ELECTRICAL NOTES

Jezreel Permacio || Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering || Central Mindanao University

Sources: [1] Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) - NITESD Online Program [2] Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) [3] National Electrical Code (NEC)
If you find any errors or mistakes in these notes, please let me know at: jezreelpermacio@[Link]

Solar Night Assembly [1] Solar Charge Controller Sizing

- Solar charger controller is used to maintain the proper charging voltage
on the batteries (typically rater against amperage an voltage capacity)
- It shall match the voltage of the PV array and batteries, then identify
Determining the Power Consumption Demands which type of solar charge controller is suitable for the system

1. 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 =
𝑊ℎ𝑟 EXAMPLE: PM = Max Power (Pmax)
𝑑𝑎𝑦 Vm = Voltage at Max
2. 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 × 1.3 1.3 = energy lost in the system/ power (Vmp)
system efficiency/ safety factor Im = Current at Max
PV module specification
power (Imp)
Voc = Open circuit voltage
PM = 100 Wp Isc = Short Circuit Current
Sizing up PV modules
Vm = 16.7 Vdc Strings = Group of PV
Im = 6.6 A connected to series
1. Total Wattpeak (Wp)rating needed for 3.43 = Peak sun Hours
Voc = 20.7 V 1.25 or 1.3 = Current
the PV panels to operate the appliances
(might differ sa location) Isc = 7.5 A safety factor / safety
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑊𝑝 = margin so that the
3.43 comntroller can supply
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 safetly handle higher than
2. Number of PV module normal current from the
𝑊𝑝 = (𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠) × 𝐼𝑠𝑐 × 1.3
PV array
𝑃𝑉𝑛𝑜 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑉 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒

Battery Sizing (Calculations ensure that the battery is huge enough to store PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM RELATED LAWS
enough energy to operate the appliances even at night and cloudy days)
- RA 9513 Renewable Energy act of 2008
1. 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 =
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 × 3 0.85 = to account the battery loss - PEC – Article 6.90
12 × 0.85 × 0.6 0.6 = for depth of discharge - National Building Code of the PH
12v = nominal battery voltage
3 = days of autonomy

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ELECTRICAL NOTES
Jezreel Permacio || Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering || Central Mindanao University
Sources: [1] Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) - NITESD Online Program [2] Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) [3] National Electrical Code (NEC)
If you find any errors or mistakes in these notes, please let me know at: jezreelpermacio@[Link]

NOTES Wire sizes

Mechanical Drawing AWG # to diameter conversion

- Drawings used to represent mechanical parts, machines, HVAC systems,
piping, structural components, dimensions, and fabrication details.
36−𝑛 n = AWG #
𝐷𝑚𝑚 = 0.127𝑚𝑚 × 92 39
Dmm = Diameter in mm
Electrical Drawing
- Electrical Plan – the complete set of drawings for an electrical installation Dinch = Diameter in inches
36−𝑛
(residential, commercial, industrial, or factory). It may consist of several 𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 0.05𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ × 92 39

pages or even hundreds of pages for large projects.

- Electrical Layout Plan – shows the physical locations of lights, outlets, 𝜋𝑑2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
switches, panelboards, and other electrical equipment. 4
- Wiring Diagram – shows the actual wire connections between electrical
devices.
- Schematic Diagram (Circuit Diagram) – shows the electrical operation or logic
of the circuit using standard symbols.
Conversion
- Single-Line Diagram – shows the power distribution system using a simplified 1
single-line representation. 1 𝑚𝑖𝑙 = 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
1000

Who can sign an Electrical Plan? Wire sizes

- Refer to PEC table [Link] for wire requirement
License Grade Can draft/Design Can sign and seal Maximum - PEC Table [Link] – gives Full-Load Current (FLC) in Amperes for single-
layout plans operational limit phase AC motors by Hp rating. Multiply FLC × V to get VA.
RME No No 600V/500KVA
REE No No No limits (except
sealing)
PEE Yes Yes No limits

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ELECTRICAL NOTES
Jezreel Permacio || Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering || Central Mindanao University
Sources: [1] Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) - NITESD Online Program [2] Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) [3] National Electrical Code (NEC)
If you find any errors or mistakes in these notes, please let me know at: jezreelpermacio@[Link]

Schedule of loads [2-3]

5. Distribute and balance the phases (for 3 phase system)
- If you are designing for a 3 phase star system you must distribute your
1. List of all electrical loads single phase (230V) circuits evenly across the three hot lines: Phase A,
- Lighting Outlet (LO) Phase B, Phase C
- Convenience outlet (CO) - Sum up the total VA on each phase. The final totals should be within 10%
- Heavy equipment/appliances of each other to prevent an unbalanced neutral current. The 10% isn’t in
2. Convert Voltage to Volt-Amp (VA) PEC instead in PEC/NEC Article 220.61 (feeder or service neutral load)-
- LO – PEC allows a standard estimation of 100VA per light outlet if the exact the code permits you to have an unbalance system safely, provided you
lamp bulb wattage is unknown wires are thich enough to handle the resulting neutral current. The max
- CO – PEC states that a duplex convenience outlet shall have a minimum deviation of 10% id just an industry wide engineering best practice.
load profile of 180VA 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
%𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100
3. Calculate the Circuit Amperage 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝐴 - According to MERALCO, 75kVA is the max allowable demand load for a
𝐼𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = single-phase service. If your computed demand exceeds 75kVA, you shall
𝑉
4. Size the circuit breakers and wires upgrade to a 3-phase service. According to PEC/NEC Article 430 (Motors),
- Apply safety factors to determine the standard rating of your overcurrent if you have an industrial 3-phase motor, you shall have a 3-phase service
protective devices (breakers) and conductors (wires)
- 80% rule (Continuous load): breakers shall not be loaded past 80% of the Example template of schedule of loads (230V System)
rating. Alternatively, multiply your calculated current by 125% (1.25) to size
the breaker Ckt Load Qty Volts Power A Ckt Wire & Phase
no. description (VA) Breaker Conduit assignment
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 1.25 - Size up the breaker and wires size
- 2.5 for the single motor ACU 1 LO 10 230 1000 4.35 15A, 2P 3-5.5 mm2 A
- Refer to PEC table [Link] for wire THHN 15
requirement mm
- PEC Table [Link] – gives Full-Load diameter
Current (FLC) in Amperes for single- conduit
phase AC motors by Hp rating. Multiply 2 CO 8 230 1440 6.26 20A, 2P Same B
FLC × V to get VA. 3 ACU 1 230 1800 7.83 20A, 2P Same C
4 Spare 230 1780 7.73 30A Same A
5 Spare 230 1780 7.73 30A Same B
6 Spare 230 1780 7.73 30A Same C

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ELECTRICAL NOTES
Jezreel Permacio || Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering || Central Mindanao University
Sources: [1] Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) - NITESD Online Program [2] Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) [3] National Electrical Code (NEC)
If you find any errors or mistakes in these notes, please let me know at: jezreelpermacio@[Link]

PEE or RMEs always add 1-3 spare circuits (or leave 20% to 30% margin in the "Shall" = mandatory, no discretion - a code requirement
panelboard). PEC Article 2.10 (Branch Circuits) states that the number of branch "Should" = recommended/advisory, best practice but not enforceable
circuits shall be sufficient to supply the load served "May" = permissive/optional

Chapter 10 table 10.1.1 (PEC) or Chapter 9. Table 1 (NEC)

3 or more wires Maximum of 40% of conduit’s internal cross section
1 wire Max of 53%
2 wire Max of 31% (31 - this is not a mistake) (add a table for the wire size and ampacity)

PEC/NEC adjustment factors for bundles wires

1 – 3 wires 100% (no reduction)
4 – 6 wires 80% (wire can only handle 80% of its normal max current)
7-9 70%
10 – 20 wires 50%

- 3 current carrying wires in the conduit at a normal room temperature of 30

degree Celsius. The moment you add a 4th wire or more, you shall apply a
multiplier to the wire base capacity. To compensate for the derating, electricians
shall upscale to a thicker wire size, which automatically upgrades to a larger
PVC conduit size to stay under the 40% internal cross-section limit.
- The ampacity derating is used to account for the trapped heat preventing fire
or short circuits