SHELL

STRUCTURE
L E S S O N 8

PRESENTED BY: GROUP 8

 INTRODUCTION TO SHELL STRUCTURE
NOWADAYS, THERE IS A NEED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE BUILDINGS
WHICH ARE IN CLOSED-FORM STRUCTURES. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF
CONSTRUCTING THE SHELL STRUCTURE THAT IT WILL COVER A LARGER
AREA OF THE BUILDING.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHELL STRUCTURES IS GAINING POPULARITY IN

AREAS WHERE THERE IS A HIGH RISK OF EARTHQUAKES. THE WORD 'SHELL'
IS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE THE OUTER HARD COVERING OF THE
EGG. I

N CIVIL ENGINEERING, THE SHELL STRUCTURE IS A CURVED OUTER

MEMBRANE THAT IS USED AS A ROOF COVER IN BUILDINGS. HERE IN THIS
ARTICLE, WE WILL GO THROUGH THE CONCEPT OF SHELL STRUCTURE
AND ITS TYPES, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES.
 SHELL STRUCTURES ARE DEFINED AS STRUCTURES THAT ARE

WHAT IS SHELL CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING THEIR SHAPE AND THE SUPPORT LOADS
WITHOUT ANY HELP OF THE FRAME OR THE SOLID MASS

STRUCTURE?
MATERIALS.

SHELL STRUCTURES ARE ALSO COMMONLY KNOWN AS PLATE

THE SHELL STRUCTURE IS A THIN CURVED STRUCTURES. STRUCTURES WHOSE THICKNESS IS VERY LESS AS
MEMBRANE OR A SLAB THAT IS USUALLY MADE PER AS THE LENGTH AND BREADTH OF THE STRUCTURE ARE
FROM THE REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE. THE CONSIDERED. THESE TYPES OF STRUCTURES ARE KNOWN AS THIN
SHELL STRUCTURE IS USED AS BOTH STRUCTURE SHELL STRUCTURES.
AND COVERING MEMBRANE.
THE TERM SHELL IS GENERALLY USED TO DESCRIBE STRUCTURES
THAT POSSESS HIGH STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY DUE TO THEIR
THIN FORM. THE OF THE BEST FEATURE OF THE SHELL STRUCTURES
IS THEIR CONTINUITY AND CURVATURE. DUE TO ITS STRUCTURAL
CONTINUITY, THE SHELLS CAN TRANSMIT THE LOADS IN A NUMBER
OF DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS.

THE MAIN PURPOSE OF CONSTRUCTING THE SHELL STRUCTURE IS

TO REDUCE THE SELF-WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE BY MAKING
THE STRUCTURE AS THIN AS POSSIBLE.
 TYPES OF
S H E L L S T R U C T U RE
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
FOLDED PLATES
CYLINDRICAL BARREL VAULTS
SHORT SHELLS
DOMES (SURFACES OF REVOLUTION)
FOLDED PLATE DOMES
TRANSLATIONAL SHELLS
WARPED SURFACES
COMBINATIONS
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
FOLDED PLATES

IT IS A TYPE OF CONCRETE SHELL STRUCTURE

THAT MADE UP OF THIN FLAT SLABS.
THESE SLABS ARE JOINTED ALONG THEIR
EDGES TO CONSTRUCT THREE-DIMENSIONAL
STRUCTURE.
 TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
THREE TYPES OF FOLDED PLATES

PRISMATIC FOLDED PLATES

IT COMPOSITES OF PLANAR THIN SLABS
JOINING ALONG THEIR LONGITUDINAL
EDGES TO FORM A BEAM-LIKE
STRUCTURE SPANNING BETWEEN
SUPPORTS. THE CROSS-SECTION OF A
PRISMATIC PLATE REMAINS CONSTANT
ALONG ITS ENTIRE LENGTH.
 TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
THREE TYPES OF FOLDED PLATES

NON - PRISMATIC FOLDED PLATES

THESE ARE STRUCTURES WHERE THE PLANAR
SLABS ARE NOT NECESSARILY
RECTANGULAR (OFTEN TRAPEZOIDAL OR
TRIANGULAR). BECAUSE THE SHAPE OF THE
SLABS VARIES, THE OVERALL CROSS-SECTION
OF THE STRUCTURE CHANGES AS YOU
MOVE ALONG ITS LENGTH.
 TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
THREE TYPES OF FOLDED PLATES

FACETED FOLDED PLATES

IT CONSISTS OF TRIANGULAR OR
POLYGONAL PLANAR THIN SLABS
JOINING ALONG THEIR EDGES TO FORM
THIN PLATE STRUCTURE.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
CYLINDRICAL BARREL VAULTS
BARREL VAULTS ARE DEEP CONCRETE BEAMS
WITH CONSIDERABLY THIN WEB MEMBER
THAT CAN BE DESIGNED USING
CONVENTIONAL REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN.
THIS TYPE OF CONCRETE THIN SHELL
COMPOSES OF CYLINDER, FRAME OR TIES
AT THE ENDS INCLUDING COLUMNS, AND
SIDE ELEMENTS WHICH INCLUDE A
CYLINDRICAL ELEMENT; A FOLDED PLATE
ELEMENT; COLUMNS; OR COMBINATION
THEREOF.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
CYLINDRICAL BARREL VAULTS
BARREL VAULTS ASSUMED TO BE VERY
EFFICIENT DUE TO THE USE THE ARCH FORM
TO REDUCE STRESSES AND THICKNESSES IN
THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION.
IT SPANS UP TO 45.72 METERS THAT IS WHY
BARREL VAULTS ARE THE MOST USEFUL
SHELL STRUCTURE.
A BARREL SHELL CARRIES LOAD
LONGITUDINALLY AS A BEAM AND
TRANSVERSELY AS AN ARCH. THE ARCH, DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION AND ELEMENTS
HOWEVER, IS SUPPORTED BY INTERNAL OF BARREL VAULT STRUCTURE
SHEARS, AND SO MAY BE CALCULATED.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CYLINDRICAL BARREL VAULTS

SINGLE BARREL VAULT MULTIPLE BARREL VAULT CORRUGATE BARREL VAULT

EDGE MEMBER TYPE LAZY S TYPE BARREL VAULT UNSTIFFENED BARREL VAULT
BARREL VAULT
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
SHORT SHELL
A CYLINDRICAL SHELL THAT HAS A
CONSIDERABLY LARGE RADIUS IN
COMPARISON WITH ITS LENGTH.

SHORT SHELL CONSIST OF SHELL ELEMENT

SPANS BETWEEN ARCHES, ARCH
STRUCTURE, AND EDGE BEAMS PROVIDED AT
THE LOWEST POINT OF THE SHELL. IN SMALL
STRUCTURE, IT IS PERMISSIBLE TO OMIT EDGE BASIC ELEMENTS OF SHORT SHELL
BEAMS IN SMALL STRUCTURE.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
SHORT SHELL
THE SHORT SHELL CARRIES LOAD IN TWO
WAYS; AS AN ARCH CARRYING LOAD TO THE
LOWER ELEMENTS AND AS A CURVED BEAM
TO THE ARCHES.

THE THICKNESS OF THE SHELL CAN BE

QUITE THIN DUE TO THESE PROPERTIES.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF SHORT SHELL
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHORT SHELL

PURE ARCH SHORT SHELL MASSIVE ABUTMENT SHORT SHELL

RAPID FRAME SHORT SHELL CANTILEVER ABUTMENTS SHORT SHELL

TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
DOMES (SURFACES OF REVOLUTION)
DOMES ARE HEMISPHERE IN SHAPE AND
USED AS A ROOF STRUCTURE.

THIS TYPE OF SHELL STRUCTURE COVERS A

MORE OR LESS SQUARE OR CIRCULAR AREA.

SUPPORT ELEMENT OF DOMES INCLUDE

COLUMNS, CIRCULAR OR REGULAR
POLYGON SHAPED WALL.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
DOMES (SURFACES OF REVOLUTION)
DOMES ARE MEMBRANE STRUCTURES; THE
INTERNAL STRESSES ARE TENSION AND
COMPRESSION AND ARE STATICALLY
DETERMINATE IF THE PROPER EDGE CONDITIONS
ARE FULFILLED.
IN A DOME OF UNIFORM THICKNESS, UNDER ITS
OWN WEIGHT, THE RING STRESSES ARE
COMPRESSION UNTIL THE ANGLE TO THE
VERTICAL IS ABOUT 57 DEGREES.
IF THE DOME IS LESS THAN A FULL HEMISPHERE,
A RING IS REQUIRED AT THE BASE OF THE DOME
TO CONTAIN THE FORCES.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
FOLDED PLATE DOME
A TYPE OF THIN CONCRETE SHELL STRUCTURE
THAT CONSISTS OF PLANE SLABS AND PLATES.
VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS OF FOLDED PLATE
DOMES ARE AVAILABLE AND BEING CONSTRUCTED.

DOMES MAY BE CONSTRUCTED WITH SMALL

ANGLES BETWEEN THE PLATES OR WITH LARGE
ANGLES BETWEEN PLATES AND THE STRUCTURAL
ACTION MAY BE CONSIDERABLY DIFFERENT FOR
EACH TYPE. FOLDED PLATE DOME SURFACES IS
EASIER TO CONSTRUCT SINCE THEY ARE FLAT.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
FOLDED PLATE DOME
FOR SLAB SPANS OVER 4-5 METERS, THE SHELL
WALL IS THICKER THAN A CURVED SURFACE
BECAUSE BENDING MUST BE CONSIDERED. THE
SOUND WAVES IN AREAS COVERED WITH FOLDED
PLATE DOMES ARE NOT CONVERGE.

THEREFORE, IT IS MORE DESIRABLE TO THE CURVED

DOME FOR USE IN AN AUDITORIUM.

THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FOLDED PLATE

DOMES FOLLOWS THAT OF FOLDED PLATE
BARRELS.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
TRANSLATIONAL SHELL
A TRANSLATIONAL SHELL IS A DOME SET ON FOUR
ARCHES. THE SHAPE IS DIFFERENT FROM A
SPHERICAL DOME AND IS GENERATED BY A
VERTICAL CIRCLE MOVING ON ANOTHER CIRCLE.

ALL VERTICAL SLICES HAVE THE SAME RADIUS. IT

IS EASIER TO FORM THAN A SPHERICAL DOME.

THE STRESSES IN A TRANSLATION SHELL ARE MUCH

LIKE A DOME AT THE TOP, BUT AT THE LEVEL OF THE
ARCHES, TENSION FORCES ARE OFFSET BY
COMPRESSION IN THE ARCH.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
WARPED SURFACES
WARPED SURFACES HAVE A GREAT ADVANTAGE FOR SHELL STRUCTURES
BECAUSE THEY MAY BE FORMED FROM STRAIGHT FORM BOARDS EVEN
THOUGH THEY ARE SURFACES OF DOUBLE CURVATURE. THERE ARE TWO
TYPES WHICH ARE MOST USEFUL NAMELY CONOID AND HYPERBOLIC
PARABOLOID SHELL.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
WARPED SURFACES

CONOID SHELL STRUCTURE HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID SHELL

TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
COMBINATIONS
THE OTHER SHELL STRUCTURES ARE BASIC TYPES.
SO, IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONSTRUCT DIFFERENT AND
SAFER SHELL STRUCTURE BY COMBINING PORTION
OF THE BASIC SHELL STRUCTURE.

INTERSECTION SHELLS, BARREL SHELL AND

FOLDED PLATE, BARREL SHELL AND SHORT SHELL,
BARREL SHELLS AND DOMES OF REVOLUTION, AND
BARREL SHELLS AND CONOIDS ARE ALL CONCRETE
SHELL COMBINATIONS. SO, NUMEROUS
COMBINATIONS CAN BE FORMED TO REACH THE
DESIRED SAFETY AND CAPACITY.
 EXAMPLES OF
S H E L L S T R U C T U RE
 LOTUS TEMPLE – THIN SHELL CONCRETE
LOTUS TEMPLE STRUCTURE
NEW DELHI, INDIA
DESIGNED BY FARIBORZ SAHBA;
COMPLETED IN 1986.
COMPOSED OF 27 REINFORCED CONCRETE
PETALS FORMING A NINE-SIDED LAYOUT.
UTILIZES A THIN-SHELL SYSTEM WHERE
CURVED GEOMETRY PROVIDES STRUCTURAL
STRENGTH.
LOADS ARE CARRIED THROUGH
COMPRESSION, ALLOWING A COLUMN-FREE
CENTRAL HALL.
CLAD IN WHITE MARBLE FROM MOUNT
PENTELICUS.
SYDNEY OPERA SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE – PRECAST CONCRETE
SHELL ROOF

HOUSE DESIGNED BY JØRN UTZON; COMPLETED IN

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
1973.
ROOF FORMED BY PRECAST RIBBED
CONCRETE SHELL SEGMENTS DERIVED
FROM A SPHERICAL GEOMETRY.
SHELLS TRANSFER LOADS TO A MASSIVE
REINFORCED CONCRETE PODIUM.
ENGINEERED WITH OVE ARUP & PARTNERS
TO RESOLVE COMPLEX STRUCTURAL
CHALLENGES.
EXTERIOR FINISHED WITH CERAMIC TILES
FOR DURABILITY AND VISUAL IDENTITY.
 VANTELIN DOME NAGOYA – GEODESIC STEEL
VANTELIN DOME SHELL DOME

NAGOYA OPENED IN 1997; HOME OF THE CHUNICHI

NAGOYA, JAPAN
DRAGONS.
FEATURES A GEODESIC STEEL SPACE
FRAME DOME USING TRIANGULATED
MEMBERS.
TRIANGULAR GEOMETRY ENSURES HIGH
RIGIDITY AND EFFICIENT LOAD DISTRIBUTION.
PROVIDES A LARGE COLUMN-FREE SPAN,
SUITABLE FOR STADIUM-SCALE
ARCHITECTURE.
DESIGNED TO RESIST SEISMIC AND WIND
FORCES THROUGH LIGHTWEIGHT BUT
STRONG STEEL FRAMING.
 KRESGE AUDITORIUM
KRESGE
AUDITORIUM DESIGNED BY EERO SAARINEN; COMPLETED
IN 1955 AT MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS,
TECHNOLOGY.
UNITED STATES
ONE-EIGHTH SPHERICAL REINFORCED
CONCRETE THIN SHELL.
EXTREMELY THIN (ABOUT 3 INCHES) YET
STRUCTURALLY STABLE DUE TO DOUBLE-
CURVED GEOMETRY.
SUPPORTED AT ONLY THREE PERIMETER
POINTS, CREATING A WIDE COLUMN-FREE
INTERIOR.
 APPLICATIONS
OF SHELL STRUCTURE
APPLICATIONS OF THE SHELL STRUCTURE IS COMMONLY USED IN SEISMIC
ZONES WHERE STRUCTURES UNDERGO SEISMIC LOADS.

SHELL STRUCTURE
SHELL STRUCTURES ARE POPULAR WHICH ARE THE REASON OF USING THE SHELL STRUCTURES IN THE
COMMONLY USED IN DIFFERENT AREAS: EARTHQUAKE-PRONE AREAS IS THAT IT HAS HIGH
STRENGTH WITH RESPECT TO ITS SELF-WEIGHT.

SHELL STRUCTURES ARE GENERALLY USED TO COVER THE

LARGER AREA OF THE BUILDING WHERE THE INTERIOR OF
THE BUILDING HAS NO COLUMNS AND WALLS TO SUPPORT
THE FLAT SLABS

SHELL STRUCTURE HAS A VERY INTERESTING AND

ATTRACTIVE LOOK WHICH IS USED TO BEAUTIFY THE
BUILDINGS.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
SHELL STRUCTURE
 ADVANTAGES OF SHELL STRUCTURE

SHELL STRUCTURES HAVE VERY HIGH STIFFNESS.

SHELL STRUCTURES HAVE HIGHER STRENGTH WITH RESPECT TO THEIR SELF-WEIGHT.

SHELL STRUCTURES ARE USED TO COVER A LARGE AREA.

IT IS VERY SIMPLE IN DESIGN AND HAS MORE STRENGTH AS COMPARED TO OTHER TYPES OF STRUCTURES.

STEEL STRUCTURES ARE STRUCTURALLY CONTINUOUS AND IT CAN TRANSFER LOADS IN A NUMBER OF DIRECTIONS.

SHELL STRUCTURES ARE ATTRACTIVE IN APPEARANCE AND MOSTLY USED FOR DECORATIVE PURPOSES.

THE NOTES WHICH ARE APPLIED TO THE SHELL STRUCTURES ARE CARRIED TO THE GROUND BY TENSILE, SHEAR, AND
COMPRESSIVE FORCES.

THE DEAD LOAD IN THE SHELL STRUCTURE CAN BE REDUCED BY ECONOMIZING THE FOUNDATION AND THE OVERALL
SUPPORT SYSTEM.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
SHELL STRUCTURE

IN THE CASE OF SHELL STRUCTURES, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO

CONSTRUCT A FLOOR ABOVE THEM.

THE LABOR COST REQUIRED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHELL

STRUCTURES IS MORE.

FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SHELL STRUCTURES, THERE

SHOULD BE GREATER ACCURACY IN THE FORMWORK REQUIRED.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SHELL STRUCTURES REQUIRED

SKILLED LABOR AND GOOD SUPERVISION.
THANK YERLS!!!