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Section Brief

The document provides a detailed overview of vehicle dynamics, including formulas for calculating engine power, torque, speed, and traction forces. It also outlines the various resistances affecting vehicle motion, such as rolling, aerodynamic, grade, and inertial resistance, along with their respective equations. Additionally, it includes examples and parameters necessary for understanding vehicle performance metrics.

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Mostafa ashraf
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views9 pages

Section Brief

The document provides a detailed overview of vehicle dynamics, including formulas for calculating engine power, torque, speed, and traction forces. It also outlines the various resistances affecting vehicle motion, such as rolling, aerodynamic, grade, and inertial resistance, along with their respective equations. Additionally, it includes examples and parameters necessary for understanding vehicle performance metrics.

Uploaded by

Mostafa ashraf
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Empirical 𝟐 𝟑

𝒏𝒆 𝒏𝒆 𝒏𝒆
Formula: 𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝒆 |𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒂 ( )+𝒃( ) − 𝐜( ) )
𝒏@ 𝑷𝒆 |𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒏@ 𝑷𝒆 |𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒏@ 𝑷𝒆 |𝒎𝒂𝒙

Fuel petrol a =b =c=1


Type diesel a = 0.87, b = 1.13, c = 1

Parameter Description Common Unit (dimension)

Pe Power, engine Kilowatts (kW), Horsepower (hp)

Pe max Power, engine (max)

Me Torque, engine Newton x meters (N.m)

Me max Torque, engine (max)

ne Speed, engine revolutions per minute (rpm)

ne max Speed, engine (max)

nN = 𝒏@ 𝑷𝒆|𝒎𝒂𝒙 Speed, engine @ Pe max

nM Speed, engine @ Me max

ωe Engine angular velocity 1/second (1/s)

ωw Wheels angular velocity 1/second (1/s)

rd Tire dynamic radius Meters (m)

Ft Traction force (on wheels) Newtons (N)

V Vehicle velocity Meters per second (m/s)


or kilometers per hour (kph or km/h)

itot Total speed reduction ratio (from (dimensionless)


engine to wheels)
Parameter Dimension (unit) Laws

Vehicle Speed and Traction Forces


ωe (1/s) or (radians/s) = ne (rpm) × (2× pi / 60)

T_e (N.m) = P_e (W) / ωe (1/s or rad/s)


= P_e (W) × 60 / [ 2 × pi × ne (rpm)]
≅ P_e (kW) × 9550 / ne (rpm)
= P_e (hp) × 60 × 0.75 × 1000 / [ 2 × pi × ne (rpm) ]
≅ P_e (hp) × 7162 / ne (rpm)

Total ratio, itot (dimensionless) = Transmission Gear ratios (ig) × final drive ratio (if)

r_d (m) = [ d (inch) × (25.4/2) + lambda × h (mm) ] / 1000


Example:
195/65 R15
= [ 15 (inch) × (25.4/2) + 0.95 × (0.65 × 195) (mm) ] / 1000

F_t (N) = M_e (N.m) × ([Link] ratio × final drive reduction ratio ×
overall [Link].)/ tire dynamic radius (m)
= M_e (N.m) × (i_g × i_f × eta_T)/ r_d (m)
V (m/s) = ω_wheel (1/s) × r_d (m)

or = [ωe (1/s) /total ratio ] × r_d (m)


= [ ne (rpm) × (2 × pi) /(60 × [Link] ratio × final drive
reduction ratio) ] × tire dynamic radius (m)
≅ [ (0.105 × ne (rpm) × r_d (m)) ] /( i_g × i_f)

(km/h) = [ ne (rpm) × (2 × pi × 3.6) /(60 × [Link] ratio × final drive


reduction ratio) ] × tire dynamic radius (m)
≅ [ (0.377 × ne (rpm) × r_d (m)) ] /( i_g × i_f)
Parameter Dimension (unit) Laws

Vehicle Motion Resistances


1 - Rolling (N) = Weight × rolling resistance coefficient
Resistance:
R_rolling =W× f_r
Passenger cars:
f_r pc = 0.0136 + (0.4 × 10^-7) × v^2
Trucks:
f_r t = 0.0169 + (0.19 × 10^-7) × v^2
v: vehicle speed (km/h)
Example:
v=100 km/h, W=10,000 N
R_rolling= 10,000 (N) x [0.0136 +(0.4 x 10^-7) x (100 (km/h)) ^2]
Parameter Dimension (unit) Laws

2- (N) = (½) × 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 × Cd × 𝐴𝑓 × 𝑉𝑟2


Aerodynamic
Resistance: where:

R_aero 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 : air density (kg/m^3)


= 1.225 (kg/m^3)

C_d: coeff. of drag (dimensionless)


= (depends on vehicle geometry)

A_f: vehicle frontal area (m^2)


= 0.8 × vehicle width × vehicle height
or
= vehicle track width × vehicle height

V_r: Relative velocity between vehicle & air (m/s)


Example:
v= 100km/h
1- 1- air speed = 10km/h in OPPOSITE direction of vehicle
V_r =100 + (+10) km/h = 110 km/h =110x5/18 =30.5 m/s
2- 2- air speed = 10km/h in SAME direction of vehicle
V_r =100 + (-10) km/h = 90 km/h = 90x5/18 = 25 m/s
Parameter Dimension (unit) Laws

3- Grade (N) =𝑊 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝑥 )


Resistance: where:

R_grade W: vehicle weight (N)


𝜃𝑥 : longitudinal slope angle (degrees)
Example:

A 10% grade (or slope) means:


h/d = tan (𝜃𝑥 ) = 10/100
or
for each 100 meters, the road goes up 10 meters.
A % Slope = 100 × tan (𝜃𝑥 )
So, a 10% grade:
tan 𝜃𝑥 = 10/100 = 0.1
𝜃𝑥 = tan-1 (0.1)
𝜃𝑥 = 5.71 degrees

4- Inertial (N) =m× a


resistance: where:
R_inertia
m: vehicle mass (kg)
a: vehicle acceleration (m/sec^2)
lambda: coeff. For rotating masses in vehicle driveline
(dimensionless)
lambda = 1 if not mentioned
Solved Example
Vehicle Characteristics
ne (rpm)
P_e = P_e max [ a (ne/n_N) + b (ne/n_N)^2 - c (ne/n_N)^3 ]

P_e
M_e (N.m) ≅ P_e (kW) × 9550 / ne (rpm)
≅ P_e (hp) × 7162 / n_e (rpm)

M_e (N.m)
r_d (m) = [ d (inch) × (25.4/2) + 𝜆 × h (mm) ] / 1000

itot = Transmission Gear ratios (ig) × final drive ratio (if)

F_t (N) = M_e (N.m) × (i_g × i_f × eta_T)/ r_d (m)


= [ (i_f × eta_T)/ r_d (m)] × M_e (N.m) × i_g
= C_1 × M_e (N.m) × i_g
V (km/h) ≅ [ (0.377 × n_e (rpm) × r_d (m)) ] /( i_g × i_f)
≅ [ (0.377 × r_d (m))/ i_f] × n_e (rpm) / i_g
≅ C_2 × n_e (rpm) / i_g
i_g 1 F_t1 (N)
V_1 (km/h)
i_g 2 F_t2 (N)
V_2 (km/h)
i_g 3 F_t3 (N)
V_3 (km/h)
i_g 4 F_t4 (N)
V_4 (km/h)
i_g 5 F_t5 (N)
V_5 (km/h)
Vehicle Motion Resistances
V (km/h) 0 100 120 140

V (m/s) 0

R_r (N) = W × f_r

R_r (N)
V_r

R_a (N) = [ (½) × rho_air × C_d × A_f ]× V_r^2


= [ (½) × 1.225 (kg/m^3) × C_d × A_f ]× V_r^2
= C_3 × V_r^2

R_a (N) 0

R_g (N) = W × sin(theta_x) =

R_i (N) = m × a × lambda =

R_Tot (N) 1315 20000 30000 15000

P_road = R_Tot (N) × V (m/s)


P_resist 0 90000 200000

𝑃𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 × 𝜂𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛


𝑃𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝜂𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 90000

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ‫𝑤𝑃 مع‬ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ‫يمكن إيجاد أقصى سرعة عن طريق تقاطع‬ •
‫ بحيث‬direct ‫• ومنها يمكن إيجاد جميع سرعات الفتيس عن طريق فرض أن أقصى سرعة عند الغيار ال‬
.ig direct =1
‫• يتم رسم‬
Curb load = ‫الوزن الفارغ‬
Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) = ‫الوزن اإلجمالي‬
Payload = ‫الوزن‬

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