Homework week 31

POWER REGRESSION A graphing calculator that performs power regression uses

all of the original data to find the best-fitting model.

EXAMPLE 6 Use power regression

BIOLOGY Use a graphing calculator to find a power model for the data in
Example 5. Estimate the weight of a bird with a wingspan of 4.5 feet.

Solution
PwrReg
Enter the original data into a graphing calculator y=a*x^b
and perform a power regression. The model is a=.0442336613
y 5 0.0442x2.87. b=2.871717024

Substituting x 5 4.5 into the model gives

y 5 0.0442(4.5)2.87 ø 3.31 pounds.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 5 and 6

9. The table below shows the atomic number x and the melting point y (in
degrees Celsius) for the alkali metals. Find a power model for the data.

Alkali metal Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium

Atomic number, x 3 11 19 37 55

Melting point, y 180.5 97.8 63.7 38.9 28.5

7.7 EXERCISES HOMEWORK

KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 11, 23, and 33
5 TAKS PRACTICE AND REASONING
Exs. 27, 33, 35, 37, and 38

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: Given a set of more than two data pairs
(x, y), you can decide whether a(n) ? function fits the data well by making
a scatter plot of the points (x, ln y).

2. ★ WRITING Explain how you can determine whether a power function is a

WRITING
good model for a set of data pairs (x, y).

EXAMPLE 1 WRITING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS Write an exponential function y 5 ab x

on p. 529 whose graph passes through the given points.
for Exs. 3–10
3. (1, 3), (2, 12) 4. (2, 24), (3, 144) 5. (3, 1), (5, 4) 6. (3, 27), (5, 243)
7. (1, 2), (3, 50) 8. (1, 40), (3, 640) 9. (21, 10), (4, 0.31) 10. (2, 6.4), (5, 409.6)

EXAMPLE 2 FINDING EXPONENTIAL MODELS Use the points (x, y) to draw a scatter plot of the
on p. 530 points (x, ln y). Then find an exponential model for the data.
for Exs. 11–14
11. (1, 18), (2, 36), (3, 72), (4, 144), (5, 288) 12. (1, 3.3), (2, 10.1), (3, 30.6), (4, 92.7), (5, 280.9)
13. (1, 9.8), (2, 12.2), (3, 15.2), (4, 19), (5, 23.8) 14. (1, 1.4), (2, 6.7), (3, 32.9), (4. 161.4), (5, 790.9)

7.7 Write and Apply Exponential and Power Functions 533

 Homework week 31
EXAMPLE 4 WRITING POWER FUNCTIONS Write a power function y 5 axb whose graph
on p. 531 passes through the given points.
for Exs. 15–22
15. (4, 3), (8, 15) 16. (5, 9), (8, 34) 17. (2, 3), (6, 12) 18. (3, 14), (9, 44)
19. (4, 8), (8, 30) 20. (5, 10), (12, 81) 21. (4, 6.2), (7, 23) 22. (3.1, 5), (6.8, 9.7)

EXAMPLE 5 FINDING POWER MODELS Use the given points (x, y) to draw a scatter plot of the
on p. 532 points (ln x, ln y). Then find a power model for the data.
for Exs. 23–26
23. (1, 0.6), (2, 4.1), (3, 12.4), (4, 27), (5, 49.5) 24. (1, 1.5), (2, 4.8), (3, 9.5), (4, 15.4), (5, 22.3)
25. (1, 2.5), (2, 3.7), (3, 4.7), (4, 5.5), (5, 6.2) 26. (1, 0.81), (2, 0.99), (3, 1.11), (4, 1.21), (5, 1.29)

27. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which equation is equivalent to log y 5 2x 1 1?

TAKS REASONING

A y 5 10(100) x B y 5 10x C y 5 e 2x 1 1 D y 5 e2

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in writing y as a function of x.

28. 29.
ln y 5 2x 1 1 ln y 5 3 ln x 2 2
y 5 e2x 1 1 ln y 5 ln 3x 2 2
y5e 1e 2x 1
y 5 eln 3x 2 2
y 5 (e2)x 1 e y 5 eln 3x p e22
y 5 7.39x 1 2.72 y 5 (3x)(0.135) 5 0.405x

30. CHALLENGE Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equations
y 5 ab x and y 5 ax b. What are the slope and y-intercept of the line relating
x and ln y for y 5 ab x ? of the line relating ln x and ln y for y 5 ax b ?

PROBLEM SOLVING
GRAPHING CALCULATOR You may wish to use a graphing
calculator to complete the following Problem Solving
exercises.

EXAMPLES 31. BIOLOGY Scientists use the circumference of an animal’s

2, 3, 5, and 6 femur to estimate the animal’s weight. The table shows the
on pp. 530–533 femur circumference C (in millimeters) and the weight W
for Exs. 31–35 (in kilograms) for several animals.

Animal Giraffe Polar bear Lion Squirrel Otter

C (mm) 173 135 93.5 13 28

W (kg) 710 448 143 0.399 9.68

a. Draw a scatter plot of the data pairs (ln C, ln W ).

b. Find a power model for the original data.
c. Predict the weight of a cheetah if the circumference of its femur is
68.7 millimeters.
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5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS 5 TAKS PRACTICE

534 Chapter 7 Exponential
on p. WS1 and Logarithmic Functions AND REASONING
 Homework week 31
36. CHALLENGE A doctor measures an astronaut’s pulse
rate y (in beats per minute) at various times x (in
minutes) after the astronaut has finished exercising.
The results are shown in the table. The astronaut’s
resting pulse rate is 70 beats per minute. Write an
exponential model for the data.

x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
y 172 132 110 92 84 78 75 72

TAKS PRACTICE at [Link]

M IXED R EVIEW FOR TAKS
REVIEW 37. TAKS PRACTICE A poster is 8 inches taller than it is wide. The area of
Lesson 4.3; the poster is 384 square inches. Which equation can be used to find the
TAKS Workbook width of the poster? TAKS Obj. 10 x18

A x 1 8 5 384 B x(x 1 8) 5 384

2 2 2 x
C x 1 (x 1 8) 5 384 D x 1 (x 1 8) 5 384

REVIEW 38. 3
TAKS PRACTICE Use the graph of y 5 2}x 1 1 to solve the y
4 4
Lesson 2.3; equation for x when y 5 22. TAKS Obj. 4 3
TAKS Workbook 2
F x53 G x54
H x58 J x 5 11 24232221 1 3 4x
21
22
23
24

QUIZ for Lessons 7.6–7.7

Solve the equation. Check for extraneous solutions. (p. 515)
1. 2 x 1 1 5 16x 1 2 2. e2x 5 4 3. 32x 1 5 5 13
4. 3x 1 1 2 5 5 10 5. log4 (4x 1 7) 5 log4 11x 6. ln (3x 2 2) 5 ln 6x

7. log3 x 5 21 8. 6 ln x 5 30 9. log 2 (x 1 4) 5 5

Write an exponential function y 5 ab x whose graph passes through the given

points. (p. 529)
10. (1, 5), (2, 30) 11. (1, 4), (2, 32) 12. (2, 15), (3, 45)

Write a power function y 5 ax b whose graph passes through the given points.
(p. 529)

13. (4, 8), (9, 23) 14. (3, 12), (10, 36) 15. (5, 4), (11, 51)

16. BIOLOGY The average weight y (in kilograms) of an Atlantic cod from the
Gulf of Maine can be modeled by y 5 0.51(1.46) x where x is the age of the cod
(in years). Estimate the age of a cod that weighs 15 kilograms. (p. 515)

536 Chapter 7 EXTRA PRACTICE

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
for Lesson 7.7, p. 1016 ONLINE QUIZ at [Link]
 Homework week 31 (from Big Idea Math Algebra 2)

7.7 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at [Link]

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE In the recursive rule for an exponential function f(0) = a,
⋅
f(n) = r f(n − 1), r is the __________ and n is a __________.

2. WRITING Given a table of values, explain how you can determine whether an exponential function
is a good model for a set of data pairs (x, y).

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3 –6, determine the type of function ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 17 and 18, describe and
represented by the table. Explain your reasoning. correct the error in determining the type of function
(See Example 1.) represented by the data.

✗
3. 17.
x 0 3 6 9 12 15
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 0.25 1 4 16 64 256 1 1
y —9 —3 1 3 9
4. ×3 ×3 ×3 ×3
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
The outputs have a common ratio of 3, so the
1 1
y 16 8 4 2 1 —2 —4 data represent a linear function.

✗
5. 18.
x 5 10 15 20 25 30
x −2 −1 1 2 4
y 4 3 7 16 30 49
y 3 6 12 24 48
6. x −3 1 5 9 13 ×2 ×2 ×2 ×2
y 8 −3 −14 −25 −36 The outputs have a common ratio of 2, so the
data represent an exponential function.
In Exercises 7–16, write an exponential function
y = ab x whose graph passes through the given points. 19. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS A store sells
(See Example 2.) motorized scooters. The table shows the numbers y
7. (1, 3), (2, 12) 8. (2, 24), (3, 144) of scooters sold during the xth year that the store has
been open. Write a function that models the data.
9. (3, 1), (5, 4) 10. (3, 27), (5, 243) Do you think this model could be used to predict
the number of motorized scooters sold after the
11. (1, 2), (3, 50) 12. (1, 40), (3, 640) 20th year? (See Example 3.)

13. (−1, 10), (4, 0.31) 14. (2, 6.4), (5, 409.6) x y
1 9
15. y 16. y
2 14
6 12
(−3, 10.8) 3 19
4
(4, 4) 8
4 25
2 4 5 37
(−2, 3.6)
(1, 0.5) 6 53
2 4 6 x −6 −4 −2 x
7 71

398 Chapter 7 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Homework week 31 (from Big Idea Math Algebra 2)
20. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Your visual near In Exercises 33–36, show that an exponential model
point is the closest point at which your eyes can see fits the data. Then write a recursive rule that models
an object distinctly. The diagram shows the near point the data.
y (in centimeters) at age x (in years). Write a function
33.
that models the data. Compare the average rate of n 0 1 2 3 4 5
change in the visual near point distances from
f (n) 0.75 1.5 3 6 12 24
age 20 to age 40 with that from age 40 to age 60.

Visual Near Point Distances 34.

n 0 1 2 3 4
Age 20
12 cm f (n) 2 8 32 128 512

Age 30
15 cm
35.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5
Age 40 f (n) 96 48 24 12 6 3
25 cm

Age 50 36.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5
40 cm
2
f (n) 162 54 18 6 2 —3
Age 60
100 cm
37. USING EQUATIONS Complete a table of values for
0 ≤ n ≤ 5 using the given recursive rule of an
In Exercises 21–24, determine whether the data show exponential function.

⋅
an exponential relationship. Then write a function that
f (0) = 4, f (n) = 3 f (n − 1)
models the data.
21. 38. USING STRUCTURE Write an exponential function for
⋅
x 1 6 11 16 21
the recursive rule f (0) = 24, f (n) = 0.1 f (n − 1).
y 12 28 76 190 450 Explain your reasoning.

39. USING TOOLS Use a graphing calculator to find an

22.
x −3 −1 1 3 5 exponential model for the data in Exercise 19. Then
use the model to predict the number of motorized
y 2 7 24 68 194
scooters sold in the tenth year. (See Example 5.)

23. 40. USING TOOLS A doctor measures an astronaut’s

x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
pulse rate y (in beats per minute) at various times x
y 66 58 48 42 31 26 21 (in minutes) after the astronaut has finished
exercising. The results are shown in the table. Use a
24. graphing calculator to find an exponential model for
x −20 −13 −6 1 8 15 the data. Then use the model to predict the astronaut’s
y 25 19 14 11 8 6 pulse rate after 16 minutes.

x y
In Exercises 25–32, write a recursive rule for the
exponential function. (See Example 4.) 0 172
25. f (x) = 3(7)x 26. f (x) = 5(9)x 2 132

27. f (x) = 12(8)x 28. f (x) = 19(4)x 4 110

1 6 92
29. f (x) = 0.5(3)x 30. f (x) = —3 (2)x
8 84
()
1 x
31. f (x) = 4 —6
10 78
32. f (x) = 0.25 () 2 x
—3
12 75

Section 7.7 Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 399

 Homework week 31 (from Big Idea Math Algebra 2)
41. USING TOOLS An object at a temperature of 160°C 44. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph to write a
is removed from a furnace and placed in a room at recursive rule that models the data.
20°C. The table shows the temperatures d (in degrees
Celsius) at selected times t (in hours) after the object f(n)
16
was removed from the furnace. Use a graphing
calculator to find a logarithmic model of the form 12
t = a + b ln d that represents the data. Estimate how
8
long it takes for the object to cool to 50°C.
(See Example 6.) 4

d 160 90 56 38 29 24
−4 −2 2 4 n
t 0 1 2 3 4 5

42. USING TOOLS The f-stops on a camera control the 45. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says it is
amount of light that enters the camera. Let s be a possible to find a logarithmic model of the form
measure of the amount of light that strikes the film d = a + b ln t for the data in Exercise 41. Is your
and let f be the f-stop. The table shows several f-stops friend correct? Explain.
on a 35-millimeter camera. Use a graphing calculator
to find a logarithmic model of the form s = a + b ln f 46. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is it possible to write y as an
that represents the data. Estimate the amount of light exponential function of x? Explain your reasoning.
that strikes the film when f = 5.657. (Assume p is positive.)

f s x y

1.414 1 1 p
2.000 2 2 2p
2.828 3 3 4p
4.000 4 4 8p
11.314 7 5 16p

43. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS The table shows the

47. CRITICAL THINKING You plant a sunflower seedling
average weight (in kilograms) of an Atlantic cod that
in your garden. The height h (in centimeters) of
is x years old from the Gulf of Maine.
the seedling after t weeks can be modeled by the
Age, x 1 2 3 4 5 logistic function
256
Weight, y
h(t) = —— .
0.751 1.079 1.702 2.198 3.438 1 + 13e−0.65t
a. Find the time it takes the sunflower seedling to
a. Find an exponential model for the data. Then write reach a height of 200 centimeters.
a recursive rule that models the data.
b. Use a graphing calculator to graph the function.
b. By what percent does the weight of an Atlantic cod Interpret the meaning of the asymptote in the
increase each year in this period of time? Explain. context of this situation.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Tell whether x and y are in a proportional relationship. Explain your reasoning.

(Skills Review Handbook)
x 5
48. y = — 49. y = 3x − 12 50. y = — 51. y = −2x
2 x
Identify the focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry of the parabola. Then graph the equation.
(Section 3.3)
1 2
52. x = —8 y2 53. y = 4x2 54. x2 = 3y 55. y2 = —5 x

400 Chapter 7 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 Homework week 31

8.1 EXERCISES HOMEWORK

KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 15, 21, and 39
5 TAKS PRACTICE AND REASONING
Exs. 11, 30, 35, 41, 43, and 44

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: If z varies directly with the product of x
and y, then z is said to vary ? with x and y.

★ WRITING Describe how to tell whether a set of data pairs (x, y) shows
2. WRITING
inverse variation.

EXAMPLE 1 DETERMINING VARIATION Tell whether x and y show direct variation, inverse
on p. 551 variation, or neither.
for Exs. 3–11 y
1
3. xy 5 } 4. y 5 x 1 4 5. } 5 8 6. 4x 5 y
5 x
2
7. y 5 } 8. x 1 y 5 6 9. 8y 5 x 10. xy 5 12
x

11. ★ TAKS REASONING Which equation represents inverse variation?

y
A y 5 4x B y5x21 C xy 5 5 D }5x
7

EXAMPLE 2 USING INVERSE VARIATION The variables x and y vary inversely. Use the given
on p. 551 values to write an equation relating x and y. Then find y when x 5 3.
for Exs. 12–19
12. x 5 5, y 5 24 13. x 5 1, y 5 9 14. x 5 23, y 5 8 15. x 5 7, y 5 2

3 , y 5 28
16. x 5 } 5
17. x 5 24, y 5 2} 1
18. x 5 212, y 5 2} 5 , y 5 27
19. x 5 }
4 4 6 3

EXAMPLE 4 INTERPRETING DATA Determine whether x and y show direct variation, inverse
on p. 553 variation, or neither.
for Exs. 20–23
20. 21. 22. 23.
x y x y x y x y

1.5 40 12 132 4 16 4 21

2.5 24 18 198 5 11 6 14

4 15 23 253 6.2 10 8 10.5

7.5 8 29 319 7 9 8.4 10

10 6 34 374 11 6 12 7

EXAMPLE 5 USING JOINT VARIATION Write an equation relating x, y, and z given that z
on p. 554 varies jointly with x and y. Then find z when x 5 24 and y 5 5.
for Exs. 24–30
24. x 5 2, y 5 26, z 5 24 25. x 5 8, y 5 6, z 5 12 1 , y 5 23, z 5 15
26. x 5 2}
4
27. x 5 6, y 5 27, z 5 23 28. x 5 9, y 5 22, z 5 6 29. x 5 5, y 5 23, z 5 75

30. ★ TAKS REASONING Suppose z varies jointly with x and y, and z 5 236 when
x 5 23 and y 5 24. What is the constant of variation?
A 23 B 22 C 3 D 12

8.1 Model Inverse and Joint Variation 555

 Homework week 31
EXAMPLE 6 WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation for the given relationship.
on p. 554
31. x varies directly with y and inversely with z.
for Exs. 31–33
32. y varies jointly with x and the square of z.

33. w varies inversely with y and jointly with x and z.

34. ERROR ANALYSIS A variable z varies jointly }

aÏ w
z5}
with x and the cube of y and inversely with the 3
square root of w. Describe and correct the error xy
in writing an equation relating the variables.

35. ★ TAKS REASONING Let f(x) represent a direct variation function, g(x)
represent an inverse variation function, and h(x) be the sum of f(x) and g(x).
Write possible functions f (x) and g(x) so that h(2) 5 5.

36. CHALLENGE Suppose x varies inversely with y and y varies inversely with z.
How does x vary with z? Justify your answer algebraically.

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLES 37. DIGITAL CAMERAS The number n of photos your digital camera can store
3 and 4 varies inversely with the average size s (in megapixels) of the photos.
on pp. 552–553 Your digital camera can store 54 photos when the average photo size is
for Exs. 37–39 1.92 megapixels. Write a model that gives n as a function of s. How many
photos can your camera store when the average photo size is 3.87 megapixels?
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38. ELECTRONICS The table below compares the current I (in milliamps) with
the resistance R (in ohms) for several electrical circuits. Write a model that
gives R as a function of I. Then predict R when I 5 34 milliamps.

Current (milliamps), I 7.4 8.9 12.1 17.9

Resistance (ohms), R 1200 1000 750 500

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39. SNOWSHOES When you stand on snow, the average pressure P

(in pounds per square inch) that you exert on the snow varies
inversely with the total area A (in square inches) of the soles of
your footwear. Suppose the pressure is 0.43 pound per square
inch when you wear the snowshoes shown. Write an equation
that gives P as a function of A. Then find the pressure if you
wear the boots shown.

40. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A piano string’s frequency f (in hertz) varies directly
with the square root of the string’s tension T (in Newtons) and inversely with
both the string’s length L and diameter d (each in centimeters).
a. The middle C note has a frequency of 262 Hz. The string producing this
note has a tension of 670 N, a length of 62 cm, and a diameter of 0.1025 cm.
Write an equation relating f, T, L, and d.
b. Find the frequency of the note produced by a string with a tension of
1629 N, a length of 201.6 cm, and a diameter of 0.49 cm.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS 5 TAKS PRACTICE

556 on p. WS1 AND REASONING
 Homework week 31
41. TAKS REASONING The law of universal gravitation states that the
gravitational force F (in Newtons) between two objects varies jointly with
their masses m1 and m2 (in kilograms) and inversely with the square of the
distance d (in meters) between the two objects. The constant of variation is
denoted by G and is called the universal gravitational constant.

m1 5 5.98 3 1024 kg m2 5 1.99 3 1030 kg

F 5 3.53 3 1022 N
F F
m1 m2

d 5 1.50 3 1011 m

a. Model Write an equation that gives F in terms of m1, m2, d and G.

b. Approximate Use the information above about Earth and the Sun to
approximate the universal gravitational constant G.
c. Reasoning Explain what happens to the gravitational force as the masses of
the two objects increase and the distance between them is held constant.
Explain what happens to the gravitational force as the masses of the two
objects are held constant and the distance between them increases.

42. CHALLENGE The load P (in pounds) that can be safely

supported by a horizontal beam varies jointly with
the beam’s width W and the square of its depth D, and
inversely with its unsupported length L.
a. How does P change when the width and length of the
beam are doubled?
b. How does P change when the width and depth of the
beam are doubled?
c. How does P change when all three dimensions are
doubled?
d. Describe several ways a beam can be modified if the
safe load it is required to support is increased by a
factor of 4.

TAKS PRACTICE at [Link]

M IXED R EVIEW FOR TAKS
REVIEW 43. TAKS PRACTICE What is the approximate M
TAKS Preparation area of nMNP? TAKS Obj. 6
18 cm
p. 324; 9 cm
A 40.5 cm 2 B 57.3 cm 2
TAKS Workbook
C 70.1 cm 2 D 114.6 cm 2 P N

REVIEW 44. TAKS PRACTICE The solid at the right has

TAKS Preparation 14 faces: 8 hexagons and 6 squares. How
p. 544; many vertices does the solid have? TAKS Obj. 7
TAKS Workbook
F 24 G 32
H 44 J 88

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 8.1, p. 1017 ONLINE QUIZ at [Link] 557