Homework week 29

7.5 EXERCISES HOMEWORK

KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 11, 17, and 71
5 TAKS PRACTICE AND REASONING
Exs. 43, 44, 64, 71, 73, 75, and 76

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: To condense the expression
log3 2x 1 log3 y, you need to use the ? property of logarithms.

2. ★ WRITING Describe two ways to evaluate log 7 12 using a calculator.

WRITING

EXAMPLE 1 MATCHING EXPRESSIONS Match the expression with the logarithm that has the
on p. 507 same value.
for Exs. 3–14
3. ln 6 2 ln 2 4. 2 ln 6 5. 6 ln 2 6. ln 6 1 ln 2
A. ln 64 B. ln 3 C. ln 12 D. ln 36

APPROXIMATING EXPRESSIONS Use log 4 ø 0.602 and log 12 ø 1.079 to evaluate

the logarithm.
7. log 3 8. log 48 9. log 16 10. log 64

11. log 144 1

12. log } 1
13. log } 14. log }1
3 4 12

EXAMPLE 2 EXPANDING EXPRESSIONS Expand the expression.

on p. 508
15. log3 4x 16. ln 15x 17. log 3x4 18. log5 x5
for Exs. 15–32
2
19. log 2 } 12
20. ln } x
21. log4 } 22. ln 4x 2y
5 5 3y
23. log 7 5x 3yz2 24. log 6 36x 2 25. ln x2y1/3 26. log 10x 3
} 6x 2 4} }
27. log 2 Ïx 28. ln } 29. ln Ï x3 30. log3 Ï 9x
y4

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in expanding the logarithmic
expression.
31. 32.
log2 5x 5 (log2 5)(log2 x) ln 8x3 5 3 ln 8 1 ln x

EXAMPLE 3 CONDENSING EXPRESSIONS Condense the expression.

on p. 508
33. log4 7 2 log4 10 34. ln 12 2 ln 4
for Exs. 33–43
35. 2 log x 1 log 11 36. 6 ln x 1 4 ln y
37. 5 log x 2 4 log y 38. 5 log4 2 1 7 log4 x 1 4 log4 y

1 1 ln x
39. ln 40 1 2 ln } 1 log x
40. log5 4 1 }
2 3 5

41. 6 ln 2 2 4 ln y 42. 2(log3 20 2 log3 4) 1 0.5 log3 4

43. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following is equivalent to 3 log4 6?

TAKS REASONING

A log4 18 B log4 72 C log4 216 D log4 256

510 Chapter 7 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 Homework week 29
44. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following statements is not correct?
TAKS REASONING

A log3 48 5 log3 16 1 log3 3 B log3 48 5 3 log3 2 1 log3 6

C log3 48 5 2 log3 4 1 log3 3 D log3 48 5 log3 8 1 2 log3 3

EXAMPLE 4 CHANGE-OF-BASE FORMULA Use the change-of-base formula to evaluate the

on p. 509 logarithm.
for Exs. 45–61 45. log4 7 46. log5 13 47. log3 15 48. log 8 22
49. log3 6 50. log5 14 51. log 6 17 52. log 2 28
53. log 7 19 54. log4 48 55. log 9 27 56. log 8 32

24
57. log 6 } 15
58. log 2 } 59. log3 }9 60. log 7 }3
5 7 40 16

61. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error

in using the change-of-base formula. log 3
log3 7 5 }
log 7

EXAMPLE 5 SOUND INTENSITY In Exercises 62 and 63, use the function in Example 5.
on p. 509
62. Find the decibel level of the sound made by each object shown below.
for Exs. 62–63
a. b. c.

Barking dog: I 5 1024 W/m2 Ambulance siren: I 5 100 W/m2 Bee: I 5 1026.5 W/m2

63. The intensity of the sound of a trumpet is 103 watts per square meter. Find
the decibel level of a trumpet.

64. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH For each statement, find positive numbers M, N,

TAKS REASONING
and b (with b Þ 1) that show the statement is false in general.
a. log b (M 1 N) 5 log b M 1 log b N b. log b (M 2 N) 5 log b M 2 log b N

CHALLENGE In Exercises 65–68, use the given hint and properties of exponents
to prove the property of logarithms.
65. Product property log b mn 5 log b m 1 log b n
(Hint: Let x 5 log b m and let y 5 log b n. Then m 5 b x and n 5 b y.)
m 5 log m 2 log n
66. Quotient property log b }
n b b

(Hint: Let x 5 log b m and let y 5 log b n. Then m 5 b x and n 5 b y.)

67. Power property log b mn 5 n log b m

(Hint: Let x 5 log b m. Then m 5 b x and mn 5 bnx .)
logb a
68. Change-of-base formula logc a 5 }
logb c
(Hint: Let x 5 log b a, y 5 log b c, and z 5 logc a. Then a 5 b x, c 5 b y, and a 5 c z ,
so that b x 5 c z .)

7.5 Apply Properties of Logarithms 511

Homework week 29
74. CHALLENGE Under certain conditions, the wind speed s (in knots) at an
altitude of h meters above a grassy plain can be modeled by this function:
s(h) 5 2 ln (100h)
a. By what factor does the wind speed increase when the altitude
doubles?
b. Show that the given function can be written in terms of common
logarithms as s(h) 5 } 2 (log h 1 2).
log e

TAKS PRACTICE at [Link]

M IXED R EVIEW FOR TAKS
REVIEW 75. TAKS PRACTICE Which of the following is not an example of a Pythagorean
Skills Review triple? TAKS Obj. 10
Handbook
A 8, 15, 17 B 48, 64, 80 C 7, 23, 25 D 11, 60, 61
p. 1002;
TAKS Workbook

REVIEW 76. TAKS PRACTICE Which inequality best y

Lesson 2.1; describes the range of the function whose
2
TAKS Workbook graph is shown? TAKS Obj. 2 1
F y ≤ 21 G y≤3 232221 1 2 x
21
H y ≥ 21 J y≥3 22
23

QUIZ for Lessons 7.4–7.5

Evaluate the logarithm without using a calculator. (p. 499)
1. log4 16 2. log5 1 3. log 8 8 4. log1/2 32

Graph the function. State the domain and range. (p. 499)
5. y 5 log 2 x 6. y 5 ln x 1 2 7. y 5 log3 (x 1 4) 2 1

Expand the expression. (p. 507)

6y 4
8. log 2 5x 9. log5 x 7 10. ln 5xy 3 11. log3 }
x8
Condense the expression. (p. 507)
12. log3 5 2 log3 20 13. ln 6 1 ln 4x 14. log 6 5 1 3 log 6 2 15. 4 ln x 2 5 ln x

Use the change-of-base formula to evaluate the logarithm. (p. 507)

16. log3 10 17. log 7 14 18. log5 24 19. log 8 40

20. SOUND INTENSITY The sound of an alarm clock has an intensity of I 5 1024
watts per square meter. Use the model L(I) 5 10 log }I , where I 5 10212 watts
I0 0

per square meter, to find the alarm clock’s loudness L(I). (p. 507)

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 7.5, p. 1016 ONLINE QUIZ

7.5 Apply Properties of Logarithms
at [Link] 513
 7.4
Homework week 29 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at [Link]

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. WRITING Given the function f (x) = ab x − h + k, describe the effects of a, h, and k on the graph
of the function.

2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The graph of g (x) = −log4 x is a reflection in the __________ of the
graph of f (x) = log4 x.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, match the function with its graph. 14. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e−x
Explain your reasoning.
x x−3
3. f (x) = 2x + 2 − 2 4. g (x) = 2x + 2 + 2 ( 41 )
15. f (x) = — , g (x) = — ( 14 ) + 12

5. h (x) = 2x − 2 − 2 6. k(x) = 2x − 2 + 2 x x+2

f (x) = ( ) , g(x) = ( )
1 1 2
16. — — −—
3 3 3
A. B.
y y In Exercises 17–24, describe the transformation
4 6
of f represented by g. Then graph each function.
2 4 (See Example 3.)
17. f (x) = 10 x, g(x) = 2(10) x
−4 −2 4x
4
−4 −2 2 4x 18. f (x) = e x, g (x) = — ex
3
C. D. 19. f (x) = 2x, g(x) = 3(2)x − 3
y y
4
20. f (x) = 4x, g(x) = 40.5x − 5
2
3 21. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = 3e−6x
−4 2 4x
−1 1 22. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−5x + 2
−6 −4 −2 2x
x x+5

In Exercises 7–16, describe the transformation

( 21 )
23. f (x) = — , g(x) = 6 — ( 12 ) −2

of f represented by g. Then graph each function. x x−7

f (x) = ( ) , g(x) = − ( )
3 3
(See Examples 1 and 2.) 24. — — +1
4 4
7. f (x) = 3x, g(x) = 3x + 5
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 25 and 26, describe and
8. f (x) = 4x, g(x) = 4x − 8 correct the error in graphing the function.
25. f (x) = 2x + 3
9. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e x − 1

10. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e x + 4

11. f (x) = 2x, g(x) = 2x − 7

✗ y

12. f (x) = 10 x, g(x) = 10 x + 1

−4 −2 2 4x
13. f (x) = ex, g(x) = −e x

374 Chapter 7 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Homework week 29
26. f (x) = 3−x In Exercises 35–38, write a rule for g that represents
the indicated transformations of the graph of f.

✗ y
(See Example 5.)
−4 −2 2 4 x 35. f (x) = 2x; translation 2 units down, followed by a
reflection in the x-axis
−4
()
2 x
36. f (x) = —3 ; reflection in the y-axis, followed by a
vertical stretch by a factor of 6 and a translation
4 units left
In Exercises 27–30, describe the transformation 1
of f represented by g. Then graph each function. 37. f (x) = ex; horizontal shrink by a factor of —2 , followed
(See Example 4.) by a translation 5 units up

27. f (x) = log2 x, g(x) = 3 log2 x + 5 38. f (x) = e−x; translation 4 units right and 1 unit down,
followed by a vertical shrink by a factor of —13
28. f (x) = log1/3 x, g(x) = log1/3(−x) − 6
In Exercises 39–42, write a rule for g that represents
29. f (x) = log1/5 x, g(x) = − log1/5(x − 7) the indicated transformation of the graph of f.
(See Example 6.)
30. f (x) = log2 x, g(x) = log2(x + 2) − 3
39. f (x) = log x; vertical stretch by a factor of 6, followed
ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS In Exercises 31–34, match by a translation 5 units down
the function with the correct transformation of the
graph of f. Explain your reasoning. 40. f (x) = log2 x; reflection in the x-axis, followed by a
translation 9 units right
y
f 41. f (x) = log x; translation 3 units right and 2 units up,
followed by a reflection in the y-axis

x 42. f (x) = ln x; translation 3 units right and 1 unit up,

followed by a vertical stretch by a factor of 8

JUSTIFYING STEPS In Exercises 43 and 44, justify each

step in writing a rule for g that represents the indicated
transformations of the graph of f.
31. y = f (x − 2) 32. y = f (x + 2)
43. f (x) = ln x; reflection in the x-axis, followed by a
33. y = 2f (x) 34. y = f (2x) translation 6 units down
h (x) = −f (x)
A. y B. y
= −ln x
g (x) = h (x) − 6

x
= −ln x − 6
x

44. f (x) = 8x; vertical stretch by a factor of 4, followed by

a translation 1 unit up and 3 units left

C. y D. y
⋅ f (x)
h(x) = 4
=4⋅8 x

g (x) = h(x + 3) + 1
x x =4 ⋅8x+3 +1

Section 7.4 Transformations of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 375

Homework week 29
USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 45–48, describe the 51. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims a single
transformation of the graph of f represented by the transformation of f (x) = log x can result in a function
graph of g. Then give an equation of the asymptote. g whose graph never intersects the graph of f. Is your
friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
45. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e x + 4
52. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is it possible to transform the
46. f (x) = 10 x, g(x) = 10 x − 5
graph of f (x) = e x to obtain the graph of g(x) = ln x?
Explain your reasoning.
47. f (x) = ln x, g(x) = ln(x + 6)

48. f (x) = log1/5 x, g(x) = log1/5 x + 13 53. ABSTRACT REASONING Determine whether each
statement is always, sometimes, or never true. Explain
49. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The slope S your reasoning.
of a beach is related to the average diameter d a. A vertical translation of the graph of f (x) = log x
(in millimeters) of the sand particles on the beach by changes the equation of the asymptote.
the equation S = 0.159 + 0.118 log d. Describe the
transformation of f (d ) = log d represented by S. Then b. A vertical translation of the graph of f (x) = e x
use the function to determine the slope of a beach for changes the equation of the asymptote.
each sand type below. c. A horizontal shrink of the graph of f (x) = log x
does not change the domain.
Sand particle Diameter (mm), d d. The graph of g(x) = abx − h + k does not intersect
fine sand 0.125 the x-axis.

medium sand 0.25 54. PROBLEM SOLVING The amount P (in grams) of
100 grams of plutonium-239 that remains after t years
coarse sand 0.5 can be modeled by P = 100(0.99997)t.
very coarse sand 1 a. Describe the domain and range of the function.
b. How much plutonium-239 is present after
50. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? 12,000 years?
y
8
The graphs of f (x) = b x g f c. Describe the transformation of the function if the
x
()
1
and g(x) = — are
b
6 initial amount of plutonium were 550 grams.
d. Does the transformation in part (c) affect the domain
shown for b = 2. 4
and range of the function? Explain your reasoning.

55. CRITICAL THINKING Consider the graph of the

−4 −2 2 4x function h (x) = e−x − 2. Describe the transformation
of the graph of f (x) = e−x represented by the graph
a. Use the graph to describe a transformation of the of h. Then describe the transformation of the graph
graph of f that results in the graph of g. of g(x) = e x represented by the graph of h. Justify
b. Does your answer in part (a) change when your answers.
0 < b < 1? Explain.
56. OPEN-ENDED Write a function of the form
y = ab x − h + k whose graph has a y-intercept of 5
and an asymptote of y = 2.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Perform the indicated operation. (Section 6.5)

57. Let f (x) = x4 and g(x) = x2. Find ( fg)(x). Then evaluate the product when x = 3.

()
f
58. Let f (x) = 4x6 and g(x) = 2x3. Find — (x). Then evaluate the quotient when x = 5.
g
59. Let f (x) = 6x3 and g(x) = 8x3. Find ( f + g)(x). Then evaluate the sum when x = 2.
60. Let f (x) = 2x2 and g(x) = 3x2. Find ( f − g)(x). Then evaluate the difference when x = 6.

376 Chapter 7 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 Extra homework
Homework week 29 week 26
1 log2 3 4
1. Evaluate or simplify: (a). (b). log 3 27 + log 25 − 49log7 2 + log 4
8
1
1 2 −2 ln 1
(c). 2log24 + log 100 − +
2 (d). log 3 4 + log 3 8 log 4 3 + log16 3
3
(e). log 2 3 ⋅ log 3 4 ⋅ log 4 5 ⋅ … ⋅ log 4095 4096

ln 2 ln 3 ln 5
2. 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = , 𝑐= , order 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 in decreasing order.
2 3 5
challenge
3. a . 𝑎 = log 8 3, find the value of 2𝑎 + 2−𝑎 . (b). 𝑎 = 2 + 5, 𝑏 is the decimal part of 𝑎. Find
the value of log 𝑎 𝑏 .

4. Change base for 𝑦 = 5 ⋅ 20.8𝑥 to 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑔 𝑥

and find the expression of 𝑔(𝑥), while the base 𝑏
is (a). 2 (b). 3 (c). 10, (d). 𝑒 (e). 0.1.

5. Solve this system of equations for variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 (𝑎 is a constant):

𝑥
log 𝑎 𝑦3 = 2
log 𝑎 𝑥 5 𝑦 = 4

6. (a). Estimate log 3 based on the value of log 2 ≈ 0.301 and the observation: 312 ≈ 219 (b).
Estimate log 3 based on the value of log 2 ≈ 0.301 and the observation: 34 = 81 ≈ 80 (c).
3
Estimate log 3 based on the value of log 2 ≈ 0.301 and the observation: 3 = 1.44224957 … ≈
1.44.

7. Given log 2 ≈ 0.301, and log 3 ≈ 0.477. Find without calculator the estimate of log 𝑁 for 𝑁 ∈
{4, 5, … , 19,20,21} as precise as you can come up with. As a related problem, given log 2 = 𝑎
and log 3 = 𝑏, express log 𝑁 for 𝑁 ∈ {4, 5, … , 19,20,21} as precise as possible by using
expressions of 𝑎 and 𝑏. List your results in a table. There could be multiple ways to make the
estimations. Some examples are given below.
N logN logN reason

2 0.301 𝑎 given

3 0.477 𝑏 given

4 0.602 2𝑎 log4=2log2

5 0.699 1−𝑎 log5=log10/2=log10-log2

7 (hint: 72 = 49 ≈ 50)

10

11 (hint: 11 ∗ 11 = 121 ≈ 120)

12
13 (hint: 11 ⋅ 13 = 122 − 1 ≈ 122 )

14

15

16

17

18

19

20
21