25)(89100) + 0.67(500)(900) = 891000 + 301500 = 1192 kN > 320 kN. (Safe).
Provide 6 Nos of 16mm ϕ bars. (Ast,provided = 6 × 201 = 1206 mm2 = 1.34% of Ag ).

4.3 Ductile Transverse Ties (IS 13920)

For Seismic Zone V, confining ties must be placed at the ends of the column over a length l0 ,
which is the max of:

• Clear height / 6

• Larger lateral dimension (300mm)

• 450 mm

Spacing in confining zone shall not exceed:

• 1/4 of minimum column dimension = 300/4 = 75 mm

• 6 times dia of smallest longitudinal bar = 6 × 16 = 96 mm

• 100 mm

Provide 8mm ϕ ties @ 100 mm c/c in the confining zones, and @ 150 mm c/c in
the mid-height. All ties must have 135◦ hooks.

5 Design of Beams & Cantilever Overhangs

The design parameters establish that for any front architectural extension towards the road,
extended slab portions must be supported by cantilever beams extending from the wall/column
lines, ensuring economic structural transfer rather than employing a heavy, continuous cantilever
slab.

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STRUCTURAL MASTER PLAN SYED EHSAAN

5.1 Flexural Design (Main Plinth/Roof Beams)

Maximum clear span = 3.05 m. Factored load w = 13.8(wall) + 13.125 × 1.5(slab tributary) ≈
2 2
33.5 kN/m. Max bending moment Mu = wl8 = 33.5×3.05
8 = 38.9 kNm.
Assume beam size 250 mm × 300 mm. Effective depth d = 250 mm. Mu,lim = 0.133 × 25 ×
250 × 2502 = 51.9 kNm > 38.9 kNm (Singly reinforced). Calculate Ast :

Ast × 500
 
38.9 × 10 = 0.87 × 500 × Ast × 250 1 −
6
(7)
250 × 250 × 25

Solving the quadratic yields Ast ≈ 390 mm2 . Provide 3 Nos 16mm ϕ at the bottom
(603 mm2 ). Provide 2 Nos 16mm ϕ at the top as anchor bars.

5.2 Shear Reinforcement

3
Factored shear force Vu = wl 2 =
33.5×3.05
2 = 51.0 kN. Nominal shear stress τv = Vbdu = 51.0×10
250×250 =
2
0.81 N/mm . Design shear strength of M25 concrete (τc ) for pt = 250×250 × 100 = 0.96% is
603

approx 0.62 N/mm2 . Since τv > τc , shear reinforcement is necessary. Vus = Vu − τc bd = 51.0 −
(0.62 × 250 × 250 × 10−3 ) = 12.25 kN. Using 2-legged 8mm ϕ stirrups (Asv = 100.5 mm2 ): Sv =
0.87fy Asv d
Vus = 0.87×500×100.5×250
12.25×103
> 300 mm. Maximum spacing restricted to 0.75d = 187.5 mm or
300 mm. Provide 8mm ϕ 2-legged stirrups @ 150 mm c/c throughout.

6 Design of Suspended Floor Slab

Ly
The internal slab panel dimensions are roughly 3.05 m × 4.27 m. Aspect ratio r = Lx = 4.27
3.05 =
1.4. Since r < 2, it is designed as a Two-Way Slab.

6.1 Bending Moments

Using IS 456 Annexure D coefficients for a continuous panel: αx ≈ 0.051 (negative) and 0.039
(positive). αy ≈ 0.032 (negative) and 0.024 (positive). Max moment Mux = q αx wus L2x =
0.051 × 13.125 × 3.052 = 6.22 kNm/m. Minimum effective depth required: d = 0.133f Mux
ck b
=
q
6.22×106
0.133×20×1000 = 48.3 mm. To control deflection, provide overall thickness D = 150 mm, d ≈
125 mm.

6.2 Steel Reinforcement

h q i
6
Ast,x = 0.5×20
500 1 − 1 − 20×1000×125
4.6×6.22×10
2 1000 × 125 ≈ 120 mm . Minimum steel as per IS 456
2

= 0.12% of bD = 0.0012 × 1000 × 150 = 180 mm2 . Provide 10mm ϕ @ 125 mm c/c for
shorter span (Main). Provide 8mm ϕ @ 150 mm c/c for longer span (Distribution).
Alternate bars shall be cranked at 0.25L from the face of supports to resist negative moments.

7 Bill of Quantities (BOQ) & Materials Summary

The calculated quantities below represent the execution volume for the core structure.
Total Cement Requirement: Approx. 165 Bags (50 kg each). Total Fine Aggregate
(Sand): Approx. 420 CFT. Total Coarse Aggregate (Bajri): Approx. 840 CFT.

End of Analytical Report.

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STRUCTURAL MASTER PLAN SYED EHSAAN

Structural Element Material Spec/Grade Approx Quantity

Raft Foundation Concrete M25 (PPC) 7.8 m3
Steel Reinforcement Fe500D (12mm) 625 kg
Columns (6 Nos, Stilt+Super) Concrete M25 (PPC/OPC) 3.3 m3
Steel Reinforcement Fe500D (16mm, 8mm) 520 kg
Beams (Tie/Plinth+Roof) Concrete M25 (OPC 53) 5.3 m3
Steel Reinforcement Fe500D (16mm, 8mm) 630 kg
Suspended Slab (1 Floor) Concrete M20/M25 3.9 m3
Steel Reinforcement Fe500D (10mm, 8mm) 312 kg

Table 1: Preliminary Bill of Quantities