Homework week 28

TRANSLATIONS You can graph a logarithmic function of the form

y 5 log b (x 2 h) 1 k by translating the graph of the parent function y 5 log b x.

EXAMPLE 8 Translate a logarithmic graph

Graph y 5 log2 (x 1 3) 1 1. State the domain and range.

Solution
y
STEP 1 Sketch the graph of the parent
function y 5 log 2 x, which passes y 5 log2(x 1 3) 1 1
through (1, 0), (2, 1), and (4, 2). 4 (1, 3)

STEP 2 Translate the parent graph left 3 (21, 2)

(22, 1) (4, 2)
units and up 1 unit. The translated (2, 1)
graph passes through (22, 1), (21, 2), (1, 0) 4 x
and (1, 3). The graph’s asymptote is
y 5 log2 x
x 5 23. The domain is x > 23, and
the range is all real numbers.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 7 and 8

Graph the function. State the domain and range.

16. y 5 log5 x 17. y 5 log1/3 (x 2 3) 18. f (x) 5 log4 (x 1 1) 2 2

7.4 EXERCISES HOMEWORK

KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 13, 33, and 61
5 TAKS PRACTICE AND REASONING
Exs. 36, 61, 62, 64, and 65

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: A logarithm with base 10 is called a(n) ?
logarithm.

2. ★ WRITING Describe the relationship between y 5 5x and y 5 log5 x.

WRITING

EXAMPLE 1 EXPONENTIAL FORM Rewrite the equation in exponential form.

on p. 499
3. log4 16 5 2 4. log 7 343 5 3 5. log 6 }1 5 22 6. log 64 1 5 0
for Exs. 3–7
36

7. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

1 in logarithmic form. 1
log2 23 5 }
rewriting the equation 223 5 } 8
8

EXAMPLE 2 EVALUATING LOGARITHMS Evaluate the logarithm without using a calculator.

on p. 500
8. log15 15 9. log 7 49 10. log 6 216 11. log 2 64
for Exs. 8–19
12. log 9 1 13. log1/2 8 14. log3 }1 1
15. log16 }
27 4
16. log1/4 16 17. log 8 512 18. log5 625 19. log11 121

7.4 Evaluate Logarithms and Graph Logarithmic Functions 503

 Homework week 28
EXAMPLE 3 CALCULATING LOGARITHMS Use a calculator to evaluate the logarithm.
on p. 500
20. log 14 21. ln 6 22. ln 0.43 23. log 6.213
for Exs. 20–27
24. log 27 25. ln 5.38 26. log 0.746 27. ln 110

EXAMPLE 5 USING INVERSE PROPERTIES Simplify the expression.

on p. 501
28. 7log 7 x 29. log5 5x 30. 30log30 4 31. 10log 8
for Exs. 28–36
32. log 6 36x 33. log3 81x 34. log5 125x 35. log 2 32 x

36. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression is equivalent to log 100x ?

TAKS REASONING

A x B 2x C 10x D 100x

EXAMPLE 6 FINDING INVERSES Find the inverse of the function.

on p. 501
37. y 5 log 8 x 38. y 5 7x 39. y 5 (0.4) x 40. y 5 log1/2 x
for Exs. 37–44
41. y 5 e x 1 2 42. y 5 2 x 2 3 43. y 5 ln (x 1 1) 44. y 5 6 1 log x

EXAMPLES GRAPHING FUNCTIONS Graph the function. State the domain and range.
7 and 8
45. y 5 log4 x 46. y 5 log 6 x 47. y 5 log1/3 x
on pp. 502–503
for Exs. 45–53 48. y 5 log1/5 x 49. y 5 log 2 (x 2 3) 50. y 5 log3 x 1 4
51. f (x) 5 log4 (x 1 2) 2 1 52. g(x) 5 log 6 (x 2 4) 1 2 53. h(x) 5 log5 (x 1 1) 2 3

CHALLENGE Evaluate the logarithm. (Hint: For each logarithm logb x, rewrite b
and x as powers of the same number.)
54. log 27 9 55. log 8 32 56. log125 625 57. log4 128

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 4 58. ALTIMETER Skydivers use an instrument called an altimeter to track their
on p. 500 altitude as they fall. The altimeter determines altitude by measuring air
for Exs. 58–59 pressure. The altitude h (in meters) above sea level is related to the air
pressure P (in pascals) by the function in the diagram below.

What is the altitude above sea level when the air pressure is 57,000 pascals?
5&9"4 GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

59. CHEMISTRY The pH value for a substance measures how acidic or alkaline
the substance is. It is given by the formula pH 5 2log [H1] where H1 is the
hydrogen ion concentration (in moles per liter). Lemon juice has a hydrogen
ion concentration of 1022.3 moles per liter. What is its pH value?
5&9"4 GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS 5 TAKS PRACTICE

504 Chapter 7 Exponential
on p. WS1 and Logarithmic Functions AND REASONING
 Homework week 28
60. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Biologists have found that an alligator’s length l
(in inches) and weight w (in pounds) are related by the function
l 5 27.1 ln w 2 32.8. Graph the function. Use your graph to estimate the
weight of an alligator that is 10 feet long.

61. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The energy magnitude M

TAKS REASONING Peru
of an earthquake can be modeled by
M 5 0.29(ln E) 2 9.9 South
American
where E is the amount of energy released tectonic
(in ergs). plate
Nazca
a. In 2001, a powerful earthquake in Peru,
tectonic Fault line
caused by the slippage of two tectonic plates plate
along a fault, released 2.5 3 1024 ergs. What was
the energy magnitude of the earthquake?
b. Find the inverse of the given function.
Describe what it represents.

62. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE A study in Florida found that the number of fish
TAKS REASONING
species s in a pool or lake can be modeled by the function
s 5 30.6 2 20.5(log A) 1 3.8(log A)2
where A is the area (in square meters) of the pool or lake.
a. Graph Use a graphing calculator to graph the function on the domain
200 ≤ A ≤ 35,000.
b. Estimate Use your graph to estimate the number of fish species in a lake
with an area of 30,000 square meters.
c. Estimate Use your graph to estimate the area of a lake that contains
6 species of fish.
d. Reasoning Describe what happens to the number of fish species as the
area of a pool or lake increases. Explain why your answer makes sense.

63. CHALLENGE The function s 5 0.159 1 0.118(log d) gives the slope s of a beach
in terms of the average diameter d (in millimeters) of sand particles on the
beach. Find the inverse of this function. Then use the inverse to estimate the
average diameter of the sand particles on a beach with a slope of 0.2.

TAKS PRACTICE at [Link]

M IXED R EVIEW FOR TAKS
REVIEW 64. TAKS PRACTICE Which statement best describes the graph
Lesson 2.2; of a person’s distance traveled over time? TAKS Obj. 1
Distance

TAKS Workbook
A The person first runs, then walks.
B The person travels at a constant speed.
C The person first walks, then runs. Time

D The person’s speed decreases over time.

REVIEW 65. TAKS PRACTICE A window is a regular hexagon. Its perimeter is 60 inches.
TAKS Preparation What is the approximate area of the window? TAKS Obj. 8
p. 408;
F 155.9 in.2 G 259.8 in.2 H 300.0 in.2 J 519.6 in.2
TAKS Workbook

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 7.4,

7.4p. 1016 ONLINE
Evaluate Logarithms QUIZLogarithmic
and Graph Functions
at [Link] 505
Addtional homework week 28
Extra homework week 25

1. How to transform 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 to 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 3𝑥 through (a). a single vertical transformation? (b). a

single horizontal transformation?

2. How to transform 𝑓 𝑥 = −3𝑥 + 5 to 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 7 through (a) only vertical transformations? (b).

only horizontal transformations?

3. The set of transformations we learned so far all fall into the category of linear transformations since
they can be realized by function composition of a function with linear functions. (a). If 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑎𝑓 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 + 𝑏, show that function 𝑔 is 𝑣 ∘ 𝑓 ∘ ℎ, where 𝑣 and ℎ are linear functions. Find the
formulas for 𝑣 and ℎ. (b). Which linear function works on the input and which linear function works on
the output? (c). What are these transformations? Order and list them in a table.

4. Compare and order the following numbers from smallest to greatest (calculator is not allowed).
2 1 1
1 3 −2 2 3
−𝜋 −3 −0.7 −0.7 4 1 4 3 3 2
𝑎 2.5 and 2.5 (b) 1.1 and 1.3 (c). , 3 , (d). , −3 ,
3 3 3 4
3 −1.2 −1.2
(e). 2 and 3 (f). 3 and 𝑒

5. Solve the following equations for variable 𝑥.

1 𝑥
(a). 2 ⋅ 82𝑥 = 4 𝑏 . 5𝑥−1 103𝑥 = 8𝑥 c . 𝑥 2 + 15152 = 16162 (d). 𝑏𝑥 2 − 2𝑐𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0
(e). 𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 − 25 = 0 (f). 2𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑒 −𝑥 = 5

6. Write the equation(s) for the distance (𝑑) as a function of time (𝑡) based on the graph below and the
given points.