Empirical 𝟐 𝟑
𝒏𝒆 𝒏𝒆 𝒏𝒆
Formula: 𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝒆 |𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒂 ( )+𝒃( ) − 𝐜( ) )
𝒏@ 𝑷𝒆 |𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒏@ 𝑷𝒆 |𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒏@ 𝑷𝒆 |𝒎𝒂𝒙
Fuel petrol a =b =c=1
Type diesel a = 0.87, b = 1.13, c = 1
Parameter Description Common Unit (dimension)
Pe Power, engine Kilowatts (kW), Horsepower (hp)
Pe max Power, engine (max)
Me Torque, engine Newton x meters (N.m)
Me max Torque, engine (max)
ne Speed, engine revolutions per minute (rpm)
ne max Speed, engine (max)
nN = 𝒏@ 𝑷𝒆|𝒎𝒂𝒙 Speed, engine @ Pe max
nM Speed, engine @ Me max
ωe Engine angular velocity 1/second (1/s)
ωw Wheels angular velocity 1/second (1/s)
rd Tire dynamic radius Meters (m)
Ft Traction force (on wheels) Newtons (N)
V Vehicle velocity Meters per second (m/s)
or kilometers per hour (kph or km/h)
itot Total speed reduction ratio (from (dimensionless)
engine to wheels)
Parameter Dimension (unit) Laws
Vehicle Speed and Traction Forces
ωe (1/s) or (radians/s) = ne (rpm) × (2× pi / 60)
T_e (N.m) = P_e (W) / ωe (1/s or rad/s)
= P_e (W) × 60 / [ 2 × pi × ne (rpm)]
≅ P_e (kW) × 9550 / ne (rpm)
= P_e (hp) × 60 × 0.75 × 1000 / [ 2 × pi × ne (rpm) ]
≅ P_e (hp) × 7162 / ne (rpm)
Total ratio, itot (dimensionless) = Transmission Gear ratios (ig) × final drive ratio (if)
r_d (m) = [ d (inch) × (25.4/2) + lambda × h (mm) ] / 1000
Example:
195/65 R15
= [ 15 (inch) × (25.4/2) + 0.95 × (0.65 × 195) (mm) ] / 1000
F_t (N) = M_e (N.m) × ([Link] ratio × final drive reduction ratio ×
overall [Link].)/ tire dynamic radius (m)
= M_e (N.m) × (i_g × i_f × eta_T)/ r_d (m)
V (m/s) = ω_wheel (1/s) × r_d (m)
or = [ωe (1/s) /total ratio ] × r_d (m)
= [ ne (rpm) × (2 × pi) /(60 × [Link] ratio × final drive
reduction ratio) ] × tire dynamic radius (m)
≅ [ (0.105 × ne (rpm) × r_d (m)) ] /( i_g × i_f)
(km/h) = [ ne (rpm) × (2 × pi × 3.6) /(60 × [Link] ratio × final drive
reduction ratio) ] × tire dynamic radius (m)
≅ [ (0.377 × ne (rpm) × r_d (m)) ] /( i_g × i_f)
Parameter Dimension (unit) Laws
Vehicle Motion Resistances
1 - Rolling (N) = Weight × rolling resistance coefficient
Resistance:
R_rolling =W× f_r
Passenger cars:
f_r pc = 0.0136 + (0.4 × 10^-7) × v^2
Trucks:
f_r t = 0.0169 + (0.19 × 10^-7) × v^2
v: vehicle speed (km/h)
Example:
v=100 km/h, W=10,000 N
R_rolling= 10,000 (N) x [0.0136 +(0.4 x 10^-7) x (100 (km/h)) ^2]
Parameter Dimension (unit) Laws
2- (N) = (½) × 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 × Cd × 𝐴𝑓 × 𝑉𝑟2
Aerodynamic
Resistance: where:
R_aero 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 : air density (kg/m^3)
= 1.225 (kg/m^3)
C_d: coeff. of drag (dimensionless)
= (depends on vehicle geometry)
A_f: vehicle frontal area (m^2)
= 0.8 × vehicle width × vehicle height
or
= vehicle track width × vehicle height
V_r: Relative velocity between vehicle & air (m/s)
Example:
v= 100km/h
1- 1- air speed = 10km/h in OPPOSITE direction of vehicle
V_r =100 + (+10) km/h = 110 km/h =110x5/18 =30.5 m/s
2- 2- air speed = 10km/h in SAME direction of vehicle
V_r =100 + (-10) km/h = 90 km/h = 90x5/18 = 25 m/s
Parameter Dimension (unit) Laws
3- Grade (N) =𝑊 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝑥 )
Resistance: where:
R_grade W: vehicle weight (N)
𝜃𝑥 : longitudinal slope angle (degrees)
Example:
A 10% grade (or slope) means:
h/d = tan (𝜃𝑥 ) = 10/100
or
for each 100 meters, the road goes up 10 meters.
A % Slope = 100 × tan (𝜃𝑥 )
So, a 10% grade:
tan 𝜃𝑥 = 10/100 = 0.1
𝜃𝑥 = tan-1 (0.1)
𝜃𝑥 = 5.71 degrees
4- Inertial (N) =m× a
resistance: where:
R_inertia
m: vehicle mass (kg)
a: vehicle acceleration (m/sec^2)
lambda: coeff. For rotating masses in vehicle driveline
(dimensionless)
lambda = 1 if not mentioned
Solved Example
Vehicle Characteristics
ne (rpm)
P_e = P_e max [ a (ne/n_N) + b (ne/n_N)^2 - c (ne/n_N)^3 ]
P_e
M_e (N.m) ≅ P_e (kW) × 9550 / ne (rpm)
≅ P_e (hp) × 7162 / n_e (rpm)
M_e (N.m)
r_d (m) = [ d (inch) × (25.4/2) + 𝜆 × h (mm) ] / 1000
itot = Transmission Gear ratios (ig) × final drive ratio (if)
F_t (N) = M_e (N.m) × (i_g × i_f × eta_T)/ r_d (m)
= [ (i_f × eta_T)/ r_d (m)] × M_e (N.m) × i_g
= C_1 × M_e (N.m) × i_g
V (km/h) ≅ [ (0.377 × n_e (rpm) × r_d (m)) ] /( i_g × i_f)
≅ [ (0.377 × r_d (m))/ i_f] × n_e (rpm) / i_g
≅ C_2 × n_e (rpm) / i_g
i_g 1 F_t1 (N)
V_1 (km/h)
i_g 2 F_t2 (N)
V_2 (km/h)
i_g 3 F_t3 (N)
V_3 (km/h)
i_g 4 F_t4 (N)
V_4 (km/h)
i_g 5 F_t5 (N)
V_5 (km/h)
Vehicle Motion Resistances
V (km/h) 0 100 120 140
V (m/s) 0
R_r (N) = W × f_r
R_r (N)
V_r
R_a (N) = [ (½) × rho_air × C_d × A_f ]× V_r^2
= [ (½) × 1.225 (kg/m^3) × C_d × A_f ]× V_r^2
= C_3 × V_r^2
R_a (N) 0
R_g (N) = W × sin(theta_x) =
R_i (N) = m × a × lambda =
R_Tot (N) 1315 20000 30000 15000
P_road = R_Tot (N) × V (m/s)
P_resist 0 90000 200000
𝑃𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 × 𝜂𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝜂𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 90000
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑃 معℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 يمكن إيجاد أقصى سرعة عن طريق تقاطع •
بحيثdirect • ومنها يمكن إيجاد جميع سرعات الفتيس عن طريق فرض أن أقصى سرعة عند الغيار ال
.ig direct =1
• يتم رسم
Curb load = الوزن الفارغ
Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) = الوزن اإلجمالي
Payload = الوزن