BS SCHEME of STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
University of Narowal, Narowal
INTRODUCTION

The BS Mathematics program is offered at the Department of Mathematics, University of Narowal. The
main objective of this program is to develop strong mathematical knowledge and analytical skills among
students so they can contribute to scientific, technological, and educational development. The
curriculum is designed to build a solid foundation in core areas of mathematics and to develop logical
reasoning, problem-solving ability, and computational skills.

The program provides students with theoretical understanding as well as practical applications of
mathematics in different fields such as science, technology, engineering, economics, and data analysis. It
also prepares students for higher studies and professional careers in academia, industry, and research
organizations.

PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the BS Mathematics program are:

• To develop a strong foundation in fundamental and advanced areas of mathematics.

• To prepare students with analytical and logical thinking skills for solving mathematical and real-
world problems.

• To address the need for qualified mathematics teachers and professionals in educational
institutions.

• To equip students with computational and quantitative skills useful in science, technology, and
industry.

• To prepare students for higher studies and research in mathematics and related disciplines.

• To encourage independent learning and critical thinking in mathematical sciences.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES

After completing the BS Mathematics program, graduates will be able to:

• Demonstrate a strong understanding of fundamental concepts in pure and applied mathematics.

• Apply mathematical techniques to solve theoretical and real-life problems.

• Analyze mathematical problems using logical reasoning and quantitative methods.

• Communicate mathematical ideas clearly and effectively in written and oral form.
 • Use computational tools and modern technologies in mathematical analysis.

• Work effectively both independently and collaboratively in academic and professional

environments.

• Pursue higher education and professional development in mathematics and related fields.

DURATION

The BS Mathematics program consists of eight semesters spread over four academic years, with two
semesters (Fall and Spring) per year as per the rules of the University of Narowal.

ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

The candidate must fulfill the admission requirements prescribed by the Higher Education Commission
(HEC) of Pakistan and the University of Narowal.

The applicant must have:

• Intermediate ([Link]./ICS or equivalent) with Mathematics from a recognized board or institution.

• Minimum marks as required by the University of Narowal admission policy.

Admission will be granted according to the university rules and merit criteria.

PROGRAM STRUCTURE
Description Details
Total Number of Credits 136
Core Mathematics Courses (Credits) 75
General Education Courses (Credits) 32
Allied / Interdisciplinary Courses (Credits) 21
Internship 3 credit hours
Capstone 3 credit hours
Compulsory* 2 credit hours
Total Number of Semesters 08
Semester Duration 18 Weeks
Classwork 16 Weeks
Testing and Evaluation 02 Weeks
Course Load / Semester 15–18 Credits
ROAD MAP BS MATHEMATICS (Fall 2026)
SEMESTER-I

No Course Code Course Title Cr. Hours

1 MATH-101 Calculus – I 3(3-0) Major
2 CS-208 Introduction to Programming 3(2-1) Interdisciplinary
3 GEN-005 Quantitative Reasoning – I 3(3-0) General Education
Natural Science **
4 PHY-112 (Suggested Course: General 3(2-1) General Education
Physics)
5 GEN-001 Functional English 3(3-0) General Education
6 GEN-004 Applications of ICT 3(2-1) General Education

Total 18

SEMESTER-II

No Course Code Course Title Cr. Hours

1 MATH-102 Calculus – II 3(3-0) Major

2 MATH-103 Discrete Mathematics 3(3-0) Major
3 GEN-006 Quantitative Reasoning – II 3(3-0) General Education
4 GEN-002 Expository Writing 3(2-1) General Education
5 GEN-009 Pakistan Studies 2(2-0) General Education
6 ENG-201 Arts & Humanities 2(2-0) General Education

7 QURAN-101 Understanding of Quran-I 1(1-0) Compulsory

Total 17

SEMESTER-III

No Course Code Course Title Cr. Hours

1 MATH-201 Calculus – III 3(3-0) Major

 2 MATH-202 Algebraic Number Theory 3(3-0) Major
3 MATH-203 Vector and Tensor Analysis 3(2-1) Major
4 STAT-101 Statistics & Probability 3(3-0) Interdisciplinary
Ideology & Constitution of
5 GEN-007 2(2-0) General Education
Pakistan
6 EDU-102 Social Sciences *** 2(2-0) General Education

7 QURAN-102 Understanding of Quran-II 1(1-0) Compulsory

Total 17

SEMESTER-IV

No Course Code Course Title Cr. Hours

1 MATH-207 Linear Algebra 3(3-0) Major

2 MATH-204 Numerical Analysis-I 3(3-0) Major
3 MATH-205 Data Structure & Algorithms 3(3-0) Major
4 MATH-206 Ordinary Differential Equations 3(3-0) Major
5 GEN-008 Civics & Community Engagement 2(2-0) General Education

6 GEN-003 Entrepreneurship 2(2-0) General Education

Islamic Studies * (Ethics for non-
7 GEN-010 2(2-0) General Education
Muslim students
Total 18

SEMESTER-V

No Course Code Course Title Cr. Hours

1 MATH-302 Real Analysis 3(3-0) Major

2 MATH-305 Topology 3(3-0) Major
3 MATH-304 Partial Differential Equations 3(3-0) Major
5 CS-207 Advanced Programming 3(3-0) Interdisciplinary

6 PHYS-104 Introduction to Mechanics 3(2-1) Interdisciplinary

Total 18
SEMESTER-VI

No Course Code Course Title Cr. Hours

1 MATH-303 Abstract Algebra 3(3-0) Major

2 MATH-306 Integral Equations 3(3-0) Major

3 MATH-307 Complex Analysis 3(3-0) Major
4 MATH-309 Differential Geometry 3(3-0) Major
5 STAT-102 Introduction to Data Science 3(3-0) Interdisciplinary

Programming Language for

6 CS-208 3(3-0) Interdisciplinary
Mathematicians

Total
15

SEMESTER-VII

No Course Code Course Title Cr. Hours

1 MATH-402 Methods of Mathematical Physics 3(3-0) Major

2 MATH-401 Functional Analysis 3(3-0) Major
3 MATH- Elective – I ***** 3(3-0) Major
4 MATH- Elective – II ***** 3(3-0) Major
Scientific Writing & Research
5 MGT- 3(3-0) Interdisciplinary
Methods
Total 15

SEMESTER-VIII

No Course Code Course Title Cr. Hours

1 MATH- Elective – III ***** 3(3-0) Major

2 MATH- Elective – IV ***** 3(3-0) Major
3 MATH- Elective – V ***** 3(3-0) Major
 4 MATH- Elective – VI ***** 3(3-0) Major
5 MATH-406 Capstone 3(3-0) Capstone
Total 15

List of Elective Courses

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
MATH-408 Theory of Rings and Fields 3(3-0)
MATH-409 Theory of Modules 3(3-0)
MATH-410 Rings and Modules 3(3-0)
MATH-411 Operator Theory 3(3-0)
MATH-412 Graph Theory 3(3-0)
MATH-413 Analytical Dynamics 3(3-0)
MATH-414 General Theory of Relativity 3(3-0)
MATH-415 Measure Theory 3(3-0)
MATH-417 Mathematical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics 3(3-0)
MATH-418 Combinatorics 3(3-0)
MATH-419 Affine and Euclidean Geometry 3(3-0)
MATH-422 Fuzzy Set Theory 3(3-0)
MATH-423 Special Functions and Integral Transforms 3(3-0)
MATH-430 Optimization Theory 3(3-0)
MATH-407 Mathematical Modeling & Simulations 3(3-0)
MATH-424 Cryptography 3(3-0)
MATH-404 Fluid Mechanics 3(3-0)
MATH-409 Numerical Analysis-II 3(3-0)
MATH-405 Algebraic Coding Theory 3(3-0)
MATH-421 Mathematical Statistics 3(3-0)
MATH-425 Computational Mathematics 3(3-0)
MATH-426 Operation Research-I 3(3-0)
MATH-428 Non-linear Dynamics 3(3-0)
MATH-427 Operation Research-II 3(3-0)
MATH-429 Special Theory of Relativity 3(3-0)

List of Courses (Minor/Allied)

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
MATH-111 Pre-Calculus 3(3-0)
MATH-101 Calculus-I 3(3-0)
MATH-104 Basic Mathematics 3(3-0)
MATH-105 Calculus and Analytical Geometry 3(3-0)
MATH-106 Series and Integral Calculus 3(3-0)
MATH-107 Multi Variable Calculus 3(3-0)
MATH-108 Mathematics-I 3(3-0)
MATH-109 Mathematics-II 3(3-0)
GEN-005 Quantitative Reasoning-I 3(3-0)
GEN-006 Quantitative Reasoning-II 3(3-0)
MATH-207 Linear Algebra 3(3-0)
MATH-206 Differential Equation 3(3-0)
 Course Outlines for Major Courses
Semester-I
Title Credit Hours
Calculus I 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Knowledge of Intermediate Calculus

Objectives

Calculus serves as the foundation of advanced subjects in all areas of mathematics. This is the first
course of Calculus. The objective of this course is to introduce students to the fundamental concepts of
limit, continuity, differential and integral calculus of functions of one variable.

Learning Outcomes

• The students will be able to understand the concepts of limit and continuity and calculate
derivatives.
• The students will be able to identify the concept of integration.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Preliminaries

Solving linear and quadratic equations, division of polynomials, synthetic division, roots
of polynomials. Viete relations Descartes rule of signs. Solving linear inequalities, linear
and nonlinear inequalities with absolute value. Domain and range of a function, examples
polynomial, rational, piecewise defined functions, absolute value functions. Sum,
product, quotient and compositions. Graphs of functions, linear, quadratic, piecewise
functions. Equation of a straight-line slope and intercept of a line, parallel and
perpendicular lines. Solution of the system of linear equations. Nonlinear systems, at
least one quadratic equation.

Unit 2. Limits and Continuity

Limit of a function, graphical approach, properties & theorems of limits. Limits of

polynomials, rational and transcendental functions. Limits at infinity, infinite limits, one-
sided limits. Continuity.

Unit 3. Derivatives

The derivative as a function. The derivative as a rate of change. Derivatives of products,

quotients and negative powers. Derivatives of trigonometric, polynomials, rational,
exponential and logarithmic functions. Chain Rule. Implicit differentiation. Higher
Derivatives. Leibnitz theorem.
Unit 4. Applications of Derivatives

Increasing and decreasing functions, first derivative test, convexity and point of
inflection. The second derivative test. Inverse of functions and their derivatives.

Unit 5. Integration

Riemann sums and the definite integral. Properties of integral. The fundamental theorem
of calculus. The substitution rules.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Anton, H. Bivens, I.C., and Davis, S. (2021). Calculus. John Wiley and Sons.
2. Ayres, F., and Mendelson, E. (2009). Calculus. Schaum's Outlines.
3. Hughes-Hallett, D., Gleason, A.M., and McCallum, W.G. (2020). Calculus: Single and
Multivariable. John Wiley and Sons.
4. Stewart, J., Clegg, D.K., and Watson, S. (2020). Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Cengage
Learning.
5. Thomas, G. B., Finney, R. L., Weir, M. D., & Giordano, F. R. (2003). Thomas' calculus.
Reading: Addison-Wesley.

Title Credit Hours

Introduction to
3(2-1)
Programming

Pre-requisite: Nil

Objectives

• To introduce students to the fundamental concepts of computer programming.

• To develop logical and computational thinking for solving mathematical problems.
• To familiarize students with basic programming structures and algorithms.
• To enable students to implement simple programs useful in mathematical computations.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand basic programming concepts and terminology.

• Design simple algorithms for mathematical and logical problems.
• Write and execute basic programs using a high-level programming language.
 • Apply programming techniques to perform mathematical computations.
• Use programming tools for data processing and visualization.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming

• Basic components of a computer system

• Overview of programming languages
• Problem solving and algorithm design
• Flowcharts and pseudocode

Unit 2: Basic Programming Concepts

• Structure of a program
• Variables, constants and data types
• Input and output operations
• Arithmetic and logical operators

Unit 3: Control Structures

• Conditional statements (if, if–else, nested conditions)

• Loop structures (for, while, do–while)
• Logical expressions and decision making

Unit 4: Functions and Modular Programming

• Definition and use of functions

• Parameter passing and return values
• Modular programming concepts

Unit 5: Arrays and Data Handling

• One-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays

• Basic data manipulation and processing
 • Applications in simple mathematical problems

Unit 6: Introduction to Mathematical Programming Applications

• Writing programs for numerical computations

• Simple algorithms for mathematical calculations
• Basic data visualization and computational tools

Practical / Lab Work

• Writing and executing basic programs

• Implementation of loops and conditional statements
• Programs for mathematical calculations and simple algorithms
• Basic data processing using programming tools

Recommended Books

1. Deitel, P., & Deitel, H. (2016). C How to Program (8th ed.). Pearson Education.
2. Downey, A. (2016). Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist (2nd ed.). O’Reilly
Media.
3. Zelle, J. (2017). Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science (3rd ed.). Franklin,
Beedle & Associates.
4. Guttag, J. (2021). Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python (3rd ed.). MIT
Press.

Title Credit Hours

Quantitative Reasoning – I 3(3-0)

Objectives
To enhance students’ logical reasoning, problem-solving, and quantitative analysis skills.

Learning Outcomes

• Solve problems using logical and quantitative methods.

• Analyze data and reason with numbers effectively.
 • Apply reasoning skills to real-world contexts.

Course Outline

• Logical reasoning and arguments.

• Basic algebraic problem-solving.
• Quantitative analysis and applications.

Recommended Books

1. Larson, R., Edwards, B. Elementary Algebra. Brooks/Cole.

2. Lial, M. L., Hornsby, J., Schneider, D. I. Basic College Mathematics. Pearson.

Title Credit Hours

Functional English 3(3-0)
Objectives
This course is designed to equip students with essential language skills for effective communication in
diverse real-world scenarios. It focuses on developing proficiency in English language usage: word
choices, grammar and sentence structure. In addition, the course will enable students to grasp nuanced
messages and tailor their communication effectively through application of comprehension and
communication aspects including professional writing, public speaking, and everyday conversation.
Ensuring that students are equipped in both academic and professional spheres. An integral part of the
course is fostering a deeper understanding of the impact of language on diverse audiences. Students will
learn to communicate inclusively and display a strong commitment to cultural awareness in their
language use. Additionally, the course will enable them to navigate the globalized world with case and
efficacy, making a positive impact hi their functional interactions.
Learning Outcomes
• Apply enhanced English communication skills through effective use of word choices, grammar
and sentence structure.
• Comprehend a variety of literary non-literary written and spoken texts in English.
• Effectively express information, ideas and opinions in written and spoken English.
• Recognize inter-cultural variations in the use of English language and to effectively adapt their
communication style and content based on diverse cultural and social contexts.
Course Outline
Unit 1. Introduction
Ice breaking Activities. Types and modes of Communication. Intrapersonal, intra-
 personal and group communication.
Unit 2. Rules for Structure of Sentences
Types of sentences. Punctuation and Spelling, Vocabulary. Lexical and functional
categories. Structural kind of sentences: simple, compound, complex. Synthesis of
sentences.
Unit 3. Concept of Time and Tense (present, past, future).
Discussion: General topics and everyday conversation. Concept of Voice: active and
passive voice. Functional use of Voice in different situations. Discussion: General topics
and everyday conversation.
Unit 4. Direct and Indirect Reporting.
Discussion: General topics and everyday conversation, describing things persons, places,
pictures, events etc. Salutation & Greeting, Introduction, Asking and answering
questions. Discussion: General topics and everyday conversation.
Unit 5. Practicing Everyday Conversation
Request and Permission, Agreement and Disagreement. Apologizing, Expressing likes
and Dislikes, expressing opinion. Expressing approval, Disapproval, Discussion: General
topics and everyday conversation.
Unit 6. Articulating Expression
Expressing appreciation, regret, and indifference. Expressing certainty, uncertainty, and
obligation. Expressing suggestion, warning, Expressing possibility, impossibility &
logical conclusion. Discussion: General topics and everyday conversation.
Unit 7. Art of Inviting
Accepting, declining invitation. Expressing & inquiring about preferences. Stating
intentions and Making Plans. Giving directions. Instructing people how to do things.
Unit 8. Discussing Past and Present
Future prospects. Talking about the past.
Recommended books/ Reference material
1. Azar, B. S. (2003). Fundamentals of English grammar. Longman.

2. Beebe, S. A., Beebe, S. J., & Ivy, D. K. (2010). Communication: Principles for a lifetime (p.
483). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
3. Eastwood, J. (1994). Oxford guide to English grammar. Oxford University Press.

4. Floyd, K., & Cardon, P. (2023). Business and Professional Communication. McGraw-Hill US
Higher Ed USE.)
 5. Kortmann, B. (2020). English linguistics: essentials. Springer Nature.

6. Langan, J. (2001). College writing skills with readings. New York.

7. Murphy, R. (2003). English grammar in use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

8. Sharma, Gajendra Dutt (2023) A Comprehensive Resource Book of Functional English, OEP,
New Delhi.
9. Thomson, A. J., & Martinet, A. V. (2015). A practical English grammar. New York: Oxford
University Press.
10. Wren, P. C., & Martin, H. (2000). English grammar and Composition. New Delhi: S Chand &
Company Ltd.

Title Credit Hours

Applications of ICT 3(2-1)

Objectives

• To introduce students to the fundamental concepts of information and communication

technologies.
• To develop practical skills in using digital tools for academic and professional purposes.
• To enable students to effectively use ICT applications for data handling, communication, and
presentations.
• To promote awareness of ethical and responsible use of digital technologies.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand the basic components and functions of computer systems.

• Use software applications for word processing, spreadsheets, and presentations.
• Apply ICT tools in academic work and research activities.
• Utilize internet resources for communication and information retrieval.
• Demonstrate awareness of cybersecurity, data privacy, and digital ethics.
Course Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to ICT

• Concept and importance of ICT

• Components of computer systems (hardware and software)
• Operating systems and basic operations

Unit 2: Word Processing

• Creating and formatting documents

• Use of tables, images, and references
• Preparation of reports and academic documents

Unit 3: Spreadsheet Applications

• Data entry and organization

• Basic formulas and functions
• Charts and data visualization

Unit 4: Presentation Tools

• Designing effective presentations

• Use of multimedia elements
• Presentation techniques

Unit 5: Internet and Communication

• Internet basics and web browsing

• Search engines and online research
• Email and communication tools
• Cloud computing and online collaboration

Unit 6: ICT Ethics and Security

• Responsible use of ICT

• Data protection and cybersecurity
• Digital citizenship
• Intellectual property and plagiarism
Practical / Lab Work

• Preparation of documents using word processing tools

• Spreadsheet exercises with formulas and charts
• Creation of presentations
• Internet browsing and email communication tasks
• Use of online collaboration tools

Recommended Books

1. Shelly, G. B., Vermaat, M. E. (2011). Discovering Computers: Fundamentals. Cengage

Learning.
2. Norton, P. (2013). Introduction to Computers (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
3. Morley, D., Parker, C. S. (2015). Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (15th ed.).
Cengage Learning.
4. Parsons, J. J., Oja, D. (2016). Computer Concepts (12th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Semester-II
Title Credit Hours
Calculus-II 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Calculus-I

Objectives

This is the second course of Calculus. As a continuation of Calculus-I, it focuses on techniques of

integration and applications of integrals. The course also aims at introducing the students infinite series,
parametric curves and polar coordinates.

Learning Outcomes

• The students will be able to learn integration techniques.

• They will be able to understand conic sections and polar curves and also be able to test
convergence and divergence.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Techniques of Integration

Integrals of elementary, hyperbolic, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions.

Integration by parts, substitution, and integration by partial fractions. Improper Integrals.
Gamma functions.
Unit 2. Applications of Integrals

Area between curves, average value. Volume. Area of a surface of revolution. Arc length.
Applications to Economics, Physics, Engineering and Biology.

Unit 3. Infinite Series

Sequences and series. Convergence and absolute convergence. Divergence test, integral
test, P-series test, comparison test, limit comparison test, alternating series test, ratio test,
root test. Power series, convergence of power series. Taylor and Maclaurin’s series
approximations by Taylor polynomials.

Unit 4. Conic Sections and Parametrized Curves

Curves defined by parametric equations. Calculus with parametric curves. Tangent, areas,
arc length.

Unit 5. Polar Coordinates

Polar Curves. Tangents to polar curves. Areas and arc length in polar coordinates.

Recommended Books/Reference material

1. Anton, H., Bivens, I. C., Davis, S. (2022). Calculus: Single Variable. United States: Wiley.
2. Fehribach, J. D. (2023). Sequences and Series in Calculus. Germany: De Gruyter.
3. HughesHallett, D., Gleason, A. M., Mccallum, W. G. (2020). Calculus: Single and Multivariable.
United Kingdom: Wiley.
4. Stewart, J., Clegg, D.K., and Watson, S. (2020). Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Cengage
Learning.
5. Thomas, G. B., Finney, R. L., Weir, M. D., & Giordano, F. R. (2003). Thomas' calculus.
Reading: Addison-Wesley.

Title Credit Hours

Discrete Mathematics 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Knowledge of Intermediate Mathematics

Objectives

This course introduces the fundamental concepts of discrete mathematics, including sets, relations,
number theory, mathematical logic, and counting methods. It equips students with the tools to analyze
and solve problems in mathematics, computer science, and related fields.
Learning Outcomes

• Students will understand and manipulate sets, relations, and functions.

• They will be able to solve problems using divisibility, modular arithmetic, and congruences.

• They will learn propositional and predicate logic.

• Students will apply counting techniques, generating functions, and the pigeonhole principle.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Sets and Relations

Set and subsets. Arbitrary union and finite intersection of sets. Cartesian product.
Relations, equivalence relations, and partitioning of a set. Order relations, minimum,
maximum, infimum, supremum. Well-ordered sets, induction, and inductively ordered
sets.

Unit 2. Computing Cardinals

Cardinality of Cartesian products. Cardinality of all functions from one set to another.
Operations with cardinal numbers.

Unit 3. Numbers
Divisibility and modular arithmetic. Integer representations and algorithms. Primes and
greatest common divisors. Solving congruencies. Applications of congruence.

Unit 4. Mathematical Logic

Propositional calculus. Truth tables. Predicate calculus.

Unit 5. Counting Methods

Product and inclusion-exclusion formulae. Generating functions. Double counting and
applications. Pigeonhole principle and its applications.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. B. Kolman, R. Busby, S. C. Ross. Discrete Mathematical Structures (5th ed.), Prentice-Hall of

India, New Delhi, 2008.

2. K. H. Rosen. Discrete Mathematics and its Application (7th ed.), McGraw-Hill, 2007.

3. A. Rehman, M. Imran, S. Mubeen, B.R. Mughal. Discrete Mathematics with Applications, Allied
Book Center, Lahore, 2021.

4. N. L. Brigs. Discrete Mathematics, Oxford University Press, 2003.

5. K. A. Ross, C. R. B. Wright. Discrete Mathematics, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2003.

 6. B. Rotman, G.T. Kneebone. The Theory of Sets and Transfinite Numbers, Old Bourne London,
1968.

Title Credit Hours

Quantitative Reasoning
3(3-0)
– II

Objectives
To build on Quantitative Reasoning-I and develop advanced problem-solving and analytical skills.

Learning Outcomes

• Apply quantitative methods to complex problems.

• Use reasoning skills in statistical and mathematical contexts.
• Develop strategies for logical problem-solving.

Course Outline

• Advanced algebra and functions.

• Probability and statistics applications.
• Mathematical modeling of real-life problems.

Recommended Books

1. Larson, R., Edwards, B. Elementary Algebra. Brooks/Cole.

2. Lial, M. L., Hornsby, J., Schneider, D. I. Basic College Mathematics. Pearson.

Title Credit Hours

Expository Writing 3(2-1)

Objectives
Expository Writing is a sequential undergraduate course aimed at refining writing skills in various contexts.
Building upon the foundation building pre-requisite course, Functional English, this course will enhance
students' basic skills of producing clear, concise and coherent written texts in English. The course will also
enable students to dissect intricate ideas, to amalgamate information and to express their views and opinions
through well-organized essays. The students will further be able to refine their analytical skills to substantiate
their viewpoints using credible sources while adhering to established ethical writing norms. Additionally, the
course will highlight the significance of critical thinking enabling students to produce original and engaging
written texts.
Learning Outcomes
• Understand the essentials of the writing process integrating pre-working, drafting, editing and
proofreading to produce well-structured essays.
• Uphold ethical practices to maintain originality in expository writing.
 Course Outline
Unit 1. Introduction to Expository Writing
Understanding expository writing (definition, types, purpose and applications). Characteristics of
effective expository writing (clarity, coherence and organization). Introduction to paragraph writing.

Unit 2. The Writing Process

Pre-writing techniques (brainstorming, free-writing, mind-mapping, listing, questioning and
outlining etc.). Drafting (three stage process of drafting techniques). Revising and editing
(ensuring correct grammar, Clarity, coherence, conciseness etc.). Proofreading (fine-tuning of
the draft). Peer review and feedback (providing and receiving critique).
Unit 3. Essay Organization and Structure
Introduction and hook (engaging readers and introducing the topic). Thesis statement (crafting a
clear and focused central idea). Body Paragraphs (topic sentences, supporting evidence and
transitional devices). Conclusion (types of concluding paragraphs and leaving an impact).
Ensuring cohesion and coherence (creating seamless connections between paragraphs
Unit 4. Types of Expository Writing
Description, Illustration, Classification. Cause and effect (exploring causal relationships and
outcomes). Process analysis (explaining step-by-step procedures). Comparative analysis
(analyzing similarities and differences
Unit 5. Writing for Specific Purposes and Audiences
Different types of purposes (to inform, to analyze, to persuade, to entertain etc.). Writing for
academic audiences (formality, objectivity, and academic conventions). Writing for public
audiences (engaging. informative and persuasive language). Different tones and styles for
specific purposes and audiences.
Unit 6. Ethical Considerations
Ensuring original writing (finding credible sources, evaluating information etc.). Proper citation
and referencing (APA, MLA, or other citation styles). Integrating quotes and evidences (quoting,
paraphrasing, and summarizing). Avoiding plagiarism (ethical considerations and best practices)
Recommended Books/ Reference Material
1. Axelrod, R. B., & Cooper, C. R. (2010). The St. Martin's guide to writing. Macmillan.

2. Faigley, L., Selzer, J., Enoch, J., & Wible, S. (2009). Good reasons with contemporary
arguments. Pearson Longman.

3. Floyd, K., & Cardon, P. (2023). Business and Professional Communication. McGraw-Hill US
Higher Ed USE.
 4. Graff, G., Birkenstein, C., & Maxwell, C. (2014). They say, I say: The moves that matter in
academic writing (p. 245). Gildan Media Corp Book Publisher.

5. Johnson-Sheehan, R., Paine, C., & Paine, C. (2010). Writing today. Pearson Education India.

6. Keizer, E. (2015). A functional discourse grammar for English. Oxford University Press.

7. Rosenwasser, D., & Stephen, J. (2011). Writing analytically. Cengage Learning Press.
8. Straaijer, R. (2018). Modern English usage from Britain to America: Bryan Garner follows
Henry Fowler from A Dictionary of Modern American English Usage to Garner's Modern
English Usage. English Today, 34(4), 39-47.

9. Wachal, R. S. (2000). The Elements of Style, by William Strunk, Jr., and EB White; and A
Dictionary of Modern American Usage, by Bryan A. Garner. American speech, 75(2), 199-207.

10. Williams, J. M., & Bizup, J. (2022). Lessons in clarity and grace. Pearson.

Title Credit Hours

Pakistan Studies 2(2-0)

Objectives

• To understand the historical background of the Muslim rule in the subcontinent and the causes of
its decline.

• To analyze the political developments that led to the creation of Pakistan.

• To study constitutional development and political culture in Pakistan.

• To examine the major determinants of Pakistan’s foreign policy.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Explain the regeneration of Muslim society in the subcontinent.

• Analyze key political movements and their impact on South Asian politics.

• Evaluate the leadership roles of major Muslim leaders.

• Understand constitutional evolution in Pakistan.

 • Discuss Pakistan’s political culture and foreign policy objectives.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Decline of Muslim Rule and Regeneration

• Causes of the decline of Muslim rule in the subcontinent

• Regeneration of Muslim society

• War of Independence 1857 and its political impacts

Unit 2: Reform Movements and Political Awakening

• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement

o Educational services

o Political services

o Rational interpretation of Islam

• Formation of All-India Muslim League

o Causes and multiple approaches

o Objectives of the party

o Comparison with Indian National Congress

• Lucknow Pact and Hindu-Muslim unity

Unit 3: Major Political Movements

• Khilafat Movement

o Khilafat as an institution

o Hindu-Muslim unity

o Role of Mahatma Gandhi

o Emergence of Muslim Ulama in politics

o Causes of failure and impacts

 • Allahabad Address of Allama Muhammad Iqbal

• Political thoughts of Choudhry Rahmat Ali

• Congress Ministries

• Pakistan Resolution

Unit 4: Leadership and Creation of Pakistan

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah

o Role in Indian politics

o As Governor General

• Politics of Muslim League after independence

• Initial problems faced by Pakistan

• Constitutional development

Unit 5: Constitutional and Political Development

• Study of the Constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973

• Political culture of Pakistan

Unit 6: Foreign Policy of Pakistan

• Major determinants

• Objectives

• Overview of Pakistan’s foreign relations

Recommended Books

1. K. B. Saeed, Pakistan: The Formative Phase.

2. I. H. Qureshi, The Struggle for Pakistan.

3. S. Mahmood, Pakistan: Political Roots and Development (1947–1999).

 4. M. R. Afzal, Political Parties in Pakistan (1947–1958).

5. G. W. Choudhury, Constitutional Development in Pakistan.

6. The Emergence of Pakistan

Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook

Title Credit Hours

Arts & Humanities 3(3-0)

Objectives

• To introduce students to major themes and ideas in arts and humanities.

• To develop critical thinking and analytical skills through the study of literature, culture, and
philosophy.
• To enhance students’ appreciation of cultural diversity and human creativity.
• To improve communication skills through reading, writing, and discussion.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand key concepts in arts, literature, and humanities.

• Analyze literary and cultural texts critically.
• Appreciate the role of arts and humanities in shaping human thought and society.
• Communicate ideas effectively in written and oral form.
• Develop a broader perspective on cultural and ethical issues.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to Arts and Humanities

• Meaning and scope of arts and humanities

• Importance in human development
• Relationship between culture, society, and art

Unit 2: Literature and Society

• Introduction to prose, poetry, and drama

• Study of selected literary texts
• Themes: human values, ethics, and social issues
Unit 3: Philosophy and Human Thought

• Basic concepts of philosophy

• Ethics and moral reasoning
• Logic and critical thinking

Unit 4: Arts and Culture

• Visual arts, music, and performing arts

• Cultural heritage and diversity
• Role of arts in society

Unit 5: Communication and Expression

• Reading and comprehension skills

• Academic writing and presentation
• Critical discussion and analysis

Recommended Books

1. Barnet, S., Berman, M., & Burto, W. (2011). An Introduction to Literature. Pearson.
2. Edgar, A., & Sedgwick, P. (2008). Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts. Routledge.
3. Cahn, S. M. (2012). Classics of Western Philosophy. Hackett Publishing.
4. Durant, W. (2006). The Story of Philosophy. Pocket Books.

Title Credit Hours

Understanding of Quran-I 1(1-0)
Objectives
• To develop a basic understanding of the message and teachings of the Holy Qur’an.
• To introduce students to selected verses related to faith, morality, and social responsibility.
• To encourage reflection on Qur’anic guidance for personal and social life.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand the basic themes and message of selected Qur’anic verses.

• Explain fundamental Islamic beliefs presented in the Qur’an.
• Reflect on moral and ethical teachings of the Qur’an.
• Apply Qur’anic guidance in personal and social behavior.
Course Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to the Holy Qur’an

Meaning and importance of the Qur’an, Revelation and compilation of the Qur’an,
Structure and themes of the Qur’an

Unit 2: Faith and Belief

Concept of Tawheed (Oneness of Allah), Prophethood (Risalat), Belief in the Hereafter

Unit 3: Moral and Ethical Teachings

Truthfulness and honesty, Justice and fairness, patience and gratitude

Unit 4: Social Guidance

Respect for parents and elders, Rights of neighbors and society, Importance of knowledge
and education

Recommended Books

1. Maududi, Abul A‘la. Towards Understanding the Qur’an (Tafhim-ul-Qur’an). Islamic

Foundation.
2. Usmani, Muhammad Taqi. An Easy Approach to the Qur’an. Maktaba Ma’ariful Qur’an.
3. Khan, Muhammad Muhsin & Al-Hilali, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din. The Noble Qur’an:
Translation of the Meanings. Darussalam Publishers.

Semester-III
Title Credit Hours
Calculus-III 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Calculus-II

Objectives

In this third course of Calculus a student applies the concepts learned in the first two courses. In this
course students learn about vector calculus, the calculus of multivariable functions and double and triple
integrals along with their applications.

Learning Outcomes

• Students must analyze and visualize curves, surfaces and regions in 2 and 3 dimensions.
 • They can manipulate vectors to perform geometrical calculations in three dimensions.
• Integrate functions of several variables over curves and surfaces. Students should be able to use
Green’s theorem and the Divergence theorem to compute.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space

Coordinate system. Rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinates. The dot product,
the cross product. Equations of lines and planes. Quadric surfaces.

Unit 2. Vector -Valued Functions

Vector-valued functions and space curves. Derivatives and integrals of vector valued
functions. Arc length. Curvature. Normal and binormal vectors.

Unit 3. Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives

Functions of several variables. Limits and continuity. Partial derivatives. Composition

and chain rule. Directional derivatives and the gradient vector. Implicit function theorem
for several variables. Maximum and minimum values. Optimization problems. Lagrange
multipliers.

Unit 4. Multiple Integrals

Double integrals over rectangular domains and iterated integrals. Non-rectangular

domains. Double integrals in polar coordinates. Triple integrals in rectangular, cylindrical
and spherical coordinates. Applications of double and triple integrals. Change of
variables in multiple integrals.

Unit 5. Vector Calculus

Vector fields. Line integrals. Green's theorem. Curl and divergence. Surface integrals
over scalar and vector fields. Divergence theorem. Stokes' theorem.

Recommended Books/Reference Material:

1. Anton, H., Bivens, I. C., Davis, S. (2022). Calculus: Single Variable. United States: Wiley.
2. Helfgott, M. (2023). Calculus for the Natural Sciences. United States: Society for Industrial and
Applied Mathematics.
3. HughesHallett, D., Gleason, A. M., Mccallum, W. G. (2020). Calculus: Single and Multivariable.
United Kingdom: Wiley.
4. Stewart, J., Clegg, D.K., and Watson, S. (2020). Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Cengage
Learning.
5. Thomas, G. B., Finney, R. L., Weir, M. D., & Giordano, F. R. (2003). Thomas' calculus.
Reading: Addison-Wesley.
 Title Credit Hours
Algebraic Number Theory 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Discrete Mathematics and Elementary Algebra

Objectives

To introduce students to the fundamental principles of number theory, emphasizing divisibility,

congruences, arithmetic functions, and classical theorems. The course develops rigorous proof skills and
theoretical understanding of integers and their properties.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to explain and apply concepts of
divisibility theory, congruences, Diophantine equations, arithmetic functions, and quadratic residues,
and construct formal proofs of classical number theoretic results.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Preliminaries

Well-ordering principle. Principle of finite induction.

Unit 2. Divisibility Theory

Division algorithm. Base representation theorem. Prime and composite numbers.

Canonical decomposition. Greatest common divisor. Euclidean algorithm. Fundamental
theorem of arithmetic. Least common multiple.

Unit 3. Linear Diophantine Equations and Congruences

Linear Diophantine equations. Congruences. Linear congruences. Systems of linear

congruences. Chinese remainder theorem. Divisibility tests. Polynomial congruences.
Fermat’s theorem. Euler’s theorem. Wilson’s theorem.

Unit 4. Arithmetic Functions

Euler’s phi function. Tau and sigma functions. Möbius function. Perfect numbers. Fermat
primes and Mersenne primes.

Unit 5. Quadratic Residues

Legendre symbol and its properties. Quadratic reciprocity law. Quadratic congruences
with composite moduli. Pythagorean triples. Representation of integers as sum of two
squares.
Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Burton, D. M. (2007). Elementary Number Theory. McGraw-Hill.

2. Malik, S. B. (1995). Basic Number Theory. Vikas Publishing House.

3. Rosen, K. H. (2005). Elementary Number Theory and Its Applications (5th ed.). Addison-
Wesley.

Title Credit Hours

Vector and Tensor
3(3-0)
Analysis

Pre-requisite: Multivariable Calculus

Objectives

To provide students with a rigorous understanding of vector and tensor analysis, including curvilinear
coordinates, differential operators, and integral theorems. The course aims to develop skills for applying
vector and tensor methods in physics, engineering, and applied mathematics.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:

• Apply curvilinear, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems to compute lengths, areas, and
volumes.

• Use gradient, divergence, and curl operations in curvilinear coordinates.

• Understand and manipulate Cartesian tensors, including symmetric, skew-symmetric, isotropic,

and Kronecker/Levi-Civita tensors.

• Apply vector and tensor methods to line, surface, and volume integrals, and prove classical
expansion formulas.

• Use Gauss, Green, and Stokes theorems in practical and theoretical problems.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Curvilinear Coordinates

Curvilinear coordinates and scale factors. Arc length, area, and volume in curvilinear
coordinates. Spherical and cylindrical coordinates. Expansion formulas of gradient,
divergence, and curl. Relations between orthogonal bases and applications to line,
 surface, and volume integrals.

Unit 2. Integral Theorems

Gauss’s theorem, Green’s theorem, and Stokes’ theorem with applications.

Unit 3. Cartesian Tensors

Law of transformation between coordinate systems. Algebra of tensors: sum, difference,

quotient, inner product, contraction, and contraction theorem with applications.
Symmetric and skew-symmetric tensors.

Unit 4. Special Tensors

Kronecker tensor, Levi-Civita tensor, and isotropic tensors. Relations between these
tensors and their properties.

Unit 5. Differential Operators and Applications

First and second order differential operators in tensor form. Applications of tensors in
vector analysis. Proofs of expansion formulas using tensor formalism.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Charlton, F. (1997). Vector and Tensor Methods. Ellis Harwood, Chichester, U.K.

2. Jeffrey, H. Cartesian Tensors. Cambridge University Press.

3. Mir, K. L. (2012). An Introduction to Vector Analysis. IlmiKitabKhana.

4. Shah, N. A. (2005). Vector and Tensor Analysis. A One Publisher.

5. Schaum Series. (1959). Vector and Tensor Analysis. McGraw-Hill.

Title Credit Hours

Statistics & Probability 3(3-0)
Objectives
To introduce basic statistical concepts, data analysis, and probability theory for applications in
mathematics and sciences.

Learning Outcomes

• Understand descriptive and inferential statistics.

• Apply probability theory to real-world problems.
• Analyze data using statistical methods.

Course Outline
 • Descriptive statistics: mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation.
• Probability theory and distributions.
• Sampling and estimation.
• Hypothesis testing and confidence intervals.
• Applications in mathematics and social sciences.

Recommended Books

1. Walpole, R. E., Myers, R. H., Myers, S. L., & Ye, K. Probability and Statistics for Engineers and
Scientists. Pearson.
2. Freedman, D., Pisani, R., & Purves, R. Statistics. W. W. Norton & Company.

Title Credit Hours

Ideology & Constitution of
2(2-0)
Pakistan

Objectives

• To develop an understanding of the ideological foundation of Pakistan.

• To study the constitutional development of Pakistan from 1947 to the present.

• To analyze the structure, features, and working of the Constitution of Pakistan.

• To promote awareness about citizens’ rights, duties, and democratic values.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Explain the ideological basis of Pakistan.

• Describe the historical background of constitutional development.

• Identify the main features of the Constitution of 1973.

• Understand the roles of legislature, executive, and judiciary.

• Demonstrate awareness of fundamental rights and responsibilities.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Ideological Foundation of Pakistan

• Definition and importance of ideology

 • Two-Nation Theory

• Role of Muslim reformers:

 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

 Allama Muhammad Iqbal

 Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

• Pakistan Movement and major events

Unit 2: Constitutional Development (1947–1973)

• Objectives Resolution 1949

• Constitution of 1956

• Constitution of 1962

• Causes of constitutional failure

• Political crises and separation of East Pakistan

Unit 3: The Constitution of 1973

• Salient features of the 1973 Constitution

• Federal structure

• Islamic provisions

• Amendment procedure

• Important constitutional amendments

Unit 4: Structure of Government

• Legislature: Parliament (National Assembly and Senate)

• Executive: President and Prime Minister

• Judiciary: Supreme Court and High Courts

 • Separation of powers

Unit 5: Fundamental Rights and Duties

• Fundamental rights under the 1973 Constitution

• Principles of policy

• Responsibilities of citizens

• Democracy and rule of law

Recommended Books

1. Ikram Rabbani, Pakistan Studies.

2. M. D. Zafar, Pakistan Studies for BS Students.

3. Hamid Khan, Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan.

4. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973.

Title Credit Hours

Understanding of Quran-II 1(1-0)
Pre-requisite: Understanding of Quran–I

Objectives

• To develop deeper understanding of the teachings of the Holy Qur’an.

• To study Qur’anic guidance related to social justice, ethics, and human responsibility.
• To encourage critical reflection on Qur’anic teachings for modern life.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Explain important Qur’anic teachings regarding society and humanity.

• Understand Qur’anic principles of justice, equality, and social welfare.
• Relate Qur’anic guidance to contemporary social and ethical issues.
Course Outline

Unit 1: Human Rights and Social Justice

Equality of mankind, Justice and fairness in society, Protection of human dignity

Unit 2: Economic and Social Responsibilities

Concept of charity (Zakat and Sadaqah), Social welfare and helping the needy, Ethical
economic behavior

Unit 3: Peace and Coexistence

Respect for diversity, Tolerance and peaceful coexistence, Importance of unity and
cooperation

Unit 4: Qur’anic Guidance for Modern Society

Moral responsibility of individuals, Role of knowledge and wisdom, Personal

development in the light of the Qur’an

Recommended Books

1. Maududi, Abul A‘la. Towards Understanding the Qur’an (Tafhim-ul-Qur’an). Islamic

Foundation.
2. Daryabadi, Abdul Majid. Tafsir-ul-Qur’an. Taj Company Ltd.
3. Usmani, Muhammad Taqi. An Easy Approach to the Qur’an. Maktaba Ma’ariful Qur’an.
Semester-IV

Title Credit Hours

Linear Algebra 3(3-0)

Objectives

Linear algebra is the study of vector spaces and linear transformations. The main objective of this course
is to help students learn in a rigorous manner, the tools, and methods essential for studying the solution
spaces of problems in mathematics, engineering, the natural sciences, and social sciences and develop
mathematical skills needed to apply these to the problems arising within their field of study and to
various real-world problems.

Learning Outcomes

• Operation on matrices and expansion of determinants.

• Bases and dimension of a vector space, finite dimensional vector spaces.
• Operations on subspaces, intersections and sums of subspaces.
• Applications of Eigen values, Eigenvectors and diagonalization.

Course Outline

Unit [Link] and its Solutions

Matrices. Operation on matrices. Echelon and reduced echelon form. Inverse linear
system. Gaussian elimination. Determinants of a matrix, computing higher order
determinants.

Unit [Link] Space

Vector spaces, subspaces, linear combination and spanning set. Linear dependence and
independence. Finite dimensional vector spaces, bases and dimension of a vector space.
Operations on subspaces, intersections and sums.

Unit 3. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Eigenvalues, Eigen vectors, diagonalization, and orthogonal diagonalization.

Unit 4. Transformations

Linear transformations, kernel and image of a linear transformation. Isomorphism and

composition. Matrix of a linear map, change of basis, invariant subspaces and direct
sums.

Unit 5. Inner Product Spaces

Inner product spaces, norms and Cauchy inequality.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Aggarwal, C.C., Aggarwal, L.F., and Lagerstrom-Fife. (2020). Linear Algebra and Optimization
for Machine Learning. Springer International Publishing.
2. Hill, R. O. (2014). Elementary linear algebra. Academic Press.
3. Strang, G. (2022). Introduction to Linear Algebra. Wellesley-Cambridge Press.
4. Shapiro, H. (2015). Linear algebra and matrices. AMS, Providence, Rhode Island.
5. W. K. Nicholson, (2021), Linear Algebra with Applications, Lyryx Learning Inc.

Title Credit Hours

Numerical Analysis 3(3-0)

Objectives

• To introduce students to the basic principles of numerical computation.

 • To study different sources of computational errors and their propagation.

• To develop numerical techniques for solving algebraic equations and systems of linear equations.

• To understand interpolation methods and polynomial approximations used in scientific

computation.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand floating point arithmetic and sources of numerical errors.

• Apply iterative methods to solve nonlinear equations.

• Solve systems of linear equations using direct and iterative techniques.

• Compute eigenvalues and eigenvectors using numerical algorithms.

• Construct interpolation polynomials and estimate approximation errors.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Number Systems and Errors

• Number system used in computers

• Round-off errors and truncation errors
• Error estimation and propagation of errors
• Floating point arithmetic
• Algorithms and convergence concepts

Unit 2: Solution of Nonlinear Equations

• Iterative methods and convergence criteria

• Regula Falsi method
• Secant method
• Newton’s method

Unit 3: Systems of Linear Equations

Direct Methods

• Gaussian elimination method

• Gauss–Jordan method
• Matrix inversion methods
• Factorization methods: Doolittle, Crout and Cholesky
Iterative Methods

• Jacobi method
• Gauss–Seidel method
• Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) method
• Ill-conditioned systems and condition number

Unit 4: Eigenvalue Problems

• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

• Power method
• Rayleigh quotient method

Unit 5: Polynomial Interpolation and Approximation

Difference Operators

Interpolation with Unequal Intervals

• Lagrange interpolation formula

• Newton’s divided difference formula
• Error in polynomial interpolation

Interpolation with Equal Intervals

• Gregory–Newton forward interpolation formula

• Gregory–Newton backward interpolation formula
• Central difference interpolation formulae
• Gauss forward and backward interpolation formulae
• Stirling’s formula
• Laplace–Everett formula
• Bessel’s formula
• Aitken’s interpolation
• Hermite interpolation

Recommended Books

1. Vedamurthy, V. N., Iyenger, N. Ch. S. N. (2002). Numerical Methods. New Delhi: Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
2. Burden, R. L., & Faires, J. D. (2015). Numerical Analysis (10th ed.). Boston: Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning.
3. Quarteroni, A., Sacco, R., & Saleri, F. (2007). Numerical Mathematics (2nd ed.). Berlin:
Springer.
4. Suli, E., & Mayers, D. F. (2003). An Introduction to Numerical Analysis. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
 5. Gerald, C. F., & Wheatley, P. O. (2003). Applied Numerical Analysis (7th ed.). Boston:
Addison-Wesley.
6. Mathews, J. H., & Fink, K. D. (2004). Numerical Methods Using MATLAB (4th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Title Credit Hours

Data Structure &
3(3-0)
Algorithms

Pre-requisite: Introduction to Programming

Objectives

• To introduce fundamental data structures and algorithmic techniques.

• To develop problem-solving skills using efficient algorithms.
• To analyze the performance and complexity of algorithms.
• To apply data structures in solving mathematical and computational problems.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand and implement basic data structures.

• Analyze time and space complexity of algorithms.
• Apply appropriate data structures to solve computational problems.
• Design efficient algorithms for sorting, searching, and data processing.
• Develop structured and optimized programs for real-world applications.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to Algorithms

• Definition and characteristics of algorithms

• Algorithm design techniques
• Time and space complexity
• Asymptotic notation (Big-O, Big-Theta, Big-Omega)

Unit 2: Arrays and Linked Lists

• Arrays and their operations

• One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays
• Linked lists (singly and doubly linked lists)
 • Applications of arrays and linked lists

Unit 3: Stacks and Queues

• Stack operations and applications

• Queue operations (simple queue, circular queue)
• Priority queues
• Applications in expression evaluation and recursion

Unit 4: Trees

• Binary trees and tree traversals

• Binary search trees
• Tree operations and applications

Unit 5: Graphs

• Graph representations
• Graph traversal algorithms (BFS, DFS)
• Applications of graphs

Unit 6: Searching and Sorting Algorithms

• Linear and binary search

• Sorting techniques: bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort
• Introduction to efficient sorting (merge sort, quick sort)

Recommended Books

1. Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., & Stein, C. (2009). Introduction to Algorithms
(3rd ed.). MIT Press.
2. Weiss, M. A. (2013). Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C++ (4th ed.). Pearson.
3. Goodrich, M. T., Tamassia, R., & Goldwasser, M. H. (2014). Data Structures and Algorithms in
Python. Wiley.
4. Sahni, S. (2005). Data Structures, Algorithms, and Applications in C++. Universities Press.

Title Credit Hours

Ordinary Differential
3(3-0)
Equations

Pre-requisite: Knowledge of Calculus and Algebra

Objectives

To develop students’ understanding of differential equations and their role in mathematical modeling.
The course focuses on solution techniques for first order and higher-order differential equations,
including analytical methods and series solutions.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to explain and apply concepts of

classification and formation of differential equations, solution techniques for first-order and higher-order
equations, special methods such as variation of parameters and reduction of order, and power series
solutions of differential equations.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts

Differential equations and their classification. Formation of differential equations. Initial

value and boundary value problems. Separation of variables.

Unit 2. First-Order Differential Equations

Homogeneous differential equations. Exact differential equations. Differential equations

reducible to homogeneous form. Linear differential equations of first order. Bernoulli’s
equations. Orthogonal trajectories.

Unit 3. Higher-Order Linear Differential Equations

Homogeneous linear equations. Non-homogeneous differential equations with constant

coefficients. Differential operators (D and D⁻¹ operators). General and particular
integrals.

Unit 4. Special Methods

Cauchy–Euler equations. Reduction of order. Method of variation of parameters. Exact

linear equations.

Unit 5. Series Solutions

Power series solutions of differential equations.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Zill, D. G., Cullen, M. R. (1997). Differential Equations with Boundary-Value Problems (3rd
ed.). PWS Publishing.
 2. Muhammad Amin (2007). Mathematical Methods. Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.

3. Eisgolts, L. (1970). Differential Equations and the Calculus of Variations. Mir Publishers,
Moscow.

4. Jerri, A. J. (1985). Introduction to Integral Equations with Applications. Marcel Dekker, New
York.

5. Simmons, G. F. (1991). Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes (2nd ed.).
McGraw-Hill.

6. Boyce, W. E., DiPrima, R. C. (1997). Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value
Problems (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

7. Hairer, E., Nørsett, S. P., Wanner, G. (2008). Solving Ordinary Differential Equations I: Nonstiff
Problems. Springer.

Title Credit Hours

Civics & Community
2(2-0)
Engagement
Objectives
This course is designed to provide students with fundamental knowledge about civics, citizenship and
community engagement. In this course the students will learn about the essential of civil society, government,
civic responsibilities, inclusivity and effective ways to participate in shaping the society which will help them
apply the theoretical knowledge to the real-world situation to make a positive impact on their communities.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, student will be able to:
• Demonstrate fundamental understanding of civics, government, citizenship and civil society.

• Understand the concept of community and recognize the significance of community engagement for
individuals and groups.

• Recognize the importance of diversity and inclusivity for societal harmony and peaceful co-existence.

Course Outline
Unit 1. Civics and Citizenship
Concepts of civics, citizenship, and civic engagement. Foundations of modern society and
citizenship. Types of citizenship: active, participatory, digital etc.
Unit 2. State, Government and Civil Society
Structure and function of government in Pakistan. The relationship between democracy and civil
 society. Right to vote and importance of political participation and representation.
Unit 3. Rights and Responsibilities
Overview of fundamental rights and liberties of citizens under constitution of Pakistan 1973.
Civic responsibilities and duties. Ethical consideration in civic engagement (accountability, non-
violence, peaceful dialogue, civility etc.).
Unit 4. Community Engagement
Concept, nature and characteristics of community. Community development and social cohesion.
Approaches to effective community engagement. Case studies of successful community driven
initiatives.
Unit 5. Advocacy and Activism
Public discourse and public opinion. Role of advocacy in addressing social issues. Social action
movements.
Unit 6. Digital Citizenship and Technology
The use of digital platform for civic engagement. Cyber ethics and responsible use of social
media. Digital divides and disparities (access, usage, socio-economic, geographic etc.) and their
impact on citizenship.
Unit 7. Diversity, Inclusion and Social Justice
Understanding diversity in society (ethnic, cultural, economic, political etc.). Youth, women and
minorities engagement in social development. Addressing social inequalities and injustices in
Pakistan. Promoting inclusive citizenship and equal rights for social harmony and peaceful co-
existence.
Suggested Practical Activities (Optional)
Apart of the overall learning requirements, the course may have one or a combination of the following
practical activities
1. Community Storytelling: Students can collect and share stories from community members.
This could be done through oral histories, interviews or multimedia presentations that captured
the lived experiences and perspectives of diverse individuals.
2. Community Event Planning: Student can organize a community event or workshop that
addresses a specific issue or foster community interaction. This could be a health fair,
environmental cleanup, cultural festival or educational workshop
3. Service Learning: Student can collaborate with a local nonprofit organization or community
group. They can actively contribute by volunteering their time, and skills to address a particular
community need, such as tutoring, mentoring or supporting vulnerable population.
4. Cultural Exchange Activities: Student can organize a cultural exchange event that celebrates
the diversity within the community. This could include food tastings, performances and
presentations that promote cross cultural understanding.
Recommended Books/Reference Material
1. Džankić, J., & VINK, M. P. (2022). Citizenship & migration.
2. Kymlicka, W. and Norman, W. (2010). Citizenship in Diverse Societies. University Press, United
Kingdom.
3. Mackert, J., & Turner, B. S. (2017). The Transformation of Citizenship, Volume 2. Boundaries of
Inclusion and Exclusion.
4. Mattson, K. (2017). Digital Citizenship in Action: Empowering Students to Engage in Online
Communities. : International Society for Technology in Education, United Kingdom.
5. McGraw-Hill Education, (2009). Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, & You, Student
Edition. United States.
6. Weinstock, D. (2017). Citizenship and Cultural Diversity. The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship.
7. Youniss, J. and Levine, J. (2009). Engaging Young People in Civic Life. Vanderbilt University
Press, Ukraine.

Title Credit Hours

Entrepreneurship 2(2-0)
Objectives
This course is designed to promote entrepreneurial spirit and outlook among students, encouraging
them to think critically, identify opportunities, and transform their ideas into successful ventures. It
aims at imparting them with the requisite knowledge, skills, abilities, enabling them to seize the
identified opportunities for initiating ventures and successful navigating the challenges that come with
starting a business and managing it. The course covers topics relevant to entrepreneurship including
setting up and initiation of business, market research, opportunity identification, business planning,
financial literacy for managing finances and securing funding, marketing and sales, team building and
innovation.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, students shall have:
• Knowledge of fundamental entrepreneurial concepts, skills and process.
• Understanding on different personal, social and financial aspects associated with
entrepreneurial activities.
• Basic understanding of regulatory requirements to set up an enterprise in Pakistan, with special
emphasis on export businesses.
• Ability to apply knowledge, skills and competencies acquired in the course to develop a feasible
business plan.
Course Outline
Unit 1. Introduction to Entrepreneurship. Opportunity Recognition and Idea
Generation, Team Building for Startups
 Definition and concept of entrepreneurship. Why to become an entrepreneur?
Entrepreneurial process. Role of entrepreneurship in economic development. Opportunity
identification, evaluation and exploitation. Difference between Idea and Opportunity.
Innovative idea generation techniques for entrepreneurial ventures. Characteristics and
features of effective teams. Team building and effective leadership for startups.
Unit 2. Feasibility analysis and Entrepreneurial Skills
Product service feasibility. Industry/ market feasibility. Organizational feasibility.
Financial feasibility risk assessment. Characteristics and qualities of successful
entrepreneurs (including stories of successes and failures). Areas of essential
entrepreneurial skill and ability such as creative and critical thinking, innovation and risk-
taking abilities etc.
Unit 3. Developing An Effective Business Model, Writing Business Plan
Standard Business Model. Disruptive Business Model. Barringer Model Characteristics.
Business Plan as an entrepreneur. Industry and Competitor analysis. Five forces porter
model
Unit 4. Preparing Ethical and Legal Foundation
Strong ethical culture in their entrepreneurial ventures. Deal with legal issues.
Business licenses and permits that a start-up must obtain before it begins operating.
Types of enterprises (e.g., sole proprietorship; partnership; private limited
companies etc.). Legal Status of Entrepreneurial firm. Intellectual property rights
and protection. Business method patents. Trademarks. Copyrights. Regulatory
requirements to register an enterprise in Pakistan, with special emphasis on export
firms. Identify and describe the different forms of organization available to new
firms
Unit 5. Production Plan, Marketing and Sales
Raw material, Utilities and Manpower, Plant and Machinery, Lay out and location.
Target market identification and segmentation; Four Ps of Marketing. Developing a
Marke ting Strategy. Unique Marketing Issues Explain the three steps (segmenting
the market, selecting a target market, and establishing a unique marketing position)
entrepreneurial firms use to identify their customers. Branding. Regulatory
Requirements to Establish Enterprises in Pakistan.
Unit 6. Establish New Venture Team and Management
Explain the concept called liabilities of newness. Describe a new-venture team and
discuss the primary elements that form such a team. Identify professional advisers
and explain their role with a new-venture team. Explain why a new-venture team
might use consultants to obtain advice. Hierarchical Level. Duties and
Responsibilities of Management Team. Education, Expertise, Skills and Experience.
Unit 7. Financial Literacy. Assessing a New Venture’s Financial Strength and Viability
Basic concepts of income, savings and investments. Basic concepts of assets, liabilities
and equity. Basic concepts of revenue and expenses. Sources of capital. Overview of
 cash-flows. Overview of banking products including Islamic modes of financing.
Sources of funding for startups (angel financing, debt financing, equity financing etc.).
Break-even analysis. Learn about the importance of understanding the financial
management of an entrepreneurial firm. Main financial objectives of entrepreneurial
firms. Process of financial management as used in entrepreneurial firms. Describe the
different historical financial statements and their purpose. Taxation and financial
reporting obligation. Entrepreneurial Strategies: Generating and exploiting new entries.
Expansion and Management for future growth. three sources of personal financing
available to entrepreneurs. Discuss the difference between equity funding and debt
financing
Unit 8. Valuation of entrepreneurial ventures
Valuation of entrepreneurial ventures. The importance of business valuation. Underlying
issues when acquiring a venture Due diligence. Analyzing the business. Establishing a
firm’s value
Recommended Books/ Reference Material
1. Barringer, B. R., & Ireland, R. D. (2016). Successfully launching new ventures.
2. Gupta, S. (2020). Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship by Sanjay Gupta (eBook):
SBPD Publications. SBPD publications.
3. Hägg, G., & Kurczewska, A. (2022). Entrepreneurship education: Scholarly
progress and future challenges (p. 101). Taylor & Francis.
4. Pruthi, S., & Mitra, J. (2023). Global Entrepreneurship & Innovation. SAGE.
5. Ries, E. (2022). The lean startup: how Today’s entrepreneurs use continuous
innovation to create radically successful businesses. E-book, Crown Business,
New York.
6. Singh, K. K. (2023). Women Entrepreneurship. Guarav book center.

Title Credit Hours

Islamic Studies * (Ethics for
1(1-0)
non-Muslim students
Objectives
Students will be able to demonstrate enhanced knowledge of Islamic Fundamentals, beliefs, practices,
historical development, spiritual values and Ethical Principles. Describe Basic sources of Islamic Law and
their application in daily life. Also, Identify and discuss contemporary issues being faced by the Muslim
world Including Social Challenges, Gender Role and Interfaith dialogue.
Learning Outcomes
• Evaluate and discuss their understanding about the beliefs, history and Ethical values of Islam.
• Be able to apply and relate the Articles of faith in their life according to present world.
 • Be able to analyze the importance of Quran and Sunnah in their life and also to refute many relating
misconceptions
• Engage in Discussions and write about Contemporary issues specifically related to Women.
Course Outline
Unit [Link] to Islam
Definition of Islam and its core Beliefs (Tawheed, Akhirat and Risalat), Pillars of Islam and their
significance (Tawheed, Prayers, Fasting, Zakat & Hajj), The Holy Quran (Introduction,
Revelation & Compilation), Sunnah & Hadith (Introduction, Revelation & Compilation)
Unit 2. Seerah of the Holy Prophet pbuh
Life of Prophet pbuh in Makkah, Life of Holy Prophet pbuh in Medina, Diverse roles of Holy
Prophet pbuh (individual, leader, peacemaker, educator etc)
Unit 3. Islamic History and Civilization
World before Islam, The Rashidun Caliphate and its expansion, Contributions of Muslim
Scientists and Philosophers.
Unit 4. Islamic Jurisprudence
Fundamental sources of Islamic Jurisprudence, Major Schools of Islamic Jurisprudence,
Significance & principle of Ijtihaad
Unit 5. Family & Society in Islam
Status and Rights of Women in Islam, Marriage, Family & Gender roles in Muslim Society,
Family values and Structure in Muslim Society
Unit 6. Islam & Modern world
Relevance of Islam in Modern World. (Islamophobia, Interfaith dialogue & Multiculturism),
Islamic viewpoint towards socio-cultural and technological changes.
Recommended Books/Reference Material
1. Ahmed, Dr. A. (1996). Women & Social Justice: An Islamic Paradigm, The Islamic Foundation UK
2. Ahmed, K. (1971) Islami Nazria e Hayat, Karachi University press.
3. Ahmed, K. (1980). Islam, Its meaning & message, The Islamic Foundation UK.
4. Al-Mubarikpuri, M. S. (2002), Al Raheeq ul Makhtoom (The Sealed Nector), Dar ul Salam.
5. Al-Suhaym, Dr. M.B., A. (2006) Islam, Its foundation & concepts, Darussalam
6. An Introduction to Islamic Theology by John Renard.
7. Bokhari, A.S, Zafar, M.D., Prof. Shakir, A.S. (2021). A textbook of Islamic Education, Akram Printing
Press, Lahore.
8. Hussain, M. The Five Pillars of Islam: A Framework for Islamic Values and Character building, Kube
Publishing, The Islamic Foundation UK
9. Maududi, Abul A. (2008). Islamic Civilization Foundations, Beliefs & Principles, Kube Publishing,
Islamic Foundation UK
10. Maududi, Abul. A. (2007). Towards understanding Islam, The Islamic foundation UK
11. Phillip, Dr. A. A., B. (2018) Islamic Studies, International Islamic Publishing House.
12. Prof. Dr. Chaudary, M.N., Prof. Malik, M.A (2022). Tafheem e Islamiyat, Qureshi Brothers Publishers,
Lahore.

Semester-V
Title Credit Hours
Real Analysis 3(3-0)
Pre-requisite: Calculus and Elementary Set Theory

Objectives

To develop rigorous understanding of real numbers, sequences, series, continuity, and differentiation
using formal mathematical reasoning. The course emphasizes proof techniques and theoretical
foundations essential for advanced mathematics.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to explain and apply concepts of
properties of real numbers, convergence of sequences and series, topological structure of the real line,
continuity, and differentiability, and construct mathematical proofs related to real analysis.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Real Numbers

Algebraic and order properties of real numbers. Absolute value inequalities. Supremum
and infimum. Completeness property. Archimedean property and its variants. Existence
of square roots of positive real numbers. Density of rational and irrational numbers.

Unit 2. Topology of the Real Line

Open sets and closed sets. Compact sets. Heine–Borel theorem. Connected sets and their
properties.

Unit 3. Sequences and Series of Real Numbers

Limits of sequences. Algebra of limits. Squeeze theorem and applications. Monotone

 convergence theorem. Existence of monotone subsequences. Bolzano–Weierstrass
theorem. Cauchy sequences and convergence criterion. Properly divergent sequences.
Limit inferior and limit superior. Infinite series and convergence tests. Absolute and
conditional convergence.

Unit 4. Continuity

Sequential criterion for limits and continuity. Continuity and compactness. Existence of
maxima and minima. Continuity and connectedness. Intermediate value theorem.
Uniform continuity. Continuous extension theorem. Monotone functions and
discontinuities.

Unit 5. Differentiation

Chain rule. Derivative of inverse functions. Rolle’s theorem. Mean value theorem and
applications. Indeterminate forms and L’Hospital’s rule. Taylor’s theorem and
applications.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Abbott, S. (2015). Understanding Analysis (2nd ed.). Springer, New York.

2. Bartle, R. G., Sherbert, D. R. (2011). Introduction to Real Analysis (4th ed.). John Wiley, New
York.
3. Krantz, S. G. (2005). Real Analysis and Foundations (2nd ed.). Chapman & Hall/CRC, New
York.
4. Protter, M. H., Morrey, C. B. (1991). A First Course in Real Analysis (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag,
New York.
5. Rudin, W. (1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Title Credit Hours

Topology 3(3-0)
Objectives

The aim of this course is to introduce the students to metric spaces and topological spaces. After
completion of this course, they would be familiar with separation axioms, compactness and
connectedness. They would be able to determine whether a function defined on a metric or topological
space is continuous or not and what homeomorphisms are.

Learning Outcomes

• Understand fundamental concepts of topology and explore basis, neighborhood bases, and
countability axioms.
• Analyze compactness, compact spaces and explore connectivity and disconnectedness.
• Analyze continuous functions, homeomorphism, and weak topologies in various topological
spaces, including finite product spaces.
 • Explore separation axioms, regular spaces, and completely regular spaces, understanding their
properties and significance.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Topological Spaces

Sets and relation, equivalence relation, functions, topological spaces, open and
closed sets, subspaces, neighborhoods, dense sets, limit points, closure of a set
interior, exterior and boundary of a set, induced topology, quotient topology,
cofinite topology.

Unit 2. Bases and Sub-bases

Base and sub bases, neighborhood bases, separable spaces, Lindelöf spaces, continuous
functions and homeomorphism, weak topologies, finite product spaces.

Unit 3. Separation Axioms

Separation axioms, completely regular spaces, normal spaces.

Unit 4. Compact Spaces

Compact topological spaces, countable compact spaces, sequentially compact spaces.

Unit 5. Connectedness

Connected spaces, disconnected spaces, regular spaces, totally disconnected spaces

components of topological spaces.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Edelsbrunner, H., and Harer, J.L. (2022). Computational Topology: An Introduction. American
Mathematical Society.
2. Kelley, J.L. (2017). General Topology. Courier Dover Publications.
3. Lefschetz, S. (2015). Introduction to Topology. Princeton University Press.
4. Massey, W.S. (2019). A Basic Course in Algebraic Topology. Springer.
5. Sierpinski, W. (2020). General Topology. Courier Dover Publications.

Title Credit Hours

Partial Differential
3(3-0)
Equations
Objectives

Partial differential equations (PDEs) are the heart of applied mathematics and of many other scientific
disciplines. The course aims at developing understanding about fundamental concepts of the
identification and classification of different types of the PDEs and how they arise in multiple
applications. Special emphasis would be on wave, heat and Laplace equations.
Learning Outcomes

• Linear and non-homogeneous Partial differential equations.

• Applying the method of separation of variables for the solution of partial differential Equations.
• Use of Laplace, Fourier and Hankel transforms to solve partial differential equations.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Basic Concepts of Partial Differential Equations

Definition, order and degree of PDEs. Homogeneous and non- homogeneous PDE.
Auxiliary conditions. Formulation of PDEs and their solutions. Solutions of first order
PDEs. The Cauchy’s problem for quasilinear first order PDEs. First order nonlinear
equations. Special types of first order equations. Mathematical models: The classical
equations such as, vibrating string, vibrating membrane, conduction of heat in solids.

Unit 2. Second Order Partial Differential

Classifications of second order partial differential equation, Well-Posed problems.

Mathematical problems. Superposition. Method of separation of variables. D’Alembert’s
solution of the wave equation. Canonical form for hyperbolic equations. Canonical form
for parabolic equations. Canonical form elliptic equation.

Unit 3. Partial Differential Equations Arising in Physical Problems

Wave Equation. Heat Equation. Laplace Equation.

Unit 4. PDE in Plane, Polar, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

Wave equation in polar, cylindrical coordinates. Heat equation in cylindrical polar

coordinates. Laplace equation in polar, cylindrical and spherical coordinates.

Unit 5. Laplace, Fourier, Hankel Transform

Solution of PDEs using Laplace transform. Fourier transform and their applications.
Hankel transforms with applications.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Borthwick, D. (2017). Introduction to partial differential equations. Springer.
2. Evans, L. C. (2022). Partial differential equations (Vol. 19). American Mathematical Society.
3. Rao, K. S. (2010). Introduction to partial differential equations. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
4. Zill, D. G. (2020). Advanced engineering mathematics. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Title Credit Hours

Algebraic Coding Theory 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Abstract Algebra, Linear Algebra

Objectives
• To introduce the mathematical foundations of coding theory.
• To study error-detecting and error-correcting codes.
• To understand algebraic techniques used in encoding and decoding.
• To explore applications of coding theory in communication systems and data transmission.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand the basic concepts of coding theory and information transmission.

• Construct and analyze linear codes.
• Apply algebraic methods to detect and correct errors.
• Work with important classes of codes such as cyclic and Hamming codes.
• Understand practical applications of coding theory in digital communication.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to Coding Theory

• Basic concepts of information and communication

• Types of errors in transmission
• Error detection and correction
• Parameters of codes (length, dimension, distance)

Unit 2: Linear Codes

• Definition of linear codes

• Generator and parity-check matrices
• Hamming distance and minimum distance
• Syndrome decoding

Unit 3: Special Classes of Codes

• Hamming codes
• Repetition codes
• Simple parity-check codes
• Properties and applications

Unit 4: Cyclic Codes

• Definition and properties of cyclic codes

 • Polynomial representation
• Generator polynomials
• Encoding and decoding of cyclic codes

Unit 5: Advanced Topics in Coding Theory

• BCH codes (basic introduction)

• Reed–Solomon codes (basic concepts)
• Applications in data transmission and storage

Recommended Books

1. Huffman, W. C., & Pless, V. (2010). Fundamentals of Error-Correcting Codes. Cambridge

University Press.
2. MacWilliams, F. J., & Sloane, N. J. A. (1977). The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes. North-
Holland.
3. Hill, R. (1986). A First Course in Coding Theory. Oxford University Press.
4. Roman, S. (1992). Coding and Information Theory. Springer.

Title Credit Hours

Advanced Programming 3(3-0)

Objectives

• To introduce students to the fundamental concepts of computer programming.

• To develop logical and computational thinking for solving mathematical problems.
• To familiarize students with basic programming structures and algorithms.
• To enable students to implement simple programs useful in mathematical computations.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand basic programming concepts and terminology.

• Design simple algorithms for mathematical and logical problems.
• Write and execute basic programs using a high-level programming language.
• Apply programming techniques to perform mathematical computations.
• Use programming tools for data processing and visualization.
Course Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming

• Basic components of a computer system

• Overview of programming languages
• Problem solving and algorithm design
• Flowcharts and pseudocode

Unit 2: Basic Programming Concepts

• Structure of a program
• Variables, constants and data types
• Input and output operations
• Arithmetic and logical operators

Unit 3: Control Structures

• Conditional statements (if, if–else, nested conditions)

• Loop structures (for, while, do–while)
• Logical expressions and decision making

Unit 4: Functions and Modular Programming

• Definition and use of functions

• Parameter passing and return values
• Modular programming concepts

Unit 5: Arrays and Data Handling

• One-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays

• Basic data manipulation and processing
• Applications in simple mathematical problems

Unit 6: Introduction to Mathematical Programming Applications

• Writing programs for numerical computations

• Simple algorithms for mathematical calculations
• Basic data visualization and computational tools

Practical / Lab Work

• Writing and executing basic programs

 • Implementation of loops and conditional statements
• Programs for mathematical calculations and simple algorithms
• Basic data processing using programming tools

Recommended Books

1. Deitel, P., & Deitel, H. (2016). C How to Program (8th ed.). Pearson Education.
2. Downey, A. (2016). Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist (2nd ed.). O’Reilly
Media.
3. Zelle, J. (2017). Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science (3rd ed.). Franklin,
Beedle & Associates.
4. Guttag, J. (2021). Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python (3rd ed.). MIT
Press.

Title Credit Hours

Introduction to Mechanics 3(2-1)

Objectives

• To introduce the fundamental principles of classical mechanics.

• To develop an understanding of motion, forces, and energy.
• To apply mathematical concepts to physical problems.
• To provide a foundation for further studies in physics and applied mathematics.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Describe motion using kinematic equations.

• Apply Newton’s laws to solve problems involving forces and motion.
• Analyze work, energy, and power in physical systems.
• Understand rotational motion and its applications.
• Apply physical laws to real-world problems using mathematical techniques.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Vectors and Kinematics

• Scalars and vectors

• Vector operations
• Motion in one and two dimensions
• Velocity and acceleration
 • Projectile motion

Unit 2: Newton’s Laws of Motion

• Newton’s laws and their applications

• Free body diagrams
• Frictional forces
• Circular motion

Unit 3: Work and Energy

• Work and kinetic energy

• Potential energy
• Conservation of energy
• Power

Unit 4: Momentum and Collisions

• Linear momentum
• Impulse
• Conservation of momentum
• Elastic and inelastic collisions

Unit 5: Rotational Motion

• Angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration

• Torque and moment of inertia
• Rotational dynamics
• Conservation of angular momentum

Practical / Lab Work

• Verification of laws of motion

• Experiments related to friction and acceleration
• Measurement of gravitational acceleration
• Study of collisions and momentum
• Rotational motion experiments

Recommended Books

1. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2014). Fundamentals of Physics (10th ed.). Wiley.
2. Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2013). Physics for Scientists and Engineers (9th ed.). Cengage
 Learning.
3. Young, H. D., & Freedman, R. A. (2016). University Physics with Modern Physics (14th ed.).
Pearson.
4. Kleppner, D., & Kolenkow, R. (2014). An Introduction to Mechanics (2nd ed.). Cambridge
University Press.

Semester-VI
Title Credit Hours
Abstract Algebra 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Linear Algebra

Objectives
• To introduce students to fundamental algebraic structures such as groups, rings, and fields.
• To develop abstract thinking and proof-writing skills.
• To study the structural properties of algebraic systems and their applications.
• To provide a foundation for advanced studies in algebra and related fields.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand and apply the basic concepts of groups, rings, and fields.
• Construct and analyze algebraic structures using rigorous mathematical reasoning.
• Prove fundamental theorems in abstract algebra.
• Apply algebraic techniques to solve theoretical and applied problems.
• Develop skills in logical thinking and mathematical proof writing.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Group Theory

• Definition and examples of groups

• Subgroups and cyclic groups
• Permutation groups
• Cosets and Lagrange’s theorem
• Normal subgroups and quotient groups

Unit 2: Homomorphisms and Isomorphisms

• Group homomorphisms
 • Kernel and image
• Isomorphism theorems
• Automorphisms

Unit 3: Ring Theory

• Definition and examples of rings

• Subrings and ideals
• Integral domains and fields
• Ring homomorphisms
• Quotient rings

Unit 4: Polynomial Rings and Factorization

• Polynomial rings
• Division algorithm
• Irreducible polynomials
• Factorization in integral domains

Unit 5: Field Theory

• Field extensions
• Finite fields
• Algebraic and transcendental elements
• Basic applications of fields

Recommended Books

1. Dummit, D. S., & Foote, R. M. (2004). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). Wiley.
2. Fraleigh, J. B. (2003). A First Course in Abstract Algebra (7th ed.). Addison-Wesley.
3. Herstein, I. N. (1996). Topics in Algebra (2nd ed.). Wiley.
4. Gallian, J. A. (2016). Contemporary Abstract Algebra (9th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Title Credit Hours

Integral Equations 3(3-0)

Objectives

Many physical problems that are usually solved by differential equation methods can be solved more
effectively by integral equation methods. This course will help students to gain insight into the
application of advanced mathematics and guide them through derivation of appropriate integral
 equations governing the behavior of several standard physical problems.

Learning Outcomes

• To understand the application of VIEs and FIEs.

• To equip students with the ability to apply advanced levels of integral equations.
• To develop research capability of students in the field of applied science.
• Students will gain understanding about the Green’s function and calculus of variations.
• Students will understand the concepts of perturbation theory.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Introduction to Integral Equations

Theory of integral equations. Types of integral equations. Solution of integral equations.

Unit 2. Volterra Integral Equations

Volterra integral equations. Relationship between differential and Volterra equations.

Unit 3. Fredholm Integral Equations

Fredholm theory of integral equations. Leibniz rule.

Unit 4. Analytical Methods for Solution of Different Integral Equations

Successive approximation method on FIEs, VIEs, FIDEs, VIDEs. Successive
substitution method for FIES on first kind. Determination of resolvent kernel and
solution of IEs by resolvent kernel method.

Unit 5. Wiener-Hopf Techniques

Series solution method FIEs and VIEs. Introduction to Wiener-Hopf techniques.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Mikhlin, S. G. (2020). Linear integral equations. Courier Dover Publications.
2. Singh, H., Dutta, H., & Cavalcanti, M. M. (2021). Topics in Integral and Integro-Differential
Equations. Springer International Publishing.
3. Sharma, D. C., & Goyal, M. C. (2017). Integral equations. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd..
4. Wyld, H.W. and Powell, G. (2020). Mathematical Methods for Physics. CRC Press.
5. Wazwaz, A. M. (2015). First Course In Integral Equations, A. World Scientific Publishing
Company.
6. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning by Christopher M. Bishop. 2007, Springer.
7. Machine Learning by Tom M. Mitchell, 1997, McGraw-Hill.
8. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, (3rdEdition) by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig,
Prentice Hall.

Title Credit Hours

 Complex Analysis 3(3-0)

Objectives

Complex variables are an important area from a purely mathematical point of view, as well as a
powerful tool for solving a wide variety of applied problems. It is finding its applications in many
mathematical disciplines, including in particular real analysis, differential equations, algebra and
topology. This course develops the theory of functions of a complex variable, emphasizing their
geometric properties and some applications. It also treats the traditional theorems, algorithms, and
applications of complex analysis. These include, finding of complex roots for polynomial equations and
complex integration, residue theorem and its applications.

Learning Outcomes

• The complex numbers and their geometric interpretation.

• Functions of a complex variable, limits, continuity.
• The all-important concepts of the derivative of a complex function and analyticity function.
• The trigonometric, exponential, hyperbolic, and logarithmic functions.
• The famous Cauchy-Goursat theorem and the Cauchy integral formulas.
• Concepts of complex sequences and infinite series and the Laurent series, residues, and the residue
theorem and its applications.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Introduction to Complex Numbers

Complex numbers, Sums and products, basic algebraic properties. Vectors and moduli.
Complex conjugates. Exponential form. Products and powers in exponential form.
Arguments of products and quotients. Roots of complex numbers. Regions in the
complex plane.

Unit 2. Analytic Functions

Analytic functions. Functions of a complex variable. Mappings. Mappings by the

exponential function, limits, theorems on limits. Continuity. Derivatives. Cauchy–
Riemann equations. Sufficient conditions for differentiability. Polar coordinates. Analytic
functions. Harmonic functions.

Unit 3. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Elementary functions: The exponential function. Logarithmic function. Branches and

derivatives of logarithms. Complex exponents. Trigonometric functions. Hyperbolic
functions.

Unit 4. Derivatives and Integrals of Complex Valued Functions

 Integrals. Derivatives of functions. Definite integrals. Contours. Contour integrals,
Branch cuts. Upper bounds for moduli of contour integrals. Cauchy–Goursat Theorem.
Simply connected domains. Multiply connected domains, Cauchy integral formula.
Liouville’s theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra. Maximum modulus
principle.

Unit 5. Series and Sequences

Series, Convergence of sequences. Convergence of series. Taylor series. Laurent series.

Absolute and uniform convergence of power series. Integration and differentiation of
power series. Uniqueness of series representations. Multiplication and division of power
series.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Brown, J. W., & Churchill, R. V. (2009). Complex variables and applications. McGraw-Hill.
2. Boas, R. P. (2020). Invitation to Complex Analysis. American Mathematical Society.
3. Lvovski, S. (2020). Principles of Complex Analysis. Springer.
4. Recom Needham, T. (2023). Visual Complex Analysis. Oxford University Press.
5. Zill, D., & Shanahan, P. (2009). A first course in complex analysis with applications. Jones &
Bartlett Learning.

Title Credit Hours

Differential Geometry 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Multivariable Calculus, Linear Algebra

Objectives

• To introduce the geometric study of curves and surfaces using calculus.

• To develop understanding of curvature, torsion, and geometric properties of space curves.
• To study the theory of surfaces and fundamental forms.
• To provide a foundation for advanced studies in geometry and mathematical physics.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Analyze curves in space using curvature and torsion.

• Apply Frenet–Serret formulas to study geometric properties of curves.
• Understand and compute fundamental forms of surfaces.
• Analyze curvature properties of surfaces.
• Apply geometric concepts to problems in mathematics and physics.
Course Outline

Unit 1: Curves in Space

• Parametric representation of curves

• Arc length and unit speed curves
• Tangent, normal, and binormal vectors
• Curvature and torsion
• Frenet–Serret formulas

Unit 2: Special Curves

• Plane curves and space curves

• Helices
• Osculating plane and osculating circle
• Evolutes and involutes

Unit 3: Surfaces and Coordinate Systems

• Definition of surfaces
• Parametric surfaces and coordinate patches
• Tangent plane and normal vector
• Change of coordinates

Unit 4: Fundamental Forms

• First fundamental form

• Metric properties of surfaces
• Second fundamental form
• Normal curvature and geodesic curvature

Unit 5: Curvature of Surfaces

• Principal curvatures
• Gaussian curvature and mean curvature
• Euler’s theorem
• Asymptotic directions
• Gauss–Weingarten equations
• Gauss–Codazzi equations
Recommended Books

1. O’Neill, B. (2006). Elementary Differential Geometry (2nd ed.). Academic Press.

2. Struik, D. J. (2014). Lectures on Classical Differential Geometry. Dover Publications.
3. do Carmo, M. P. (2016). Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces. Dover Publications.
4. Kreyszig, E. (1991). Differential Geometry. Dover Publications.

Title Credit Hours

Introduction to Data Science 3(3-0)
Pre-requisite: Basic Mathematics, Statistics and probability, Introduction to Programming

Objectives

• To introduce fundamental concepts of data science and data-driven decision making.

• To develop basic skills in data collection, cleaning, and analysis.
• To provide an understanding of statistical and computational tools used in data science.
• To familiarize students with real-world applications of data science.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand the data science lifecycle and its applications.

• Perform basic data preprocessing and visualization.
• Apply statistical techniques to analyze datasets.
• Use programming tools for simple data analysis tasks.
• Interpret results and communicate insights effectively.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to Data Science

• Definition and scope of data science

• Data science lifecycle
• Types of data (structured and unstructured)
• Applications in various fields

Unit 2: Data Collection and Preprocessing

• Data sources and data acquisition

 • Data cleaning and handling missing values
• Data transformation and normalization
• Introduction to data formats (CSV, Excel, etc.)

Unit 3: Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

• Descriptive statistics
• Data visualization techniques
• Graphical representation (bar charts, histograms, scatter plots)
• Introduction to tools (Python, Excel, or R)

Unit 4: Basic Statistical Methods

• Measures of central tendency and dispersion

• Probability concepts
• Correlation and regression (basic idea)
• Hypothesis testing (introduction)

Unit 5: Introduction to Machine Learning

• Supervised vs unsupervised learning

• Classification and regression basics
• Clustering (basic concept)
• Overview of real-world applications

Unit 6: Data Ethics and Communication

• Data privacy and ethics

• Responsible use of data
• Communicating results through reports and visualizations

Practical / Lab Work

• Introduction to Python/R for data analysis

• Data cleaning and visualization using tools (e.g., Excel, Python libraries)
• Simple projects on real datasets

Recommended Books

1. Grus, J. (2019). Data Science from Scratch: First Principles with Python (2nd ed.). O’Reilly
Media.
2. James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2021). An Introduction to Statistical Learning
 (2nd ed.). Springer.
3. McKinney, W. (2022). Python for Data Analysis (3rd ed.). O’Reilly Media.
4. Provost, F., & Fawcett, T. (2013). Data Science for Business. O’Reilly Media.

Title Credit Hours

Programming Language for

3(3-0)
Mathematicians

Pre-requisite: Basic Mathematics

Objectives
To introduce programming concepts and develop computational skills for solving mathematical
problems.

Learning Outcomes

• Write programs using a high-level programming language (e.g., Python, C++).

• Implement algorithms for mathematical computations.
• Develop small projects related to mathematics.

Course Outline

• Programming fundamentals: variables, data types, operators.

• Control structures: loops, conditionals.
• Functions, arrays, and data structures.
• Applications to mathematical problems and simulations.

Recommended Books

1. Kernighan, B. W., & Ritchie, D. M. The C Programming Language. Pearson.

2. Downey, A. Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist. O’Reilly.

Semester-VII
Title Credit Hours
Methods of Mathematical
3(3-0)
Physics

Pre-requisite: Differential Equations, Linear Algebra

Objectives

• To introduce mathematical techniques used in solving physical problems.

• To develop the ability to model physical phenomena using mathematical tools.
• To study differential equations and special functions arising in physics.
• To provide a foundation for advanced studies in applied mathematics and theoretical physics.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Apply mathematical methods to solve problems in physics.

• Solve ordinary and partial differential equations arising in physical systems.
• Use series solutions and special functions in modeling.
• Apply transform methods such as Fourier and Laplace transforms.
• Analyze boundary value problems in physical contexts.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Ordinary Differential Equations in Physics

• Review of first and second order differential equations

• Applications in physical systems
• Initial and boundary value problems

Unit 2: Series Solutions and Special Functions

• Power series solutions

• Frobenius method
• Legendre and Bessel functions
• Applications in physics

Unit 3: Partial Differential Equations

• Formation of partial differential equations

• Classification (elliptic, parabolic, hyperbolic)
• Heat equation
• Wave equation
• Laplace equation
Unit 4: Fourier Series and Applications

• Fourier series
• Even and odd extensions
• Half-range expansions
• Applications to boundary value problems

Unit 5: Integral Transforms

• Laplace transform and its properties

• Inverse Laplace transform
• Fourier transform (basic concepts)
• Applications in solving differential equations

Recommended Books

1. Arfken, G. B., Weber, H. J., & Harris, F. E. (2013). Mathematical Methods for Physicists (7th
ed.). Academic Press.
2. Boas, M. L. (2006). Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences (3rd ed.). Wiley.
3. Kreyszig, E. (2011). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (10th ed.). Wiley.
4. Haberman, R. (2013). Applied Partial Differential Equations with Fourier Series and Boundary
Value Problems (5th ed.). Pearson.

Title Credit Hours

Functional Analysis 3(3-0)

Objectives

This course extends methods of linear algebra and analysis to spaces of functions, in which the
interaction between algebra and analysis allows powerful methods to be developed. The course will be
mathematically sophisticated and will use ideas both from linear algebra and analysis.

Learning Outcomes

• The course will be mathematically sophisticated and will use ideas both from Linear Algebra and
Analysis.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Metric Spaces

Metric Spaces. Metric spaces, examples of metric spaces. Open sets, closed sets,
convergence. Cauchy sequence in metric space. Neighborhood. Completeness of metric
 spaces.

Unit 2. Normed Spaces

Normed spaces and Banach spaces. Vector Space, normed space, Banach space,
properties of normed spaces, finite dimensional normed spaces and subspaces,
compactness and finite dimension.

Unit 3. Linear Operators

Linear Operators, bounded and continuous linear operators, linear functionals, linear
operators and functionals on finite dimensional spaces. Normed spaces of operators, dual
spaces.

Unit 4. Inner Product Space

Inner product spaces and Hilbert spaces. Properties of inner product spaces.

Unit 5. Orthonormal sets and sequences

Orthogonal complements and direct sums, Orthonormal sets and sequences.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Brezis, H. (2011). Functional analysis, Sobolev spaces and partial differential equations. New
York: Springer.
2. Conway, J. B. (2019). A course in functional analysis, Springer.
3. Guenther, R. B. and John, W. L. (2023). Aspects of Integration: Novel Approaches to the
Riemann and Lebesgue Integrals. CRC Press.
4. Florescu, L.C. (2021). Lebesgue Integral. Springer International Publishing.
5. Schilling, R.L. and Kühn, F. (2021). Counterexamples in Measure and Integration.
Cambridge University Press.

Title Credit Hours

Scientific Writing & Research
3(3-0)
Methods

Objectives

• To develop students’ skills in academic and scientific writing.

• To introduce fundamental concepts and methods of research.
• To train students in literature review, citation, and referencing techniques.
• To enable students to design, conduct, and present research effectively.
Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Understand the structure and components of scientific writing.

• Conduct literature reviews using academic sources.
• Apply appropriate research methodologies.
• Write research reports and papers in a clear and organized manner.
• Use citation styles and avoid plagiarism.

Course Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to Scientific Writing

• Nature and purpose of scientific writing

• Characteristics of good academic writing
• Structure of a research paper (abstract, introduction, methodology, results, conclusion)

Unit 2: Research Fundamentals

• Definition and types of research

• Research process and problem identification
• Formulation of research questions and hypotheses

Unit 3: Literature Review

• Sources of academic literature

• Techniques for searching and reviewing literature
• Critical analysis and synthesis of research articles

Unit 4: Research Methodology

• Qualitative and quantitative research methods

• Data collection techniques
• Basic data analysis methods

Unit 5: Academic Writing Skills

• Writing style, clarity, and coherence

• Technical writing in mathematics
• Use of figures, tables, and graphs
 Unit 6: Referencing and Ethics

• Citation styles (APA, MLA, etc.)

• Avoiding plagiarism
• Research ethics and integrity

Unit 7: Presentation of Research

• Writing research proposals

• Report writing and formatting
• Oral presentation skills

Recommended Books

1. Day, R. A., & Gastel, B. (2016). How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper (8th ed.).
Cambridge University Press.
2. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
Methods Approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
3. Walliman, N. (2017). Research Methods: The Basics (2nd ed.). Routledge.
4. Alley, M. (2018). The Craft of Scientific Writing (4th ed.). Springer.

Semester-VIII

List of Elective Courses

Title Credit Hours
Theory of Rings and Fields 3(3-0)

Objectives

In abstract algebra Ring theory is the study of rings and algebraic structures in which addition and
multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Ring
theory studies the structure of rings and their representations.

Learning Outcomes

• Rings, properties of rings and Gaussian integers.

• Students will also understand homomorphism, natural homomorphism of a ring, field extension.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Rings and Integral Domain

Properties of rings, rings of Gaussian integers. Characteristics of a ring. Zero divisor,

 finite integral domain. Fields, fields of quotients.

Unit 2. Sub Rings and Ideals

Sub Rings. Sub rings test. Ideals, ideal tests. Principal ideal. Prime ideal. maximal ideal.

Unit 3. Factor Ring and Ring Homomorphism

Existence of factor ring. Isomorphism. Properties of ring homomorphism. Kernel of

homomorphism. natural homomorphism from ring to its factor ring.

Unit 4. Polynomial Rings

Polynomial rings. Polynomial rings over a field. Unique factorization domain. Principal
ideal domain. Euclidean domain.

Unit 5. Extension Fields

The fundamental theorem of field theory. Splitting fields. Algebraic extensions. Degree
of an extension. Finite extension.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Fraleigh, J. B. (2003). A first course in abstract algebra. Pearson Education India.

2. Gubareni, N. (2022). Introduction to Modern Algebra and Its Applications. CRC Press.
3. Herstein, I. N. (1991). Topics in algebra. John Wiley & Sons.
4. Lawrence, J. W., Zorzitto, F. A. (2021). Abstract Algebra: A Comprehensive
Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
5. Weintraub, S. H. (2022). Introduction To Abstract Algebra, An: Sets, Groups, Rings, And Fields
World Scientific Publishing Company.

Title Credit Hours

Theory of Modules 3(3-0)

Objectives

This is a course in abstract linear algebra. The majority of follow up courses in both pure and applied
assume the material covered in this course.

Learning Outcomes

• students will understand finitely generated modules and direct sum of modules, cyclic modules,
free modules, quotient modules, homeomorphisms of modules and isomorphism modules.
• Students will know about short exact sequences of modules, group of module homeomorphisms
and modules over PID's, simple modules, artinian modules.
 • Students will learn about Noetherian modules, modules of finite length, Artinian rings,
Noetherian rings and radicals, nil radical, Jacobson radical.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Basis Theory of Modules

Modules and generation of modules. Submodules and examples. Finitely generated

modules, direct sum of modules.

Unit 2. Quotient Modules and Homomorphisms

Cyclic modules, quotient modules. Homomorphisms, theorems and examples.

Unit 3. Free Modules and Short Exact Sequence and Projective, Injective Modules

Free modules, torsion modules. Short exact sequence modules. Group of module
homomorphisms. Projective modules, injective modules. modules over PID's.

Unit 4. Simple, Artinian and Noetherian Modules

Simple modules. Artinian modules. Noetherian modules. Modules of finite length.

Artinian rings, Noetherian rings.

Unit 5. Radicals

Radicals, nil radical. Jacobson radical.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Golan, J. S., & Head, T. (2017). Modules and the structure of rings: a primer. CRC Press.
2. Jensen, C. U. (2022). Model theoretic algebra with particular emphasis on fields, rings, modules.
Routledge.
3. Musili, C. (1994). Introduction to rings and modules. Narosa Publishing House.
4. Oberst, U., Scheicher, M., & Scheicher, I. (2020). Linear Time-Invariant Systems, Behaviors and
Modules. Springer International Publishing.
5. Papikian, M. (2023). Drinfeld modules. Springer Nature.

Title Credit Hours

Rings and Modules 3(3-0)
Pre-requisite: Abstract Algebra / Group Theory

Objectives

To introduce students to the theory of rings and modules, emphasizing algebraic structures,
homomorphisms, ideals, and module theory. The course aims to develop students’ understanding of
algebraic methods applicable in mathematics, physics, and computer science.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:

• Understand the definitions and examples of rings, subrings, and ideals.

• Apply concepts of ring homomorphisms and quotient rings.
• Analyze special types of rings, including integral domains, fields, and division rings.
• Understand module theory, including submodules, quotient modules, and module
homomorphisms.
• Apply algebraic techniques to solve problems in abstract algebra and related areas.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Rings and Subrings

Definition and examples of rings. Properties of rings. Subrings and examples. Ring
homomorphisms and isomorphisms. Kernel and image of a ring homomorphism.

Unit 2. Ideals and Quotient Rings

Ideals: left, right, and two-sided ideals. Principal and maximal ideals. Prime ideals.
Quotient rings and their properties. Correspondence theorem.

Unit 3. Special Types of Rings

Integral domains, division rings, and fields. Polynomial rings. Euclidean domains,
principal ideal domains (PIDs), and unique factorization domains (UFDs).

Unit 4. Modules

Definition and examples of modules. Submodules and quotient modules. Module

homomorphisms and isomorphisms. Free modules and basis. Finitely generated modules.

Unit 5. Advanced Topics and Applications

Direct sum and product of modules. Torsion and torsion-free modules. Simple and
semisimple modules. Applications in linear algebra and algebraic structures.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Herstein, I. N. (2006). Topics in Algebra (2nd ed.). Wiley.

2. Dummit, D. S., & Foote, R. M. (2004). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). Wiley.
3. Rotman, J. J. (2010). Advanced Modern Algebra. Springer.
4. Beachy, J. A., & Blair, W. D. (2010). Abstract Algebra. CRC Press.
5. Pinter, C. C. (2010). A Book of Abstract Algebra (2nd ed.). Dover Publications.
 Title Credit Hours
Operator Theory 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Linear Algebra–II, Real Analysis

Objectives

To introduce students to the study of linear operators on vector spaces, with an emphasis on functional
analysis, spectral theory, and applications in mathematics and physics. The course focuses on
understanding the properties of operators, including boundedness, adjoints, and spectral decomposition.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:

• Understand the definitions and examples of linear operators on finite and infinite-
dimensional spaces.
• Analyze bounded and unbounded operators, norms, and operator topologies.
• Compute adjoint operators and study self-adjoint, normal, and unitary operators.
• Apply spectral theory to understand eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and functional calculus.
• Use operator theory techniques in solving problems in differential equations, quantum
mechanics, and applied mathematics.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Linear Operators

Definition and examples of linear operators. Domain, range, kernel, and image. Algebra
of operators. Null space and rank. Invertibility of operators.

Unit 2. Bounded and Continuous Operators

Normed linear spaces. Bounded operators and their properties. Operator norms.
Continuity and boundedness equivalence.

Unit 3. Adjoint Operators and Special Classes

Adjoint of an operator. Self-adjoint, normal, and unitary operators. Properties and

examples. Orthogonal projections.

Unit 4. Spectral Theory

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Spectrum of an operator. Spectral theorem for finite-

dimensional operators. Diagonalization and functional calculus.
Unit 5. Applications

Applications in differential and integral equations. Compact operators. Introduction to

Hilbert space operators. Applications in quantum mechanics and signal processing.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Conway, J. B. (2000). A Course in Functional Analysis (2nd ed.). Springer.

2. Rudin, W. (1991). Functional Analysis (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
3. Sharma, R. K., & Manhas, B. L. (2007). Functional Analysis and Operator Theory. Narosa
Publishing.
4. Kolmogorov, A., & Fomin, S. (1999). Introductory Real Analysis (Vol. II: Functional Analysis).
Dover Publications.
5. Tao, T. (2011). An Introduction to Measure Theory and Operator Theory. American
Mathematical Society.

Title Credit Hours

Graph Theory 3(3-0)
Objectives

This course has the following objectives. Apply graph theory to solve real-world problems in various
fields, including computer science, operations research, network design, social network analysis, and
optimization.

Learning Outcomes

• Develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills by working on graph theory puzzles and
applications. Enhance mathematical reasoning and abstract thinking abilities through graph
theory concepts and proofs.
• Use graph theory to model and analyze biological networks, such as protein-protein interactions,
gene regulatory networks, and metabolic pathways, aiding in drug design and understanding
disease mechanisms.

Course Outlines

Unit 1. Basics of Graph Theory

Definitions and Preliminaries of graph. Examples of graph.

Unit 2. Types of Graph

Sub graph. Types of graphs. paths, cycles, wheels and walks, connected and disconnected
Graph.

Unit 3. Mappings and Representation

Isomorphism. Handshaking lemma. Matrix representation of a graph

 Unit 4. Connected Graphs

Three puzzles. Connectivity. Eulerian graphs. Hamiltonian graphs.

Unit 5. Paths and Trees

Shortest path algorithms, trees.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Gross, J. L., Yellen, J., & Anderson, M. (2018). Graph theory and its applications, Springer.
2. Lind, D., & Marcus, B. (2021). An introduction to symbolic dynamics and coding. Cambridge
university press.
3. Marcus, D. A. (2020). Graph theory , American Mathematical Soc.
4. Trinajstic, N. (2018). Chemical graph theory. Routledge.

Title Credit Hours

Analytical Dynamics 3(3-0)

Objectives

This course is designed to impart knowledge about methods of classical mechanics developed towards
complicated oscillating systems. Primarily the aim is to create and demonstrate natural connection with
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approaches and its integrated use in solving the specific problems.

Learning Outcomes

• Provision of basic knowledge about generalized coordinates for a system of body with the
application of Lagrangian and Routhian methods.
• Develop capacity to deal with the Hamilton theory and its application.
• Provide a comprehensive concept of dynamics of oscillating systems.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Introduction

Theory of mechanics with definitions and applications. Unconstrained motion and

constrained motion, degree of freedom, generalized coordinates, holonomic and non-
holonomic systems. D’Alembert’s principle, d-delta rule.

Unit 2. Lagrange’s Theory

Lagrange equations, generalization of Lagrange equations and numerical applications.

Quasi coordinates, Lagrange equations in quasi coordinates. Energy integral, first integral
of Lagrange equations of motion.

Unit 3. Hamilton’s Theory

 Hamilton’s principle. Ignorable coordinates, Routhian function. Derivation of Hamilton’s
equation from a variational principle.

Unit 4. Lagrange’s Theory of Non-Holonomic System and Canonical

Transformation

Lagrange equations for Non-Holonomic Systems with and without Lagrange multipliers.
Chaplygin’s equations. Canonical transformations. Lagrange and Poisson brackets.

Unit 5. Hamilton Jacobi Theory

Infinitesimal exact transformation. Hamilton Jacobi Theorem.

Recommended Books/Reference Material:

1. Ardema, M. D. (2005). Analytical dynamics: theory and applications. Springer Science and
Business Media.
2. Greenwood. T. D. (1977). Classical Dynamics. Inc Prentice-Hall.
3. Goldstein, H. (2011). Classical Mechanics. Pearson.
4. Menard, K. P., & Menard, N. (2020). Dynamic mechanical analysis. CRC press.
5. Shabana, A. A. (2020). Dynamics of multibody systems. Cambridge university press.

Title Credit Hours

General Theory of
3(3-0)
Relativity

Objectives

The aim of this course is to enable the student to learn about basic definitions and concepts of Tensor and
Special Relativity. In addition, students will be able to know about Lorentz transformation and its
application and learn about Minkowski space time and null cone. The further objective is to give students
a clear concept of relativistic kinematics, Doppler shift and binding energy and understand about
electromagnetism in relativity and well knowing about Maxwell’s equations.

Learning Outcomes

• Introduction of special relativity and derivation of special relativity.

• Further application of special relativity in various mathematical domains.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Introduction

Introduction, basic definitions, tensor. Einstein’s formulation of special relativity.

Lorentz transformation and its application.
Unit 2. Derivation of Special Relativity

Length contraction, time dilation and simultaneity. Velocity addition formulae. 3-

dimensional Lorentz transformation.

Unit 3. The Four-Vector Formulation of Special Relativity

4-vector, 4-momentum, 4-forces, Lorentz transformation in 4-vector formalism. The

Lorentz and Poincare groups, proper time. Minkowski space time. Null cone structure.

Unit 4. Applications of Special Relativity

Relativistic Kinematic. Doppler shift in relativity, Compton effect. Particle scattering,

binding energy. Particle production and decay.

Unit 5. Electromagnetism in Special Relativity

Electric current, Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves. The four-vector

formulation of Maxwell’s equation. Special relativity with small acceleration.

Recommended Books/Reference Material:

1. Dray, T. (2021). The geometry of special relativity. CRC Press

2. Qadir, A. (1989). Relativity: An introduction to the special theory. World Scientific.
3. Rafelski, J. (2022). Modern special relativity: a student's guide with discussions and examples.
Springer Nature.
4. Rindler, W. (1991), Introduction to special relativity, Clarendon Press
5. Thorne, K. S., & Blandford, R. D. (2021). Relativity and Cosmology: Modern Classical Physics
. Princeton University Press.

Title Credit Hours

Measure Theory 3(3-0)

Objectives

The objective of this course is to understand the concepts of Lebesgue measure and integration. To
improve the skill of students in advanced analysis in pure mathematics.

Learning Outcomes

• Students must be able to understand the basic concept of measure theory and Lebesgue
integration.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Measurable Sets

Fundamental concepts of set theory. Rings (sigma ring). Algebra (sigma algebra) of sets.
 Measurable Sets. Outer measure. Lebesgue measure.

Unit 2. Lebesgue Measure

Lebesgue measure (definition and examples). Lebesgue measurable sets. Borel sets, non-
measurable sets.

Unit 3. Measurable Functions

Measurable functions (definition and examples). Borel measurable functions. Little wood
three principle.

Unit 4. Simple Functions

Simple function. Characteristics functions. Review of Riemann integral. Absolute

continuity and convex integration.

Unit 5. Lebesgue Integration

The Lebesgue integral, The integral of a non-negative function. Integral of measurable

functions. Differentiation and integration.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Cohn, D. L. (1980). Measure Theory, Birkhäuser.
2. Florescu, L.C. (2021). Lebesgue Integral. Springer International Publishing.
3. Guenther, R. B. and John, W. L. (2023). Aspects of Integration: Novel Approaches to the
Riemann and Lebesgue Integrals. CRC Press.
4. Kadets, V. (2018). A Course in Functional Analysis and Measure Theory. Springer International
Publishing.
5. Kubrusly, C.S. (2015). Essentials of Measure Theory. Springer International Publishing.
6. Royden, H. L., & Fitzpatrick, P. (1968). Real analysis (Vol. 2). New York: Macmillan.
7. Schilling, R.L. and Kühn, F. (2021). Counter examples in Measure and Integration. Cambridge
University Press.

Title Credit Hours

Mathematical Concepts of
3(3-0)
Quantum Mechanics

Objectives

This course is aimed to provide introductory information about quantum mechanics. The focus of this
course is on providing a strong foundation and application of quantum mechanics.

Learning Outcomes
 • This course will develop understanding for quantum mechanics and its application in orbital and
angular motions.
• It will enable the students to apply the eigen values and eigen states in the Schrodinger equation
of motion.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Basics Definition and Properties of Quantum Mechanics

Basic postulates of Quantum Mechanics. State vector. Formal properties of quantum

mechanical operators.

Unit 2. Application of Eigen values

Eigen values and eigen states. Simple harmonic oscillator. Schrodinger equation
of motion and its properties.

Unit 3. Concept of Potential Terminologies

Potential step. Potential barrier. Potential well.

Unit 4. Angular Momentum

Orbital angular momentum. Motion in a centrally symmetric field. Hydrogen atom.

matrix representation of angular momentum and spin.

Unit 5. Perturbation

Time independent perturbation theory. Degeneracy. The Stark effect. Introduction to

relativistic Quantum Mechanics.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1 Ballentine, L. E. (2014). Quantum mechanics: a modern development. World

Scientific Publishing Company.
2 Cattan, G. H., & Quemy, A. (2023). Case-Based and Quantum Classification for ERP-
Based Brain–Computer Interfaces. Brain Sciences.
3 Melnikov, A., Kordzanganeh, M., Alodjants, A., & Lee, R. K. (2023). Quantum
machine learning: From physics to software engineering. Advances in Physics: X.

4 Liboff, R.L. (1991), Introductory Quantum Mechanics, Addison-Weseley 2nd Edition.

Title Credit Hours

Combinatorics 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Discrete Mathematics

Objectives

To introduce students to the theory and techniques of counting, combinatorial structures, and their
applications in mathematics, computer science, and related fields. The course emphasizes problem-
solving skills and analytical thinking in combinatorial contexts.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:

• Apply basic counting principles to solve combinatorial problems.

• Use permutations, combinations, and binomial coefficients in problem-solving.
• Understand and apply the inclusion-exclusion principle and Pigeonhole principle.
• Analyze recurrence relations and generating functions for combinatorial enumeration.
• Explore advanced topics such as graph enumeration and combinatorial designs.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Fundamental Counting Principles

Addition and multiplication principles. Permutations and combinations. Binomial

theorem and multinomial coefficients.

Unit 2. Inclusion-Exclusion Principle and Pigeonhole Principle

Applications of inclusion-exclusion principle. Pigeonhole principle and its extensions.

Counting with restrictions.

Unit 3. Recurrence Relations

Formulation of recurrence relations. Solving linear recurrence relations with constant

coefficients. Generating functions approach.

Unit 4. Generating Functions

Ordinary generating functions. Exponential generating functions. Applications in

combinatorial enumeration.

Unit 5. Advanced Combinatorial Topics

Graph enumeration, combinatorial designs, partitions of sets and integers. Applications in

computer science, probability, and optimization.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Brualdi, R. A. (2010). Introductory Combinatorics (5th ed.). Pearson.

2. Stanley, R. P. (2011). Enumerative Combinatorics (Vol. 1). Cambridge University Press.
 3. Miklós, B., & Lovász, L. (2000). Combinatorial Problems and Exercises. North-Holland.
4. Graham, R. L., Knuth, D. E., & Patashnik, O. (1994). Concrete Mathematics (2nd ed.). Addison-
Wesley.
5. Cameron, P. J. (1994). Combinatorics: Topics, Techniques, Algorithms. Cambridge University
Press.

Title Credit Hours

Affine and Euclidean
3(3-0)
Geometry

Pre-requisite: Linear Algebra, Geometry

Objectives

To provide students with a rigorous understanding of affine and Euclidean geometry, emphasizing
geometric transformations, vector methods, and the properties of geometric objects in plane and space.
The course aims to strengthen geometric intuition and problem-solving skills.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:

• Understand the concepts of points, lines, planes, and their relationships in affine and Euclidean
spaces.
• Apply vector methods to solve geometric problems.
• Analyze geometric transformations, including translations, rotations, reflections, and dilations.
• Study metric properties such as distance, angles, and orthogonality.
• Use affine and Euclidean methods in proofs, constructions, and applied mathematics contexts.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Affine Geometry

Points, lines, planes, and hyperplanes. Affine combinations and affine independence.
Affine subspaces. Parallelism and intersections. Affine transformations and their
properties.

Unit 2. Euclidean Geometry

Euclidean spaces. Distance and inner product. Angles and orthogonality. Orthogonal
projections and perpendicularity. Metric properties of Euclidean spaces.

Unit 3. Transformations in Geometry

Translations, rotations, reflections, and dilations. Composition of transformations.

Invariant properties under transformations.
Unit 4. Conics and Quadrics

Classification of conic sections and quadric surfaces using vector and matrix methods.
Affine and Euclidean invariants of conics.

Unit 5. Applications and Advanced Topics

Geometric constructions and proofs using affine and Euclidean methods. Applications in
computer graphics, optimization, and physics.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Coxeter, H. S. M. (2003). Introduction to Geometry (2nd ed.). Wiley.

2. Artin, M. (2011). Geometric Algebra. Wiley.
3. Shafarevich, I. R. (2013). Basic Algebraic Geometry 1. Springer.
4. Pedoe, D. (1988). Geometry: A Comprehensive Course. Dover Publications.
5. Prasolov, V. V. (2001). Problems in Geometry. American Mathematical Society.

Title Credit Hours

Fuzzy Set Theory 3(3-0)

Objectives

The main objective of this course is to understand the basic concept of Fuzziness and different structures
like fuzzy rings, fuzzy semi groups.

Learning Outcomes

• Students must be able to understand logical ways in pure mathematics.

• Students will be able to analyze fuzzy relations and graphs.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Fuzziness

Introduction, the concept of fuzziness and examples. Mathematical modelling,

Operations of fuzzy sets.

Unit 2. Algebra of Fuzzy Sets

Boolean algebra and lattices, equivalence relations and partition. composing mappings,
alpha-cuts. Image of alpha-level sets, operations on fuzzy sets.

Unit 3. Fuzzy Relations

Definition and examples. Binary fuzzy relations. Operations on fuzzy relations,fuzzy

 partitions.

Unit 4. Fuzzy Semi Groups

Fuzzy ideals of semigroups. Fuzzy quasi-ideals, fuzzy bi-ideals of semigroups.

Characterization of different classes of semigroups by the properties of their fuzzy ideals.
Fuzzy quasi-ideals and fuzzy bi-ideals.

Unit 5. Fuzzy Rings

Fuzzy ideals of rings. Prime, semi prime fuzzy ideals. Characterization of rings using the
properties of fuzzy ideals.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. De Silva, C.W. (2018). Intelligent Control: Fuzzy Logic Applications. CRC Press.
2. Nguyen, H.T., Walker, C., and Walker, E.A. (2018). A First Course in Fuzzy Logic. Chapman
and Hall/CRC.
3. Singh, A. K., Chiclana, F., and Carter, J. (2021). Fuzzy Logic Recent Applications and
Developments. Springer International Publishing.
4. Voskoglou, M. (2020). Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic and Their Applications. MDPI AG.
5. Zadeh, L.A. and Aliev, R.A. (2018). Fuzzy Logic Theory and Applications: Part I and Part II.
World Scientific Publishing.

Title Credit Hours

Special Functions and
3(3-0)
Integral Transforms

Pre-requisite: Differential Equations, Calculus

Objectives

To introduce students to classical special functions and integral transforms, and to develop skills for
solving differential equations and applied mathematical problems. The course emphasizes both
theoretical understanding and practical applications in engineering, physics, and applied mathematics.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:

• Understand the properties and applications of classical special functions.

• Solve differential equations using special functions and integral transforms.
• Apply Laplace and Fourier transforms to boundary value and initial value problems.
• Utilize generating functions and orthogonal functions in problem-solving.
• Analyze applied problems in physics, engineering, and applied mathematics using these
techniques.
Course Outline

Unit 1. Special Functions

Gamma and Beta functions: definitions, properties, and applications. Bessel functions,
Legendre functions, Hermite and Laguerre functions. Orthogonality and recurrence
relations.

Unit 2. Fourier Series

Fourier series of periodic functions. Convergence and properties. Applications to

boundary value problems. Fourier sine and cosine series.

Unit 3. Laplace Transforms

Definition and properties. Laplace transforms of standard functions. Inverse Laplace

transforms. Convolution theorem. Applications to ordinary differential equations.

Unit 4. Fourier and Integral Transforms

Fourier transforms: definition, properties, and applications. Fourier sine and cosine
transforms. Application to PDEs and signal analysis.

Unit 5. Applications and Advanced Topics

Application of special functions and integral transforms in solving heat, wave, and
Laplace equations. Generating functions and orthogonal polynomials in applied
problems.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Debnath, L., & Bhatta, D. (2015). Integral Transforms and Their Applications (3rd ed.). CRC
Press.
2. Arfken, G. B., Weber, H. J., & Harris, F. E. (2013). Mathematical Methods for Physicists (7th
ed.). Academic Press.
3. Olver, F. W. J., Lozier, D. W., Boisvert, R. F., & Clark, C. W. (2010). NIST Handbook of
Mathematical Functions. Cambridge University Press.
4. Sneddon, I. N. (1995). Fourier Transforms. Dover Publications.
5. Rainville, E. D. (1960). Special Functions. Macmillan

Title Credit Hours

Optimization Theory 3(3-0)

Objectives

Optimization theory is a fundamental topic in mathematics and engineering that deals with finding the
best possible solution from a set of available options. Introduce students to the fundamental concepts of
optimization, including objectives, decision.

Course Outline

Unit 1. The Mathematical Programming Problem

Formal statement of the problem, Types of maxima, the Weierstrass Theorem and the
Local-Global theorem, Geometry of the problem

Unit 2. Classical Programming

The unconstrained case. The method of Lagrange multipliers. The interpretation of the
Lagrange multipliers

Unit 3. Non-linear Programming

The case of no inequality constraints. The Kuhn-Tucker conditions. The Kuhn-Tucker

theorem. The interpretation of the Lagrange multiplier. Solution algorithms

Unit 4. Linear Programming

The Dual problems of linear programming. The Lagrangian approach, existence, duality
and complementary slackness theorems. The interpretation of the dual. The simplex
algorithm. The Control Problem. Formal statement of the problem. Some special cases.
Types of control. The Control problem as one of programming in on infinite dimensional
space. The generalized Weierstrass theorem

Unit 5. Calculus of Variations

Euler equations. Necessary conditions. Transversality condition constraints

Unit 6. Dynamic Programming

The principle of optimality and Bellman’s equation. Dynamic programming and the
calculus of variations. Dynamic programming solution of multistage optimization
problems

Unit 7. Maximum Principle

Co-state variables. The Hamiltonian and the maximum principle. The interpretation of
the co-state variables. The maximum principle and the calculus of variations. The
maximum principle and dynamic programming examples.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Cartis, C., Gould, N.I., and Toint, P.L.( 2022), Evaluation Complexity of Algorithms for
Nonconvex Optimization: Theory, Computation and Perspectives (Society for Industrial and
Applied Mathematics, John Wiley and Sons.
 2. Chong, E. K., Lu, W. S., and Żak, S. H. (2023). An Introduction to Optimization: With
Applications to Machine Learning. John Wiley & Sons.
3. Diwekar, U.M. (2020), Introduction to Applied Optimization, Springer Nature.
4. Jahn, J. (2020), Introduction to the Theory of Nonlinear Optimization, Springer Nature.
5. Rao, S.S. (2019), Engineering Optimization: Theory and Practice , John Wiley and Sons.

Title Credit Hours

Mathematical Modelling &
3(3-0)
Simulation

Pre-requisite: Calculus, Linear Algebra

Objectives

To introduce students to the formulation, analysis, and simulation of mathematical models for real-world
problems. The course emphasizes the translation of physical, biological, and engineering problems into
mathematical language and the use of computational tools to study system behavior.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:

• Formulate mathematical models from real-world problems.

• Analyze deterministic and stochastic models using analytical and numerical methods.
• Apply simulation techniques to study dynamic systems.
• Use computational tools to implement and visualize mathematical models.
• Interpret results and validate models against real-world data.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Introduction to Mathematical Modelling

Definition and purpose of modeling. Types of models: deterministic vs. stochastic,

discrete vs. continuous. Steps in modeling real-world problems.

Unit 2. Model Formulation

Formulating algebraic, differential, and difference equation models. Dimensional analysis

and scaling. Assumptions and simplifications.

Unit 3. Analytical Techniques

Solution of linear and nonlinear models. Equilibrium analysis. Stability and sensitivity
 analysis.

Unit 4. Numerical Methods and Simulation

Finite difference and finite element methods. Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation of
dynamic systems using software (MATLAB, Python, or other).

Unit 5. Applications

Applications in population dynamics, epidemiology, finance, engineering, and physics.

Validation of models and interpretation of simulation results.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Banks, J., Carson, J. S., Nelson, B. L., & Nicol, D. M. (2010). Discrete-Event System Simulation
(5th ed.). Pearson.
2. Mackay, R. S., & Marsden, J. E. (2009). Mathematical Modelling: A Case Studies Approach.
Cambridge University Press.
3. Logan, J. D. (2010). Applied Mathematics: A Contemporary Approach. Wiley.
4. Bartholomew-Biggs, M. (2012). Mathematical Modelling: A Case Studies Approach. Cambridge
University Press.
5. Kreyszig, E. (2011). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (10th ed.). Wiley.

Title Credit Hours

Numerical Analysis-II 3(3-0)
Pre-requisite: Numerical Analysis–I

Objectives

• To extend numerical methods to differentiation and integration problems.

• To study difference equations and their role in discrete modeling.
• To introduce numerical methods for solving ordinary differential equations.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Compute numerical derivatives using interpolation formulas.
• Apply numerical integration techniques for definite integrals.
• Formulate and solve difference equations.
• Solve ordinary differential equations using numerical algorithms .
Course Outline

Unit 1: Numerical Differentiation

Derivatives using interpolation formulas:

• Lagrange interpolation formula

• Newton’s divided difference formula
• Gregory–Newton forward and backward interpolation formula
• Gauss forward and backward interpolation formula
• Stirling’s formula
• Laplace–Everett formula
• Bessel’s formula

Unit 2: Numerical Integration

• Newton–Cotes formulas
• Trapezoidal rule
• Simpson’s rule
• Weddle’s rule
• Errors in quadrature formulas
• Gaussian quadrature formulas

Unit 3: Difference Equations

• Formulation of difference equations

• Analogy between differential and difference equations
• Linear homogeneous difference equations with constant coefficients
• Linear non-homogeneous difference equations with constant coefficients

Unit 4: Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations

• Euler’s method
• Heun’s method
• Modified Euler’s method
• Taylor series method
• Runge–Kutta methods
• Milne’s method

Recommended Books

1. Vedamurthy, V. N., Iyenger, N. Ch. S. N. (2002). Numerical Methods. New Delhi: Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
2. Burden, R. L., & Faires, J. D. (2015). Numerical Analysis (10th ed.). Boston: Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning.
 3. Quarteroni, A., Sacco, R., & Saleri, F. (2007). Numerical Mathematics (2nd ed.). Berlin:
Springer.
4. Suli, E., & Mayers, D. F. (2003). An Introduction to Numerical Analysis. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
5. Gerald, C. F., & Wheatley, P. O. (2003). Applied Numerical Analysis (7th ed.). Boston:
Addison-Wesley.
6. Mathews, J. H., & Fink, K. D. (2004). Numerical Methods Using MATLAB (4th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Title Credit Hours

Cryptography 3(3-0)
Pre-requisite: Abstract Algebra, Linear Algebra, Number Theory

Objectives

• Develop a strong mathematical foundation for cryptographic systems.

• Understand algebraic structures used in encryption and decryption.
• Analyze block ciphers using algebraic tools.
• Prepare students for advanced research in cryptography and information security.

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:

• Demonstrate understanding of cryptographic terminology and security goals.

• Apply group, ring, and field theory in cryptographic contexts.
• Construct and analyze finite fields used in cryptographic algorithms.
• Evaluate cryptographic primitives such as S-boxes using algebraic criteria.
• Critically analyze cryptographic research literature.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Overview and Introduction

History of cryptography. Basic terminology. Encryption and decryption. Classical

cryptosystems. Transposition and substitution ciphers.

Unit 2. Preliminary Algebraic Concepts

Groups and semigroups. Rings and subrings. Ideals and factor rings. Polynomial rings.
Irreducible polynomials. Ring homomorphisms. Euclidean domains and PIDs. Extended
Euclidean algorithm. Residue class rings.

Unit 3. Finite Fields

Finite fields: existence and uniqueness. Polynomials over finite fields. Construction of
 Galois fields. Characteristics of finite fields. Algebra of finite fields.

Unit 4. Block Ciphers

Concept of block ciphers. DES and AES. Evaluation criteria for AES.

Unit 5. Cryptographic Criteria and S-Boxes

Walsh transforms. Correlation immunity. Nonlinearity. Strict avalanche criterion.

Balanced and bijective criteria. Algebraic design of S-boxes.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Stanoyevitch, A. (2010). Introduction to Cryptography with Mathematical Foundations.

Chapman and Hall/CRC.
2. Stinson, D. R. (1998). Cryptography: Theory and Practice. CRC Press.
3. Schneier, B. (1996). Applied Cryptography. John Wiley & Sons.
van Tilborg, H. C. A. (1988). An Introduction to Cryptology. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Title Credit Hours
Fluid Mechanics 3(3-0)

Objectives

This course is aimed to give in depth understanding to types of fluids, nature of flows and concepts
related to fluid dynamics. It also focuses on providing strong foundation and application of fluid
mechanics.

Learning Outcomes

• Develop understanding for fluid mechanics and various types of motions.

• Enable the students to learn of ideal fluid conditions and apply the rules of vortex line and
Helmholtz vorticity theorem.

Course Outline

Unit 1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Introduction to fluid mechanics, fluid fields and continuum concepts. Types of fluids,
types of flows. Local and particle rate of change, compressibility. Stream functions. Basic
hydrostatic equation.

Unit 2. Continuity Equation

Equation of continuity. Surface and body forces, viscosity. Velocity potential,

streamlines and path lines.
Unit 3. Euler’s and Bernoulli’s Equation

Euler’s equations of motions, Bernoulli’s equation. Helmholtz vorticity equation and

Helmholtz vorticity theorem. Uniqueness theorem.

Unit 4. Vortex Motion

Vortex line, vortex sheet. Kelvin’s minimum energy theorem. Fluid streaming past a
circular, cylinder, irrotational motion produced by a vortex filament.

Unit 5. Source, Sink and Doublets

Stoke’s stream function. Impulsive motion sources. Sinks. Doublets. Images in rigid
infinite plane and solid sphere.

Recommended Books/Reference Material

1. Bhimsen, K.S. (2022). Introduction to Theoretical and Mathematical Fluid Mechanics. Wiley.
2. Joseph, D. (2022). Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. McGraw Hill.
3. Liu, P. (2021). A General Theory of Fluid Mechanics. Springer.
4. Matsson, J. E. (2023). An Introduction to Ansys Fluent. SDC Publications.
5. Pozrikidis, C. (2017). Fluid Mechanics, Theory, Application, and Numerical Simulation.
Springer.

Title Credit Hours

Mathematical Statistics 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Probability Theory

Objectives

• To develop a strong foundation in probability distributions and statistical inference.

• To introduce mathematical expectations and their applications.
• To study discrete and continuous probability distributions.
• To understand sampling distributions and hypothesis testing.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Analyze discrete and continuous probability distributions

• Compute expectations, moments, and moment-generating functions
• Apply transformation techniques for random variables
• Understand sampling distributions and their properties
• Perform statistical estimation and hypothesis testing
Course Outline

Unit 1: Probability Distributions and Densities

• Probability distribution
• Continuous random variables
• Probability density functions
• Multivariate distributions
• Marginal distributions
• Conditional distributions

Unit 2: Mathematical Expectations

• Expected value of a random variable

• Moments
• Chebyshev’s theorem
• Moment-generating functions
• Product moments
• Moments of linear combinations of random variables
• Conditional expectations

Unit 3: Special Probability Distributions

• Discrete uniform distribution

• Bernoulli distribution
• Binomial distribution
• Negative binomial distribution
• Geometric distribution
• Poisson distribution
• Multinomial distribution
• Hypergeometric distribution

Unit 4: Special Probability Densities

• Uniform distribution
• Exponential distribution
• Gamma distribution
• Beta distribution
• Normal distribution

Unit 5: Functions of Random Variables

• Distribution function technique

 • Transformation techniques of one and several variables
• Moment-generating function technique

Unit 6: Sampling Distributions and Inference

• Distribution of the sample mean

• Chi-square distribution
• t-distribution
• F-distribution
• Estimation of means
• Estimation of proportions
• Estimation of variance
• Testing of statistical hypotheses concerning means, proportions, and variances

Recommended Books

1. Miller, I., & Miller, M. (2004). Mathematical Statistics (6th ed.). Prentice Hall.
2. Lipschutz, S. (2011). Introduction to Probability and Statistics. McGraw-Hill.
3. Hogg, R. V., & Craig, A. T. (1995). Introduction to Mathematical Statistics. Collier Macmillan.

Title Credit Hours

Computational Mathematics 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Numerical Analysis, Differential Equations

Objectives

• To introduce fundamental concepts of computational and numerical methods.

• To analyze computational errors and their impact on numerical solutions.
• To develop numerical techniques for solving algebraic and differential equations.
• To provide practical experience using computational tools such as MATLAB or Python.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Analyze truncation and round-off errors in computations

• Apply numerical methods to solve nonlinear equations
 • Use numerical linear algebra techniques for solving systems
• Perform interpolation and numerical integration
• Solve ordinary differential equations numerically
• Implement numerical algorithms using software tools

Course Outline

Unit 1: Computational Errors

• Truncation errors
• Round-off errors
• Error propagation and analysis

Unit 2: Nonlinear Equations

• Bisection method
• Newton–Raphson method
• Convergence of numerical methods

Unit 3: Numerical Linear Algebra

• Gaussian elimination
• LU decomposition
• Solution of linear systems

Unit 4: Interpolation and Approximation

• Polynomial interpolation
• Lagrange interpolation
• Newton interpolation
• Polynomial approximation techniques

Unit 5: Numerical Differentiation and Integration

• Finite difference methods

• Numerical differentiation
• Numerical integration (Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules)

Unit 6: Numerical Solutions of Differential Equations

• Euler’s method
• Runge–Kutta methods
 • Introduction to numerical solutions of partial differential equations

Unit 7: Computational Implementation

• Implementation using MATLAB or Python

• Simulation of numerical methods
• Interpretation of computational results

Practical / Lab Work

• Implementation of root-finding algorithms

• Solving linear systems using numerical methods
• Interpolation and curve fitting
• Numerical integration and differentiation
• Solving ODEs using computational tools

Recommended Books

1. Burden, R. L., Faires, J. D., & Burden, A. M. (2016). Numerical Analysis (10th ed.). Cengage
Learning.
2. Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., & Flannery, B. P. (2007). Numerical Recipes:
The Art of Scientific Computing (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3. Heath, M. T. (2002). Scientific Computing: An Introductory Survey (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
4. Epperson, J. F. (2013). An Introduction to Numerical Methods and Analysis (2nd ed.). Wiley.
5. Quarteroni, A., Sacco, R., & Saleri, F. (2007). Numerical Mathematics (2nd ed.). Springer.

Title Credit Hours

Operation Research-I 3(3-0)

Objectives

• To introduce fundamental concepts and techniques of operations research.

• To develop skills in formulating and solving linear programming problems.
• To analyze optimization problems arising in real-life situations.
• To provide knowledge of transportation, assignment, and network models.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

 • Formulate linear programming problems from real-world scenarios
• Solve optimization problems using graphical and simplex methods
• Analyze sensitivity and post-optimal solutions
• Apply transportation and assignment models
• Understand network flow and transshipment problems

Course Outline

Unit 1: Linear Programming

• Formulation of linear programming problems

• Graphical solution method
• Basic concepts and feasible region

Unit 2: Simplex Method

• Standard form of LPP

• Simplex algorithm
• M-technique and two-phase method
• Special cases in linear programming

Unit 3: Sensitivity Analysis

• Sensitivity analysis
• Post-optimal analysis
• Interpretation of results

Unit 4: Duality

• Primal-dual relationships
• Dual simplex method

Unit 5: Transportation Models

• Formulation of transportation problems

• North-West Corner method
• Least-Cost method
• Vogel’s Approximation method

Unit 6: Assignment and Network Models

• Assignment problem
 • Method of multipliers
• Transshipment model
• Introduction to network models

Recommended Books

1. Taha, H. A. (2017). Operations Research: An Introduction (10th ed.). Pearson.

2. Winston, W. L. (2004). Operations Research: Applications and Algorithms (4th ed.). Thomson.
3. Hillier, F. S., & Lieberman, G. J. (2014). Introduction to Operations Research (10th ed.).
McGraw-Hill.

Title Credit Hours

Operation Research-II 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Operations Research–I

Objectives

• To extend optimization techniques to advanced linear and integer programming.

• To study network optimization and dynamic programming methods.
• To develop analytical skills for solving complex decision-making problems.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Apply advanced simplex and decomposition techniques

• Solve network optimization problems
• Formulate and solve integer programming problems
• Apply dynamic programming to optimization problems
• Analyze large-scale optimization models

Course Outline

Unit 1: Network Optimization

• Shortest route algorithms for cyclic networks

• Maximal flow problem
Unit 2: Advanced Linear Programming

• Matrix definition of linear programming problems

• Revised simplex method
• Linear programming with bounded variables
• Decomposition algorithms
• Parametric linear programming

Unit 3: Integer Programming

• Applications of integer programming

• Cutting-plane algorithms
• Branch and bound method
• Zero-one implicit enumeration

Unit 4: Dynamic Programming

• Elements of dynamic programming

• Principle of optimality
• Problem of dimensionality
• Solution of linear programs using dynamic programming

Recommended Books

1. Taha, H. A. (2017). Operations Research: An Introduction (10th ed.). Pearson.

2. Gillett, B. E. (2002). Introduction to Operations Research. Tata McGraw-Hill.
3. Hillier, F. S., & Lieberman, G. J. (2004). Introduction to Operations Research. McGraw-Hill.
4. Carter, M. W., & Price, C. C. (2004). Operations Research: A Practical Introduction (8th ed.).
Elsevier.

Title Credit Hours

Non-linear Dynamics 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Differential Equations, Linear Algebra

Objectives

• To introduce fundamental concepts of nonlinear dynamical systems.

• To study qualitative behavior of differential and discrete systems.
• To analyze stability, bifurcation, and chaos in nonlinear models.
• To explore applications of nonlinear dynamics in natural phenomena.
Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Analyze linear and nonlinear dynamical systems

• Study phase space behavior and trajectories
• Apply stability analysis using Lyapunov functions
• Understand bifurcation and chaotic behavior
• Model real-world systems involving nonlinear interactions
• Interpret wave phenomena and soliton dynamics

Course Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to Dynamical Systems

• Linear and nonlinear differential equations

• Trajectories, phase space, and flows
• Derivatives with respect to initial conditions

Unit 2: Invariant Manifolds and Stability

• Invariant manifolds
• Stable, unstable, and center manifolds
• Lyapunov functions and stability analysis

Unit 3: Hamiltonian Systems and Applications

• Hamiltonian systems
• Conservation laws
• Modelling interacting species

Unit 4: Bifurcation Theory

• Local and global bifurcations

• Stability changes and critical points

Unit 5: Chaos and Higher-Dimensional Systems

• Three-dimensional autonomous systems

• Chaos and sensitive dependence on initial conditions
• Controlling chaos
Unit 6: Discrete Dynamical Systems

• Linear and nonlinear discrete systems

• Complex iterative maps
• Fractals and multifractals

Unit 7: Nonlinear Waves and Instabilities

• Occurrence of nonlinear waves in nature

• Universal wave equations and wave modes
• Linear stability analysis and its limitations
• Nonlinear structures and instabilities

Unit 8: Solitons and Wave Propagation

• Model equations for small amplitude waves

• Weak nonlinearity theory
• Exact methods for nonlinear waves and solitons
• Cartesian solitons in one and two dimensions
• Evolution and stability of solitons

Recommended Books

1. Infeld, E., & Rowlands, G. (2000). Nonlinear Waves, Solitons and Chaos. Cambridge University
Press.
2. Banerjee, S., Mitra, M., & Rondoni, L. (2011). Applications of Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics
in Engineering. Springer.
3. Lynch, S. (2001). Dynamical Systems with Applications using Maple. Birkhäuser.
4. Strogatz, S. H. (2000). Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology,
Chemistry and Engineering. Perseus Books.

Title Credit Hours

Special Theory of Relativity 3(3-0)

Objectives

• To introduce the fundamental concepts and principles of special relativity.

• To study Lorentz transformations and their physical implications.
• To develop understanding of spacetime structure and relativistic mechanics.
• To explore applications of relativity in modern physics and electromagnetism.
Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Explain the basic principles of special relativity

• Apply Lorentz transformations in one and three dimensions
• Analyze relativistic effects such as time dilation and length contraction
• Use 4-vector formalism in relativistic mechanics
• Apply relativity to physical phenomena like Doppler effect and particle interactions
• Understand electromagnetic theory in relativistic framework

Course Outline

Unit 1: Historical Background and Basic Concepts

• Historical development of special relativity

• Postulates of Einstein’s theory
• Concept of simultaneity

Unit 2: Lorentz Transformations

• One-dimensional Lorentz transformations

• Length contraction and time dilation
• Velocity addition formula
• Three-dimensional Lorentz transformations

Unit 3: 4-Vector Formalism

• Introduction to 4-vectors
• Lorentz transformations in 4-vector form
• Lorentz and Poincaré groups

Unit 4: Relativistic Mechanics

• Introduction to classical mechanics in relativistic context

• Minkowski spacetime and null cone
• 4-velocity, 4-momentum, and 4-force

Unit 5: Applications in Particle Physics

• Doppler effect in relativity

• Compton effect
 • Particle scattering
• Binding energy
• Particle production and decay

Unit 6: Electromagnetism in Relativity

• Electric current and charge density

• Maxwell’s equations
• Electromagnetic waves
• 4-vector formulation of Maxwell’s equations

Unit 7: Advanced Topics

• Special relativity with small acceleration

• Physical interpretations and limitations

Recommended Books

1. Qadir, A. (1989). Relativity: An Introduction to the Special Theory. World Scientific.

2. Inverno, R. D. (1992). Introducing Einstein’s Relativity. Oxford University Press.
3. Goldstein, H. (2001). Classical Mechanics (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley.
4. Jackson, J. D. (1998). Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Wiley.
5. Rindler, W. (1980). Essential Relativity. Springer.

Course Outlines for Minor/Allied Course

Title Credit Hours

Pre- Calculus 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Basic Mathematics

Objectives

• To develop a strong foundation in algebra and functions for calculus.

• To enhance students’ understanding of equations, inequalities, and graphs.
• To prepare students for advanced topics in calculus.
• To build problem-solving and analytical skills.
Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

• Solve algebraic expressions, equations, and inequalities

• Analyze and graph different types of functions
• Understand trigonometric concepts and identities
• Apply exponential and logarithmic functions
• Prepare effectively for calculus-level problem solving

Course Outline

Unit 1: Algebraic Fundamentals

• Real numbers and algebraic expressions

• Laws of exponents and radicals
• Linear and quadratic equations
• Inequalities and absolute value

Unit 2: Functions and Graphs

• Definition of functions
• Domain and range
• Types of functions (linear, quadratic, polynomial)
• Graphing techniques and transformations

Unit 3: Polynomial and Rational Functions

• Polynomial functions and their graphs

• Zeros of polynomials
• Rational functions
• Asymptotes and graph behavior

Unit 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

• Exponential functions and properties

• Logarithmic functions and laws
• Solving exponential and logarithmic equations

Unit 5: Trigonometry

• Angles and radian measure

 • Trigonometric functions
• Graphs of trigonometric functions
• Trigonometric identities
• Solving trigonometric equations

Unit 6: Systems and Matrices (Basic Concepts)

• Systems of linear equations

• Introduction to matrices
• Solution methods (substitution, elimination)

Recommended Books

1. Sullivan, M. (2016). Precalculus (10th ed.). Pearson.

2. Blitzer, R. (2017). Precalculus (6th ed.). Pearson.
3. Stewart, J., Redlin, L., & Watson, S. (2015). Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (7th ed.).
Cengage Learning.

Title Credit Hours

Calculus-I 3(3-0)

Objectives
To introduce the basic concepts of limits, derivatives, and integrals of functions of a single variable.
Students will develop problem-solving skills and foundational understanding for higher mathematics
courses.

Learning Outcomes

• Understand the concept of limits and continuity.

• Apply differentiation techniques to solve real-world problems.
• Compute definite and indefinite integrals and apply them to areas, volumes, and related rates.

Course Outline

• Limits and continuity.

• Differentiation rules and applications.
• Integration: techniques and applications.
• Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
• Applications to physics, engineering, and economics.

Recommended Books
 1. Stewart, J. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Cengage Learning.
2. Anton, H., Bivens, I. C., Davis, S. Calculus: Single Variable. Wiley.
3. Thomas, G. B., Finney, R. L., Calculus. Addison-Wesley.

Title Credit Hours

Basic Mathematics 3(3-0)

Objectives
To review and strengthen fundamental concepts in algebra, functions, and trigonometry needed for
higher-level mathematics courses.

Learning Outcomes

• Solve algebraic and quadratic equations.

• Apply functions and graphing techniques.
• Solve trigonometric identities and equations.

Course Outline

• Algebra: polynomials, equations, inequalities.

• Functions: linear, quadratic, exponential, logarithmic.
• Trigonometry: identities, equations, and applications.
• Basic combinatorics and sequences.

Recommended Books

• Larson, R., Edwards, B. Elementary Algebra. Brooks/Cole.

• Beecher, J. A., Penna, B. L., Bittinger, M. L. Algebra & Trigonometry. Pearson.

Title Credit Hours

Calculus and Analytical
3(3-0)
Geometry

Pre-requisite: Calculus-I

Objectives
To introduce the concept of functions of several variables, vectors, and analytic geometry for
applications in mathematics, physics, and engineering.

Learning Outcomes

• Understand 2D and 3D coordinate geometry.

• Apply calculus techniques to multivariable functions.
• Solve problems involving lines, planes, and curves in space.
Course Outline

• Vectors in 2D and 3D space.

• Dot and cross products.
• Equations of lines, planes, and surfaces.
• Partial derivatives and applications.
• Applications to physics and engineering.

Recommended Books

1. Stewart, J. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Cengage Learning.

2. Thomas, G. B., Finney, R. L. Calculus and Analytical Geometry. Addison-Wesley.

Title Credit Hours

Series and Integral Calculus 3(3-0)

Objectives
To deepen students’ knowledge of integration techniques, series expansions, and applications to physical
and engineering problems.

Learning Outcomes

• Apply advanced integration techniques.

• Analyze and determine convergence of series.
• Use series expansions to approximate functions.

Course Outline

• Techniques of integration: substitution, parts, partial fractions.

• Improper integrals and convergence.
• Infinite series: convergence tests, power series.
• Taylor and Maclaurin series.
• Applications to physics, engineering, and probability.

Recommended Books

1. Stewart, J. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Cengage Learning.

2. Apostol, T. M. Calculus, Vol. II. Wiley.

Title Credit Hours

Multi Variable Calculus 3(3-0)

Objectives
To introduce the calculus of functions of multiple variables and their applications in geometry, physics,
and engineering.

Learning Outcomes

• Compute partial derivatives and gradients.

• Solve problems involving multiple integrals.
• Apply vector calculus in real-world problems.

Course Outline

• Functions of several variables: limits, continuity, partial derivatives.

• Gradient, divergence, and curl.
• Multiple integrals: double and triple integrals.
• Applications: area, volume, and physical models.
• Change of variables and Jacobians.

Recommended Books

1. Stewart, J. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Cengage Learning.

2. Thomas, G. B., Finney, R. L. Calculus and Analytical Geometry. Addison-Wesley.

Title Credit Hours

Mathematics-I 3(3-0)

Objectives
To provide a foundation in algebra, functions, and calculus necessary for further mathematics courses.

Learning Outcomes

• Solve polynomial and rational equations.

• Understand functions, limits, and continuity.
• Apply differentiation and integration to simple problems.

Course Outline

• Algebra and functions.

• Limits and continuity.
• Differentiation and applications.
• Basic integration techniques.

Recommended Books

1. Larson, R., Edwards, B. Elementary Algebra. Brooks/Cole.

2. Stewart, J. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Cengage Learning.
 Title Credit Hours
Mathematics-II 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Mathematics-I

Objectives
To extend concepts from Mathematics-I to advanced calculus and analytic geometry.

Learning Outcomes

• Apply calculus in multiple dimensions.

• Solve applied problems in physics and engineering.
• Understand sequences, series, and convergence.

Course Outline

• Differential and integral calculus.

• Analytic geometry in 2D and 3D.
• Sequences and series.
• Applications of calculus.

Recommended Books

1. Stewart, J. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Cengage Learning.

2. Thomas, G. B., Finney, R. L. Calculus and Analytical Geometry. Addison-Wesley.

Title Credit Hours

Quantitative Reasoning-I 3(3-0)

Objectives
To enhance students’ logical reasoning, problem-solving, and quantitative analysis skills.

Learning Outcomes

• Solve problems using logical and quantitative methods.

• Analyze data and reason with numbers effectively.
• Apply reasoning skills to real-world contexts.

Course Outline

• Logical reasoning and arguments.

• Basic algebraic problem-solving.
• Quantitative analysis and applications.

Recommended Books
 1. Larson, R., Edwards, B. Elementary Algebra. Brooks/Cole.
2. Lial, M. L., Hornsby, J., Schneider, D. I. Basic College Mathematics. Pearson.

Title Credit Hours

Quantitative Reasoning-II 3(3-0)

Objectives
To build on Quantitative Reasoning-I and develop advanced problem-solving and analytical skills.

Learning Outcomes

• Apply quantitative methods to complex problems.

• Use reasoning skills in statistical and mathematical contexts.
• Develop strategies for logical problem-solving.

Course Outline

• Advanced algebra and functions.

• Probability and statistics applications.
• Mathematical modeling of real-life problems.

Recommended Books

1. Larson, R., Edwards, B. Elementary Algebra. Brooks/Cole.

2. Lial, M. L., Hornsby, J., Schneider, D. I. Basic College Mathematics. Pearson.

Title Credit Hours

Linear Algebra 3(3-0)

Pre-requisite: Mathematics-I

Objectives
To introduce vector spaces, matrices, determinants, and linear transformations with applications to
mathematics and applied sciences.

Learning Outcomes

• Perform operations on matrices and determinants.

• Understand vector spaces, basis, and dimension.
• Compute eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
• Apply linear transformations to practical problems.

Course Outline

• Matrices and determinants.

 • Vector spaces and subspaces.
• Linear transformations and matrix representation.
• Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and diagonalization.

Recommended Books

1. Strang, G. Introduction to Linear Algebra. Wellesley-Cambridge Press.

2. Hill, R. O. Elementary Linear Algebra. Academic Press.

Title Credit Hours

Differential Equations 3(3-0)

Objectives
To provide students with the methods and applications of solving ordinary differential equations,
including initial and boundary value problems.

Learning Outcomes

• Solve first-order and higher-order differential equations.

• Apply techniques such as separation of variables, integrating factors, and variation of
parameters.
• Understand applications in physics, engineering, and applied mathematics.

Course Outline

• First-order differential equations.

• Linear differential equations of higher order.
• Systems of differential equations.
• Applications to physical and engineering problems.

Recommended Books

1. Zill, D. G., Differential Equations with Boundary-Value Problems. PWS Publishing.

2. Boyce, W. E., DiPrima, R. C., Elementary Differential Equations. Wiley.