knowledge innovation excellence

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIAL WORK AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT

ASSESSING KNOWLEDGE, AND ATTITUDE ON HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG

HOUSEHOLD CARETAKERS: A CASE STUDY OF CHAPATA VILLAGE TA KALUMBA
IN LILONGWE DISTRICT

MILEY GEZALA 220200271, TIYAMIKE SABILIKA 220200267, GEOFFREY

KANONGODZA 220200275 AND JOYCE SINGINI 220200265

COURSE: SUPERVISED RESEARCH PROJECT IN SOCIAL WORK IV

COURSE CODE: SWY34100

A RESEARCH PROJECT INTERVENTIONS REPORT

JUNE 13, 2025

INTRODUCTION

The key focus of this research was to enhance health and well-being for youth and communities,
enable youth in behavior modification, and guide specific social work actions. Programs like the
Joint Monitoring Program by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF documented
565 cholera outbreak incidents, resulting in 45,759 cases and 263 fatalities (Basilua, 2022).

In SSA, 46% of surveyed households lacked in-home access to essential goods (Sikder,
Deshpande, Hegde et al., 2023). Around 1 million individuals in Malawi continue to engage in
open defecation, and 15 million individuals do not have proper handwashing facilities (UNICEF,
2021).

The research resulted in the correct implementation of hygiene and sanitation, enhancing the
health of families and boosting their daily productivity. The research was in accordance with the
Malawi 2063 agenda and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 6), which focused on enhancing
well-being and ensuring the sustainable management and development of water and sanitation.

COMMUNITY ENTRY PROTOCOLS

There are several community entry protocols that were followed to ensure acceptance from the
community for the implementation of our research project, and also to ensure ethical compliance.
Firstly, the University provided us with the consent letter granting formal approval to conduct
our research project. This letter served as an official validation of the research scope,
methodologies, and objectives to be applied.

Thereafter, the consent letter from the University was used as a validation to obtain another
consent letter from the District Health Office (HDO), authorizing access to the community under
their legal authority, and also to acknowledge the significance of the research project under their
jurisdiction. This step was taken to ensure alignment with the District Health Office’s health
administrative requirements and priorities.

We later proceeded to present to the village headman with both letters in hand from the
University, and the other letter from the District Health office. After presenting the documents to
the village headman, he was later briefed about our research project’s scope, objectives, purpose,
the expected outcomes, and its significance. The village headman reviewed and thereafter
permitted us to proceed with our research project in his territory.

SET RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Overall objective

• To assess knowledge and attitude on hygiene practices among Chapata village

household caretakers, TA Kalumba.

Specific objectives

i. To assess knowledge among Chapata village households focusing on pit latrines,

drying racks (thandala), and in-ground pits (dzala)

ii. To investigate the attitude among the household caretakers on pit latrine, drying
rack (thandala), and in-ground pit (dzala) in Chapata village

iii. To understand the practices on pit latrines, drying racks (thandala), and in-ground
pits (dzala) among Chapata village households

LEVEL OF ACCOMPLISHMENT OF SET RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

i. To assess knowledge among Chapata village households focusing on pit

latrines, drying racks (thandala), and in-ground pits (dzala)

The objective to assess knowledge among household caretakers was achieved to a greater extent.
Through targeted education and awareness activities, caretakers have been equipped with both
theoretical and practical skills regarding the management and storage of hygienic facilities like
pit latrines, drying racks, and in-ground pits. Most caretakers now understand the benefit of these
facilities in preventing and avoiding disease and promoting a healthy environment. For instance,
now they can identify the proper ways of cleaning and maintaining pit latrines, recognize the
importance of using drying racks to keep utensils sanitary, and explain the role of in-ground pits
in waste management. This enhanced knowledge base enables household caretakers to make
informed decisions that positively contribute to improved household hygiene.
 ii. To investigate the attitude among the household caretakers on pit latrine,
drying rack (thandala), and in-ground pit (dzala) in Chapata village

The research also aimed to investigate the attitudes of household caretakers towards hygienic
facilities, and findings indicate a positive change among both men and women. Previously, many
female household caretakers viewed the construction or maintenance of pit latrines and in-
ground pits as a male role; on the other hand, males perceived a drying rack as not useful, hence
they did not pay much attention to constructing or maintaining it. However, after engagement
and sensitization efforts, there is now a huge recognition of the usefulness and importance of
these facilities for maintaining good health. Both male and female household caretakers express
appreciation for the role of hygienic practices in preventing illness and protecting family
members, especially children. This positive attitude is crucial, as it fosters willingness to adopt
and sustain improved hygiene behaviors within households.

iii. To understand the practices on pit latrines, drying racks (thandala), and in-
ground pits (dzala) among Chapata village households

In terms of practice, the study observed that household caretakers are now capable of applying
the knowledge they have acquired. This is evident in the increased construction and proper
maintenance of pit latrines, regular use of drying racks for utensils, and correct management of
in-ground pits for waste disposal. Household caretakers are not only implementing recommended
practices but are also demonstrating initiative by teaching others and encouraging community-
wide participation. Regular cleaning, timely repairs, and adherence to hygiene standards are now
more common, reflecting a tangible improvement in daily routines. These changes in practice
underscore the effectiveness of the interventions and highlight the community’s capability to
sustain hygienic behaviours over time.

INTERVENTIONS BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THE NEEDS ASSESSMENT

 Education on the proper construction and maintainance of the pit latrine roof,
floor, door, and location
 Hygiene messages on latrine walls
 Demonstration of proper cleaning and utilization of pit latrines, plate drying rack,
and in-ground pit
  Education on the construction and usage of a hand washing facility (Mpondagiya)

THE SOCIAL WORK AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT ASPECT OF THE

INTERVENTION

The participatory and inclusive methods ensured that all voices were heard and that solutions
addressed real community needs. The empowerment of youth and the transformation of attitudes
among adults led to increased adoption of hygiene practices and greater community cohesion.
These aspects were critical in aligning the intervention with the Malawi 2063 agenda and
Sustainable Development Goal 6, which emphasize community-driven, sustainable
improvements in water, sanitation, and health.

SUSTAINABILITY OF THE INTERVENTIONS

The sustainability of the interventions implemented in this research was carefully considered to
ensure long-lasting benefits for the community. Two key strategies were emphasized: the use of
local materials and the involvement of community stakeholders.

1. Use of Local Materials

A major focus of the interventions was on utilizing materials that are readily available within the
local environment. By emphasizing the use of local resources for constructing pit latrines, drying
racks, and in-ground pits, the interventions became more practical and affordable for households.
This approach reduces dependency on outside support or expensive materials, making it easier
for families to build, repair, and maintain these hygiene facilities on their own. Additionally,
using familiar materials increases the likelihood that community members will adopt and sustain
these practices, as they can easily replicate the construction and maintenance processes whenever
necessary.

2. Community Involvement and Partnerships

The process of implementing the interventions was highly participatory, involving a wide range
of community members and leaders. Partnerships were established with the Village Health
Surveillance team, the Group Village Headman, as well as both men and women participants
from the village. This inclusive approach ensured that the interventions were tailored to local
needs and cultural practices, increasing community ownership and acceptance. By actively
engaging local leaders and health workers, the project fostered a sense of responsibility and
accountability, encouraging ongoing monitoring and support for hygiene practices even after the
initial research activities ended. Involving both men and women also promoted gender equity
and ensured that the interventions addressed the perspectives and needs of all household
members.

THE NOVELTY OF THE INTERVENTION

There is a notable intensity of novelty after the implementation of our research project,
especially in its integrated and practice approaches that were employed during the
implementation to improve hygiene practices at the grassroots level. Unlike other conventional
awareness campaigns that put much emphasis on the utilization of workshops or printed
materials, only to disseminate knowledge. This project used the combination of assessment with
action and practice, focusing on tangible community-based improvements. The intervention also
did not only focus on critical household hygiene facilities (pit latrines, in-ground pits, and plates
drying racks), but it also addressed key behavioural and structural factors that directly lead to
hygiene outcomes.

The novelty depends not only on the provision of education to the household caretakers, but also
on facilitating the improvement and construction of infrastructures such as pit latrines and in-
ground pits to ensure that long-lasting behavioural change rather than a short-term awareness
spike.

In addition, the inclusion of a handwashing facility (mponda giya) next to a pit latrine, which is
well-roofed and has a covered pit, represents practical innovation. While the participants are
more knowledgeable about handwashing, integrating the construction of the handwashing
facility with water and soap present at the same spot brought theories, models, and approaches
like the transtheoretical model and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) into lived experience.
The intervention also focused on plate drying racks, which also help in promoting hygiene at the
household by reducing contamination, although it is considered a small facility. It was
discovered that some household caretakers do not use traditional plate drying racks due to
increased theft behaviours in the community. Many household caretakers in this context use
basins to keep their plates, so they were taught how to keep their plates and basins clean and safe
from contamination. Other caretakers use the artificial plate drying racks made of steel, and they
were also taught the ways to keep their utensils clean and safe from contamination.

This research project linked waste management and disease prevention by promoting safely
located and well-dug in-ground pits in a way that caretakers can manage and relate to directly.
This approach, which is participatory and practical, highlights the research project’s novelty,
making it unique and setting it apart from other uncoordinated interventions.

The idea of grounding in environmental change and behaviour change is the innovative aspect of
this research project intervention. This created a ground where the household caretakers got not
only knowledge about hygiene practices but also to practice, see, and sustain the hygiene
behaviours through context, accessible, and appropriate infrastructures (pit latrines, in-ground
pit, and plate drying rack).

Therefore, the novelty of this intervention lies much in the seamless integration of behavioural
and attitude shift, hygiene education, and collaborative implementation with the community. This
made this research project not only academically valuable but also practically impactful.

RESULTS

The initiative focused on enhancing sanitation facilities in the community and produced
significant outcomes. The accomplishments of the intervention are as follows: commencement of
enhanced pit latrine construction. Community members effectively excavated in-ground pits and
built pit latrines. They also managed to put toilet whole covers, and properly thatched roofs with
a door.

Furthermore, enhanced cleanliness and security. The pit latrines are now sanitary, lowering the
likelihood of disease spread and fostering a healthier atmosphere. Not only that, but also the
setup of handwashing stations referred to locally as mpondagiya. The presence of a "pondagiya"
(handwashing station) near the latrines promotes good hand hygiene habits among users.
Caretakers have also constructed the plate dry racks for those who did not have them, and for
who use basins: have learnt how they can take care of their storage basins and utensils to avoid
contamination. Others have bought steel-made plate drying racks, and for those who already had
them, have learned how they can take care of them to avoid contamination and ensure hygiene at
their household.
DISCUSSION

The findings suggest that while knowledge and attitudes toward drying racks and pit latrines are
generally positive, gaps remain in both the understanding and consistent use of in-ground pits.
Attitudinal barriers and practical challenges, such as facility maintenance and cultural beliefs,
affect the adoption and sustained use of these hygiene practices.

CONCLUSION

Focusing on all three elements —knowledge, attitude, and practice —regarding key sanitation
facilities is fundamental for protecting health and fostering sustainable development in rural
settings. Ongoing education, community engagement, and support are necessary to ensure these
improvements are maintained over time.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Strengthen Community Education on Hygiene Interventions

It is recommended to intensify community education efforts about the health benefits of using pit
latrines, drying racks, and in-ground pits. While many caretakers have some knowledge of these
facilities, there are still gaps, particularly regarding the proper use and importance of these
facilities. Education campaigns should use clear, practical examples and be delivered in local
languages to ensure everyone understands. These campaigns can include workshops, community
meetings, and visual aids that demonstrate how improved hygiene reduces disease and promotes
family well-being.

2. Address Cultural and Practical Barriers

To overcome obstacles that prevent the adoption of good hygiene practices, it is essential to
involve local leaders such as village headmen, respected elders, and health workers in behaviour
change campaigns. These leaders can influence community norms and encourage acceptance of
new practices. Additionally, providing technical support such as training on how to build and
maintain pit latrines, drying racks, and in-ground pits will help households overcome practical
challenges, like a lack of skills or resources. This support could include hands-on
demonstrations, step-by-step guides, or even forming local teams that assist with construction
and repairs. By tackling both cultural resistance and practical difficulties, the interventions will
become more accessible and acceptable to everyone in the community.

3. Promote Positive Attitudes Through Peer-Led Demonstrations and Community

Recognition

Encouraging positive attitudes towards hygiene practices is crucial for long-term change. One
effective strategy is to organize peer-led demonstrations, where community members who have
successfully adopted good hygiene practices show others how to do the same. These
demonstrations can take place during community gatherings, health days, or school events.
Additionally, recognizing and celebrating households that maintain exemplary hygiene through
certificates, public acknowledgements, or small rewards can motivate others to follow their
example. This approach not only builds pride and motivation but also creates role models within
the community, making good hygiene practices more desirable and sustainable.

ACTION RESEARCH IN PICTURES

Awareness education Traditional constructed plate drying rack
(Thandala)

Constructed handwashing facility(mpondagiya) Steel made plate drying rack

Covered pit latrine hole Excavated in-ground pit (Dzala)

REFERENCES

Basilua, A. (2022). Cholera Outbreaks and Cases

Malawi Government. (2020). Malawi 2063: An inclusively wealthy and self-reliant

nation. National Planning Commission.

Sikder, M., Deshpande, A., Hegde, S. T., Malembaka, E. B., Gallandat, K., Reiner, R. C., Lessler,
J., Lee, E. C., & Azman, A. S. (2023). Water, sanitation, and cholera in sub-Saharan
Africa. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(27), 10034–
10044. [Link]

UNICEF. (2021). Malawi: Water, sanitation and hygiene. United Nations Children’s
Fund. [Link]