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Vector Analysis Complete Notes

The document provides an overview of vector algebra, including definitions of scalars and vectors, their representations, and operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. It explains the components of vectors, the concept of unit vectors, and how to find tangent and normal vectors to curves. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts in two and three dimensions.

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5 views75 pages

Vector Analysis Complete Notes

The document provides an overview of vector algebra, including definitions of scalars and vectors, their representations, and operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. It explains the components of vectors, the concept of unit vectors, and how to find tangent and normal vectors to curves. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts in two and three dimensions.

Uploaded by

mk0608330
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
VECTOR Anak YSIS TnqeoDucTION VECTOR ALGEBRA VECTOR IN TWo- DIMENSIONS , Basic DEFINITIONS D Scabak:- A quantity which is Completely Specified 4 its magrituce is called a “scaar” For examble , Length, mass, Time , temperature . work, ~ Power, ene etc qre Salar ett 2) VECTOR :. A Phe SiCob quantity vohich has both "magnitude and civection ig Called | a “Vector.” Pov example:- — Dis Placement, velocity , acceleration, Force ete ave — vector quantities. 3) REPRESENTATION OF A vecToR ; A vecty is re presented by dixecteol bine Segment. For example AB Yepresents| ov vector whese magribiale denoted. ‘y | AB] ig | the length AB ard its oliection it from A to 8 > A is Callect the — initial Point ‘and’ B ss Calle, the — terminal ‘Point caivat Tt) B (« Gi t i “tennnat pore) sv 4) ComPoneNTS oF vECTORS +. Y V= abrhy . the vectors on ard bf on : the Vec tov Com ponents of V in te oliection of c and j - The numbers “ot and ‘b are the Saalr Components of V in the directions of P adj QD Eguar VECTobS J EQunuity OF VECTORS et Two eaten ore exnuch ff thi have Game mera ancl hove the Came ay Farallel oliections. iI ) Alg ebararce Definition: Ear A : heath by nck ye ee] > a o me oe + =) a +bf 2 tem, ath bed, Two vector. ave eal > their Scalar Combonents in the of rections 0 of e Ai Yeetory may be translated from one location to another, fb nor the — oliveckion nel J are identical. Ki. Remnw vided neither the me paieels ie arhanged 6) ScabaR MutTiPhE OT, Sf ce’ ik & Scalar and Vis a vector, ten CV ig defined ac * A vector whose tnagoitude is |C] timec the Lyre 4 megrilude af IV] of Vo and whee | cliection is either the Same ac tat of wy tat of V Cif ceo)" Lllustvations are given én fagure . we refer te cVas a Scaler muliple of Y. cf <7o) on opposite 7) ADDITION OF vECTORS i K Algebraic * Ade bon Vector ree be addled! algebeaicaly 4 acdeling their Cottes poncling Scalar’ Components - Sf Yeate bj and Ya agit &], ten Va = Carats +b) 5 Foresample:. let w= 2-4 and! Bia ish +3) Pest + €4+3)5 i “J hen Sai a pw H Geomettic Addi tion:. Twe non- 2ew vectow ¥ and Vi Can be “ ' cometdcally b: lacin initial of. the . Second vector on the of __the fist vector o oldedl nk terminal Peint and then chrawing the a line Segment from the initial Point of th _¥ 7 Ff feint_of the fay ¢ ¢ 7 the terminal (Pont of _ the Second , as in fy : hez Ap + Be | te fired the Sum i¢ to choose vectors are cqyunl to Ae and Be the Same initial Point P. Another Ww PQ and Pe that reshectively - and — have as Shown in figure Sf we Contract Parallel agra” RPAS, then Since PReAE, it fotos tat! P= Paras. om FR and FB ae tem forse aity ¥ (OS MF eather at Pp then Fie the yesultant forces bron” that is, the \\Sqle force tert Proctwes Side¢ have the Same offect as the ‘Tus. Combined. ‘eq )- e a. forces. a A 6 UBTRACTLON F_ VECTOR ee } 7 digs & Algebuic Definition:. (Lubteaction) Vector Lubtracton fellovss the Sijebraic. law which Says that — correc ending Scalar Compaen are — Subtrac tech. 4 Fe alt b,] v Seay, f= vj >= it 2 then . re 5 Ve = Comme + (>, - J ’ Subtraction: . & Geometric ; negative Of & vector |v is the vector The. “Je enV. St has the Gme i length ac V but Points in the opposite elirections. vector vy, from a vector V, we add. -¥ to V- Trig Con be clone geome ical! ph vey Dewar Gt CH): Now Deon x Fron the tip fy ancl then drawing the vector from the initial pomt of Yt the tip of -% ac Shown! in fy. : To subtract o oP? war: As the vector frm the Ub of Vik i =! * tp ef ¥- % Draw Yo is te olvaw vi ond vy with a Common initial Point ancl then otras | Ve % vectoy from the tip of % te the tip of Vis is illuctratest tn Fy : IL. ome = ak . ae oes = % 8 ie OH RM MMO $ 9) Position vecToR:. To find the Components af the. vector fom a Point Px, 4) te a Point Ren.4) by Subtracting the Components of OF axle yj fom the Compments of DR = 1499 - Cat Shown in fq): ' Be vector fom Re6u4,) te Blof) Ne PR= (-m P+ Ch- Dp | Exampue: The vector from PQA) te BS is Phe (Sate U-4yp = ata] Exampué:. Given the Points PEu3) and AC4S ) a) Sketch Pa and &p b) Find vectors % ond % that Corresponds +0 PQ ane ap C Also swetch ). ' Gowtton:. (a) The. vector PR and @p are suetch in res 9 (us) ~ am © Rey (heute ED} 2 br eraf = (62) Gays bang) he B95 2-6 A 66-2) Te | magnitucte of length of Ve aby by i Whos [are \ Te bac th IV] (read “ the mmegnitiale of ¥ or the length of VY) are the Same baw we We fr absolute Yale ) — Scanne, || MULTIPLICATION | Senta? multiplication Can be accomplishect Definition: Component Yy Components. Sf Cis a Sealer, and V cat tay ie Vector, thet = il 4 ave (at +8) ) = Ceayt + Cea)y Remaen:. The length of eV is )e| times the tengt ff Vv, JeV] = |ceast+ cevsy| = [eae oe i Je(a+ b) = [Te fare 2 tell VI AMPhE — 4f C=-2 and Va -3i+ 4 _ then Lo WW] = letra = [are = fe aS ete em(cate4j) = 6t-ef "le Torey = aw |. le - 10 Je} = I-2l= 2% > Jed 1ell9| 2 lo = a(s) = |o- \ REMARK:. Non- 2ev0 vector v and v, have ‘) the Same otiection if VY, = et for Some Scalar CO i wi) the ofpesite direction of vz cv for Come falaa CKO a) UNIT. vEcTob¢ ; Definitton:. Any vectors whose eye ba & & unit vector, The vectors 2 and jie unit vectors . Ile jateoj| = [ao Ibe lotajl = fora : = unit vecToRs IN PHANE i} a 4 Of HW is the Unit veetoy obtaineat Yotatng TF throwgh an omgie 8 in the paitive direction. then T has o hotizontal Component of and — Vertica) Component gne (See Fg )- So that U- | (Gose)i + (sin) f es ()) ; j As @ Varies frm, ‘0 the Point Poin Py tates the Gece atv, to AR, Counteyclock wise. This takes en all Possible" directions 50 Fy) Gives every unit véttor tm Plane: LENGTH _ vs. DIRECTION:. Sf YO, then unit vector in the olirection of V- Wl : . _ en { Be Yoen the eyuation v- lvl ( Vl ) express a) and * olirection- terms of | its length ExaPhe Expres V2 at-4j as a Pract fv length anc , direction SoluTIoN:. ten th 7 Vl ae a ee 2 fas 2 5 Directron lof v 4 ye = gin 4} = 3?- j Se Ss fe Ve Bhadi a § (- a j » Diveetion Youre, TANGENTS AnD No@mas x [fixe ( A vector i¢ Parallel to a Une if the Seqrnents that represent the vector are Parallel to the bne. ‘The Slope of a vector that Is not vertical is the Slope Shared Yy the Unes Parallel to the vector. hus if a+0, the vector Velaie by hag @ well clefineck Slope, which can be Calculated from the. Components of Vas the number Lo blow. A vector ig tangent ox normal toi curve ata Point f tk ig Parallel oy —rotmal to the Une that 1g tangent do the curve at that |Point. The next etample hows how te find Such vectors. EXAMPHE Fined unit vectors al Qand normal 3 to the Curve f° Bert at the Point C11) that ave Pevallel Sotution:. we finch the unit vectors and notmal +o the Girve's tangent line at Cv). VE The Slope of line tangent to the Cue at out? af ‘ag | 3B a 2 xsl We lok for a unit vector with this Slepe- The vyectw VY a ales) his Slope 3), 1 AL does ' ever v a ey eee raultible F Vv. Te fink a multiple pa oY Vv that | ts a unit veet, se olivicle & : v + 4 d Wl = Joan = [a4 = Te a The veetv \;uU is tangent te the cave at Cut) ble Jit has the Same — otivection as Vv. of Couse || —(| a 2 * whe =e § 27 Se) “ se & Hl i iQ ‘ ig alo whick Poin ts in the ofpes te olvection, / \ tangent to the aye at Cll). H . To fn unit yectors normal Te the Curve at Chl), we Looe for unit vectors whore Globes ae the negative reciprocal Sa the Slope of a. “ie is chone bg insefahanging the “S/ealew Components ef & (or a) anel chenging the syn of one of them. We obtain Pa » _ a> a ne = St t+ cl fe fs ™ > nO aun 2 ? - e-NA = = - AL rat ~ 78 Tre = vectors have oppesite. olirections but both to the Curve at (1,1). ReMee gf Goat +bj , then pe bits) as and y a bie ay are Pexpencticalar to Vv because = their Slopes are both 2p , the. negative vecipre cok of Vv: slope £ EXERCKE ae Q#L Finch a unit vector that has Ca) the Same cliection as Vand (b) the opposite chirection of Vv y Fe ea) = cn) edn w at a) Ans “) Ve ab -f = 35) MM (d apis a fe fd Wi -2el+ ee 4 fa Q#2 Fink a, vector of roagnitide 5 thet hos the 2 xeation. of Fa 4; Ay 342 fe i ( using formula acs v= i71(Z) Qe Find a vector of mm article 4 that has the opposite — oliveetron e ve i - oa ft f Be Sj Anos 2 co Ans -8 p+ BF a te #4 Let Fe at-7f Ba +67 anol Ce fai - ny » Write e@ach of the vectors tn the form at +) ‘)) Reo® 6 WwW ReBZ) Gv gaa Le (Y 2% -38 +a2F ~ ie Qas Vectors , T Vand ® ave determinect 4 > Sides of triangle ABc as Shown @) Express Win terms of Tanck Vv i is ot w (») Express iY in tems of & and W- | + yey Ans > We U Vew- © GHE Express the vector in the farm ai +b anc Sketch ther a ars in the Cooclinate Plane beginning at the ongin. i) PP if P is the ont CS 7) and PR is the I Point (2,9). i) PR yf is the Point C12) ‘and R ic te Point (3s) mi) Ae fl A is the Point *(-63) and B is the Point Cle,8) iv) he if A is the point (-1-8) and B is the Point (6, ny, Z vy) Te Som of the vectors ig ancl eB, ane the four Ponts AC, =), B(2,0), €C13) and D (2,2) ox — )pq- b PQ if PCI.-4) ard Q (5,3) (Pant. /*) Pa f P44) and Q4,-a) vit) FR f PC3-1) and Q (6-4). QF — Given the vector Wa 345 and A is the Point (4), find the Point B. | QB Given the vector PQ =-6¢ -4 and Q is the Point (3,3) , find the Point P- ou Find the unit vectors that are. tangent and romal to the Curve at the given Point ( fur vectors én all ). a) YF e , ¢24) bo raya e 1 Ga) 6) Br 4b -2y% 320 (0) O aangeapace » o ) d = ft are dt (0/0). e) y= tan! x Cur) Bele EX press each vector as & Product of its Leng ts and _—_olivection . w si+af w ai aj | 4 / Su Finel the unit vectors that are Parallel Vector aay (tee vectors én all). 1 Shin that Pe 36] and B= i -Af have o ppasite dlitections- \ Shei _ that As ah 46F andl Begs} > > 2? -~ s? B= jy and Ge i -fo Og ld ee Ba hey ity Find Sealacs K, Pp 1 Buch that RaKB+pe the Came. dlirection. ; i | Ins = 3/5 = | Rt AHI Fingt all real numbers “ce! buch that fae sy) ww real =|2 (Oy 1eBl=-3, i —— (e) | ca]j= o- we gt 4 2 03,-4) a > ast pj = (Cs, 12) Qit le “Find a vector that hac the Same olirecton as - # +3 f rel. a) Taree the magnitucle , (» one - half the magnitucte- a/ VECTORS IN Tynce Dimensions / gee / VecToks IN SPACE i Dyrkoduc TION:. Tre Concepts cliscussech for vectors in the Plane can be generalized for vectors én 3—Dimensi space: To cliscuss Vectors in Space, we use ordered triples and a 3-Dimensioral Coordinate Spstems. An “ordered triple” Cu pe) is a Set Suey of three. numbers in which “2” x a first number of the get) “T ig the second and “2” the 1 third. - ' Two ordered triples Ct, Nb 2,) and (ter 12s) ave “eawal” | anc wre usitle (414 4,02 = (ean J Ba) > tet, de 4. and Z,=4,.' The totality orderecl triples is lenotedl by Ri, Te oblan a reclangulay Coordinate Spstern in 3- Dimensions, wwe choose a fired Pont ‘O” (the ongin ) and Considev three rrertually Pet fendiculew Coorclinates lines (the % 4 and |Z-axes) with Common. ong ‘O' as Shown in Fig we may Yegard the Y and = Z-ayes as tying in the Plane of the Paper and y-ary as ' e u ‘ yA v ‘ we ‘Projecting out frm the Paper: The thee Coordin, lines determine twee Coorelinates planes: the t Hy- Plane ap the ia plane and the x2Z~-plene. y % frecroes IN SPACE og / The vectors represented 4 the om” directed line Seqroents from the ongin to the Points (1,90), (0,0) and (0,0,1) ce the ur) i , ; 1 -~ -~ 2. “bese vectors” (see Fig J. We denote them by 4 and h. We Position Veer ¥ from the origin ‘o’ to (the ey pict Point PC, yw) is DEFINITIONS . » * | D ADDITION anD SuBTeacTION Fok VECTokS 1N SPACE Algebraic Defini tions. For any vectors ae ih eed auf and B= bi +>, > f + dB. A+ B= (atbyit (an +4.) 4 + (2a + ADR F-B = (mit Cob fit Coan ba)k i! Geometa cally 2) The. VECTORS Between Two Points We Can express the vector Pe frm the Tok ROu.Y, 2) to the point Bt. gv 2a) im ees of the Coorlinate of Rand F © Ph = OF, a soeyser)- (hey) +2 h) 2 (may eluetdie (a.-208 il x is Ht, 2) So The vectors fora PR toR = FR = (niu + U- Py + Ga Be / sept Tre magnitude or leat of Veta ree IV] = |axteyje 2k] = Teepe 4) ScataR MuLTiPhica TION Sf ‘c' is a Scalar and Ve rinyjrzk iS am Vector, then eV = c(itayj+zk) = (cat regi rege Ekampbe Te length of Vo ja is Vl = [O+earee = fatea 3f we multiply Vie dagi + 28 by a Salar c, the length of cv is ]c| times, the tergt of ~ | V, as ih the plane. The Yeason & Came as well: CV = cOttyj+ ak) =cxteeyj tceh Je¥] = [leat coy + cozy lV] = Tere epres -[atenpeey (eo feepee = lel EXMMNE: $f ea a and Ga btapaak, shen lege w fev = ali-aj+sh) = at-gf soe ts IV] = [arncore « Meck « 4.14 = aly = alV] v v if S) Zepo vector 49 The Zero vector in Shace ig the vector O= ob opt oR O has %evo length, and mo direction. 6) Unit vECTOBS Ay unit vector in Space ic ew vector of length 4. The baste vectors ave unit vectors ble \ . lif] lib eof + ok] = [Peovo" = 2 Ijl- lorry tok} = loro i] a 4 a — 1k| = ie Troe 7) rau DE AND DIRECTION u & i a “af Tee, then _v. ig a unit vector | Iv] in the direction of TV. and we il b'on ‘ => eee on) al Vv se \WWI>s_ WF oo Product of its magnitude can ue the to Express V as a direction. ExamPhe its magnitude and — olivect’on. $al Length af Von lai 449 = fe Express Vol w2}rak as cn Product of / Direction of vis =i = teajesk Pr? 7% Now Product of regi tl « and direction of V is ve Wl (=) \v} Ms =H (47- =} + BA)» (lognas) ey ExnviphE’ Express @ = (2,-4,2) i teas of 9 and Band find the unit vector i | that has the Game direction as @. ! SolvTIoN:- we may write as (3,-4.2) =ate af rap The magnitude of A= lala qale+4 = 12q The unit vector having the Same. oliect’on 2 a és gus a a unit vector Uy in the. Direction ExamphE = Find of the vectr fam F Cl,0,!) to |R (32,0) ti PR = (2-DP+ @-O Ft ODF = af+ay-h 7B) = [area co = [4e4n = . ae FAs alatick oa Tel EXAMPhE Cina a Vector 6 units long in the alivection of Vz at rap- 8. SotuTlon:. | Ty Yourself ae Pengo “FI ) @) Distmee ti SPACE —— The '| distance between tuo pate R and Q in Spact ig the lengts of RE: Pt 4%) and P(%. 4, 2.) then |= | Cua CL Gar 2 between the be =v oo ! Ennmphe: \“Find the dit tance Pants A( aS) and BE2, 3,0) | )Re] = aa Fe ae (0-9 Jist4ras = [45 3 ny -f J eens SPHERES LFA f To vustite equations for Spheres in Space we Use distance formula in space. | pew yr?) A Point Pery,2) fies on the Sphere. of radius ‘a’ Centereol 2 at Row 4,2). |RP| Loe 6+ (eye aay = a | > C-v) + (YU) +(Z-Z.y = & 3 ' Equation () is Called the Standerd equation for the Sphere of vaclus ‘a ahd Center (%,Y,,20) ExaMpPhE Finel the Center and vaolius of the Sphere \ ety + Be bx vege 424d =0 Solution: we fired the Center ancl rachis ofe Sflere the way we find the | Center and Yaclius of of circle - Complete the. Spores on the t, q 2 tems as [necessary ancl Vv write each | quadiatic as o Sqvorecl —lineay espesnn. Ten fom the punton en sin, veal off the Center and Yadius For ; the Sphere here, we have way +Z>- be +84 +42 +4 = =0 (x br) + (yr ey) + Catt 42) +4= 0 xh 6x44 +4 My By +16 + B44 4 = 44 I41b +4 3 (erat + (yr4yte (zea) = 28 so thd. center is (3.74, -2), ane vackins \ a EXERCISES ’ jac of Sts Express each vector at a Frochct of ik legth | and obitection. a) ai+f- ak (D ai-gra® ©) eq oh a) af a + bi © sk w -4j p 3is4dk UW -bieLé Ww bint} a oR cpr” ieee miaen we mE Q#2 Find a. vector of vege J in the direction of Re t-sk. i O#® — Find a vector IS units jeg in the olitection of R= | Q#4Y Find a vector © units loug in the olirection Oppesite to the. obrection Of FB F at -ap + 6k I Qt Pind a Veet of mmeopitutle ‘3! in the direction Of posite to the —olirection of 2 Lite tne AR RIM “k Oxo Sf A= tea and! B iS the Point (94321 fine he ' Vy x i 2 O#E yp ffeectitay rem ond Ais y fi f ¢ if he, é Uv (2,-3.6), fird B- Q P ang OQ#e Fined | @. the olistance bjs Points P, (b) the dlirection of PP Y Ru . Hee Bre) wy RO, 19 » BQuS,e) Ww POG), BA,-27) my R(B4S) , B24) vy) 2 (00,0) -9~ R(2.-2,- 2) vd TG 37%), R (0,0,0) Q#I Final the unit vecter that has the Same divecton ac & ‘| (a) awe 2(- 2, £,-1) () B= at - Tj +k \ Qf /o Fine. an equation of the Sphere wohose, +t Centers and Yaclii ave given @) center (1,22) — rastius 14 ») center (\0,-S) — Faolus = 1 ©) Center (-2,0,0) yodiuy JB 8) center (0,-7, 0) Yadus 7 qo center (3,-1,2) amd raolius | 2 Pa '6 ; f) Ceniee (4-S) and Yaclius “5 g) Center (S01) and vaudius Yo h) Center (0,-3,-§) and yaclius [3 > Cale Find the Center anc) yacius of Spheres ay PHY +e +4n-42 20 ! b) Ray +e —by + OB =O | @) Der py 4 BBE tH tyr =1 4) 3x + 3y” 432 4ay-22 =7 e) erp re edu nay rae tan? F) araya a = 6x Joy +62 434= =0 f) ety ee ee +82 +b= or hy 4x + aye 442th 484-3 O i) x ye +2 +44 =0 j) Pw +P+eeieso | han Find the Centeres and Yacfic of the Sphees a) (etay ry 4 C2- a) =8 | b) (4th + (dey te (2+) = al oad c) (1-G)+ WEY + l2z4Kny = 2 / it / Det Product [Pa Two useful Concepts that involves vectors t ast ' and B are the olot Product, whith ig a Sealey, and the vector Product, vshich ig a vector: Now — fist — oliseuss the Scalar Products Dot_Prdwet | Scaler Products. Tre lot Procluct KB of Tue vectors be de finest geometrically or | algebraically DEFINITION _4 | GEomETRIC DEFINITION:. | When iso non- 2er0 Vectors F are B ae Placech So their initial Points leomeste, they form an angle @ of measure OLE x. A This angle is Called the angle bhw A and B. 1% = Def. Te Scalar Prduct (vet product) 7-B fF vectors A and Big. the number = kB = |R| [B] ceso J--_ >» @) whee ‘6’ is the angle bho * and B. 7y* DEFINITION 2 N a Defritin:. / bet Product in 10 Component fu, A dind the Scalar Prduct F two gin g Vectors, wwe) multiply their Cosresponeling af ond B® — Comporente ancl adel the results. Sf Featralrak and a ‘ B bi + 5 th Then FB al (att aj + ak): (62 + BS +b,b) AB 2 ab +abf ab — > @) \| Solving 4 for ‘e' gives a formula. for fraing ag befoeen yectore i" gr between Ture non- Zero vectarc r :¢ aa) + & — | Find the oy between the vectors = 4- ‘aj +k ‘anel Bob -af + ak Moe FB = 400 + C3)Cx)+ @) =-44+6+2 = 4 [Bl = [@+careey = [ibrar = | ai ye caer” 2 [14444 = 17 =3 © %, hs > O= Cos (EE). cll( te ) |! Yadian Ly Al | j "I Bel ay84 LAWS OF DoT PhoducT / ProreRries oF See eeeteeneeenenanines Dor PRopucT ! 1) Commutative law:- The olot Product is Commutative. A i j i Be bi Al bk Sf A= Ont +%,4 + aK and B= bitdjtes then = = ZB = BA = ab + abs + ab, .—>(4) nm) Distributive law: — Re dot |/Prcuct obey the list’ butive. law ' a +2) 2 8 +R — 6) , (h+B).e = RC + ae — 6) st Fe ade wprat, Baatrajret and Gs ot + ey + ¢,% \ Bre > A(Ete)= Gi + of yt asi). (4 Pay JK = Oy(b)+C)) +A( K+) fas (bs +&) a (btG)? + Cb tc, yt (byt Ss) a a =lohrant ae)rlactercea, © y Fe + he | of Remagy:, Equation (S) ancl Eqpation (6) Togethe, Us Permit uc to rnultiply Biers of vectors by the foriliey labs of algetra. Por eg ) (a8) (€ +d) [Link] FD 4 ET+BD 3) Let A be a unit vector, then A:Az4, RekS i Ret elo | 4) FR 2) [Al [Rl cso = [ls AX so the Suave of | a Vector is eqush to the Square | of it. pla tus. f S mq PERPENDICULAR (okTHOGoNAL) YECTORS Two vectors W and B are Petpencticular & (if dod only) F-B =O: PRook:- let Bo be Perpencticular tpB —_— 1 then an) angle ‘@’ between them is 90. There fore. sof ~ B= JAE ot {RB = [il [bleasgs = 0 (att > AB=o. Conversely :. let A-B=0 then Jal IB] os =0 > 020 > b=9 This Shows that A is perpenolicu lav te B. Remnex:. Sf A-B=O, vectors A and B are Called orthogonal. j Expoaphe:. “Prove that the eedors are Orthepane a t,] (0) a -TPrak and bi +dj-@ tion:. at Solution w bye ° Cunderstoocl ) (b) (at- 7% tak): (i+4¢—B )= 30-uB-2 = 0. EXAMPNE:. Show that the vettsrs a= at-ay +k = 4 ~ a>. ieee ‘A b ¢ Tea] +s and Zoi aaj 46 Form ow vignt ane triangle | SluTION:. we See that $+EsG , therefore given vector form triarg lell Now a-6 = 3U)~ 2(-3) + OLS) = 14 % le = a B.S = ula) -30) + $4) = - 21 Sta aa) -20)+ 44) = 0 HE 20) shows that FLCC: g Therefore | the given rerlangle is right ong, Y triangle . ey \ a % A Exampw£ Show that the vectors ai-y+h, P-ap-sB | and —at- 4j-4R foam the sider of a righ triangle. Solution... Let | j= (ab-rh}(t-aj-s8) ls ACl)+ EN C3) + VCD) la wt3-5 20 ale Hence AABC is% vight triangle. > = =F Veer fancies sf 2 “Bb 24+. Show that eithe w=e0, ov bee or Eis perpencticelar to b-c) / Solution:. Griven that : aba A-S , therefore a a , ab - o-¢ =0 or a (6-2) =0 which Shows that eithy A=0 ov Bae or FL CBT). his implies that either @20 oy bat ov atLcb-é ). YvectoR PeojecTIoNs In reany Pyle) applications, it is Yeqpireal to Bnow % how much” ag a vector is applied along @ given dhtectioh. For thic ind. the Projection ef one vector Puc we fin e ofect of . along the other vector. Let Pse A and pas B Let “O' is the agile bho then fuch thal og OR S is Called the Pejeetion of B alon K. (Pej. & ) A Draw ORL PS. Then PR Vv we Call the Scalar Component |@|G@so the Component of B alon a 7» abbreviatest Comp R So Comp Bo = |B | ae. ' By deficition :- RB v ~ >I By p 2 ® | > [Bese = AB il Row if the angle 'B between A and B) Is ‘acute . Proj @ has leg th Jes ancl direction A Jam | =, a i Jal See Fa ca).| df “O' ig obtuse , CoseZo and Prjection Poy € has length -fp)es6 and Vt dlitecton 1 AL. In any Case . ia] J Pj B = /[6lose- fe = Gmp BA I. : ae 4 [A] length — ph 2B les8 A lege iBlese ¥ Syce)- } F gta) The above &xpression segs that the yectoy Paajection of B ont) A is the Scalar Component 4 B tn the cliection of A times ‘the aivection of A: EyaMPhE Find the. vector Prajestion of Be Chas} + ak onto A= Do aj - 2k and the Scalay Component of Bin the), oliection of B- Solution. paj.@ *( ae )* = BA = Op eA eRe) a 6-6-4 2-4 BA = GOODE Caer) +C2)C2) =) +4+4= 9 |b (BAY = -4(2-27- ak) 7 dar | (Se) q ( J il Poj® “hbo Ol + oP ) x 4 7 a Now Scalar Component of B in the olittetion Cary is || Caltulated using formula [B[cos6 oT = (6 Teajrak). (47-3) =3h, il} tl i vi WRITING |A VECTOR AS A SUM. OF ORTHOGONAL VecToes | OR \ Host_To were B AS oO yactor Paeaer To BR | Phus ‘avecrok oe THoGonal Toh -_ * gar AMPLE Express Br dirj -3h as the Sum ofa /#* Parallel to A= aj and a vector orthogonal to A. 0 x 7 v a 9 3 e Solutions. Abe BR RA = 41 B- (21-25) + (at raj -3k ) Y once alent T ist vectw a” vector (nenertan ' ortiagondl te» WK ble it eta (daca (st-j)-2-B° EXERCICES [Pa38 2h eajek be Te ae? ond Be 2 igs ®. Pinel the number a ae () BE (ae) F-G+z) a a@baae Ce) Ca-b). (b4e ) CO) Comp (at comp (2 +E ) Ve compe ©, G2 Pod 9 HB BP (B) the Cosine, af the angle | blo A ond B a ean Com ponent 4 ie in the direction A of a 1 Ver the vector Pj @ / i | Ww Fe w- G+ ek , B= “#4 4j- Tea @ Re aredh. , Bs stlenj QG Fe bit +H ar, B= 3} 44Rr = sng Rae Ta..ci8 4 A= Ttlo} ane Bs at ral +k () Be sj-3k , Be bajak (6) We st +j » Be GP+ Bj var 4) Be St} Be at ‘ OES Find the ogee bls A and e wer ) ae = 40 +8) -3ho , 6b a +yrk Tee ‘ ) Recval Fak OS ) Fe R-sj- 8 Be al+y-3k \ 3 , De tasp-ab () = pabte al -aprok GOES write Tas te Sum of a vector Parallel to V “ a vector ortrogonal +o V- (») wa pee. as iL > if Vv Ottb Find all Values of 6 uch tat & and “Bare —ofthogonall (2) @® = cf ay 43k Sc chee “oR Ba tpaaj -3ek ~ 2 sy ) nN = + XxX + o > F Given the Points P(3,-a,-1) QCnS,4) Qa 076) and S(-445 ), find the indicated N quantity « ay Pa-R (8) RP (e) Be age Yo PR and Be (BD The angle bs Gand RP ' (2) The Componenst af Ps alt aR (§) Te Component of aR along Ps QB — Suppose Ws P4( ft) is alrendy the J Sum of a veotr Parallel to 1 and a vector * octagonal to 7... Sf ou tse! Val, in the ompaiten Te Pofit (B- Pye), do you decomposition T= Prf i ( ih) - jo yf et peji 22 and (Te poj@)a Gab? gt Pay eat ot CU rh) jth? Tiy it ond Find out. | Q# Ig Use the fact that BV= [elfvjose * Shas tat the —mrequality |W GV] < jafsy] for \ ong vectors §]ondd “V. (BD umder what Circumstances, if any, does JTF] cya to [GLI] 2 Give reasons for Jour angwer + Vs Q#12 of a and Uh, ave mie unit Vectes Wf Ye al G+ ba, find 74, ap Suppose a, B and © ae mutually ortho gere, Vets, let Ba SA-68+3¢ \ of P , @ and Gare lit vectors find i>] , the mregnifade of 3. ms. Fo () sf fa} (2, [Bl= 3 and Je} = 4 fod 1B] : Ans / £68 | Q# 12 Subpese As B and 2 are mutually otthegorah Ht vectors. 9f Dic a vector puch that De why porre , where Wf, B and Y are Kcalac, Pove tt x= S.A | fe Be > oe oe hn penta wohether the. given Verto are. orthogonal » Parallel er neither. (a) we ~sivapr RB, Ba Gi -otpak | ‘~) a=<« a +g , +t 2 Halt ay (OD a= rte ay + ob ; Te seen fee yr I4 i of A ig ani vector, then Pre that a a a. (ai)i+ ca )F + (BAR QaHe Show that vectors as at-ay rh , ba taj +88 and BF aha} oak foun a ight angled triangle - nope Show dat la] b+ B)2 an 6 -[b[® are Petpendicalar. AgxglG let Fa aa} + 4h pnd Hae Aj eck, Jeteming Cf S and B ave! Perpenclitelar- Ans a / CROSS Phoduet / Vector Peopuet f=! / / Cress Prcluct are. wilely useck to [eset the effects of forces in Studies of electricity » inegne ten, fluid flows, and orbital mechanics: Definition: The Vector Prectuet or cms Proluct oi two vectos Fr and B i denoted as Rx® and ik fined, AxB = [Al[e[sme A \;—> QV) whee "leon aingle_hetwern ff Rand B and FR ig a mit Vector normal to the plane Containing Band B such that the vecta A, B and A m & right handeat System . fo if i => Now 4 applying the. definition of crs Product to unit vectors tf and B, Hyg have (2 Jip |i] sino’ A =0- * IVAN] sino” & 20 i Note The cress Proluct of ; in the lic Pattern. i oe Pa 1 i Definition Zz i ; Deteem J \ nor Fokautn Foc Axs, ( __|? 5 oR Lom Ane |: bob = — BXA a, % ay PRomeTIES OF CRass PRoducT 1) Ax® = -BXxA (plreaaly Prof in Aeteminant formula For i Axé) 2) Scalar Distei butive_lavo: (SA)x (+B) = (vs)Ca 18) where § and Y are SCalat numbers . 3) Yecter Distributive lave \ Rx (84+) =, AXB + AXC (Bre)xR = BA HZ xh 4) Sime from Definition C1) fly Cres Product RxXE = Mi[BlGnen | —re) there fore | JRxe]= Ia] [Bl se |) —» «) | + . thus frm (2) and C3) "i 2. AxB vahich is a unit vee tor /AXBl Normal te the Plane Containing A and B. i aed Also a cna = LXE) d ‘TRB | S (5) Parallel vectors |Non- Ber vectoe A and B ae Parallel & F XB =O . \ “hoot Sf * and 8 ave Parallel vectors, So 20° = Sind’ 0. then Rx® = [A] [é/ sine ; | LTR 1B] sind = 0 Sf Rx®=0 then az eiter): sind =O or |Rl=0, of [€[=0. 1 Sf SnB =O => Gao ov 180, T that the vectos ® and. B are Parallel. 2) of In |=0 or [2 |=0, then Since the 2er0 Vector had 0 Specific obrection. WE adopt the Conjention that the Ze vector is Parallel to every Vector. wWhICK chows , wes / ae " ' ng * b Tre vector AxB ic “ORTHOGONAL te both Ld — Band B. Two vectors B ancl B ave PRooF:. By theorem + = d Orthogonal ep a.@=0) it iS Sufficient te Show that | (Hxe)- F =O, ana (4x8 )8=0 = a 9 a Let A = m+ Or 4 + by B= bi + by + bh Axa | je Os, Oy Ory b, bb by = (mao Aybs)P—} (bs bas) + & (a ba- ah, (RxB).% = (ams -mad)o, + (bibs om) + (cb, — %,) % 2 ad OBC by petn yx + onb,o = yb % 0 Hene , AXB ig orthogonal to The Proof that (AxB)-B = _ i n. 0 is Similar - % Vv XAMPNE “Pinel & Vector Pexpenclicular to caus the vectors > hz atayrk , B= ae apr e é SoLuT}oN. A. vector Pet Penchicular to both of the Vectors A | ond B is Bre \ tit ft fos Pao METS: LIE a (fst gee? 14 a sl verifcation. tire).A ian (4 +6) 48h). (2-f +P i = -2-6+ 8 =0 (#x8)-2 =-(-i (+t + 8)4 8B). (4t+2j-*) = -4+12-8 =0 Hence xB ke Perpencticalar to both the vectors 3] a B. Gf over. REPRESENTATION OF VECTOR PeoducT Arca 4 Parallelo qram t The nitucle of the crmes|| Pecan [vector Product BxB is equed -to the Oren, of j Pewee Ayer fo a Area of A s = £7 x81) ‘PhooF Ty Yousif. KS) e{e— % ; RooF: . ms sf BK and Bo ave tino none Be vectors ard @ jg the agle bjes FB and B, then IR] .anck |B] yepresent the lengths of the daljcant Sides of a Parallelag yarn, (see figure ) know — that we fea of Parallelogrem = base x hey = (bate) (h) 2 IK | {B| sie? - = IA x8 | AgeA OF TRING HE From Figure it is Clear that % Sars fren of értongle = (ives oF Paclelegm J * 2 Lm x8) ). ' fee Find RE am Bre g = 1H + R= aay k Ba -4i rape Som xB = : j ? zB 1 I -4 31 = 1 (1-3)-j (ata) + ® (644) ANB = nal - 6] + Jow : Bra = - (Rye). = ai +o} —1ok ExamPr€ y) Finel a vector petpencvealar to the plane of P(4,-3 11), ace, ~4) 7): evel Rly a, 4) (2) Also fine the vertices PL4,3.1) , (6-47) ond BC 22) (3) Also find Unit vector 1 to Plane ne of P, Qased SolWTION:. The. vector Pax PR is Perpenchicalar to -the Plane becaue oven. of the triangle with ate) it ig LL both vectors i POy=1y0) Paz Gi -4ja1k)- (4? -af4k) = (6- Ayie (C443df+ Cr- ne = ao 4 + 6k * | aa of Pa = ra 2% Aa ¥ PR = (tH# 2}rah) (42-3) +8) 4 + C+D} + Ca-i)R = atte] +k \ PR = (-3, 8, !) Po it 5 OF PRXPR = la a, bs é Ve TI S al tells) -jlar ie) + (te-3) = -3il = de} + 7k Hence aca of the Paraltelograrn with aaljcant sides PR Q and ® is [Pa x Pel = [esvrcayrep* = (4/0 4t flows, that the area of the trieggle = tlie {| = 18-8 oh the Plane, its okection Vector petpendicalay to - the mB 2 PaxXPR 17a Pe! a a 2 ~3it- acy t1h {i410 ~ 2-312 - Be nl + A = ce Alo {lo (3) Gre PR ond PR js Perpeqolicular to » , n if o@ Plane unit ' v & w, E Xn phe Find a unit vectoy PetPerdlica Plane of vector & = a+ajp—-R and Beli Also finel the Sine of angle ' bho @ ond i xb = -l fe Som. Here a ; if K \ 4 a y= 9} — lak 6 “30 ‘. xe _ belo} - lek ja xB| SF | Now i [ee (aren = 3 and ibl={36rary =7 \ swe =| Texel sir sii 31) al SemraR Tepme Popuer of Box Pkedue T= ar? Let @.b and © be jany thyee Mecho, then @-(b x2) i¢ Called Scalav bible Precuct of a,b and and often is oleroted by LF b Ei om «| tet _— oi + ad + asks = fa,, a1.) eee, c a= bx b, b : ' C, C Ss a T(mey-eebs)-f Orca cibs) +# (4¢.-e%) \ cd . a } ~~ $xt = (atta task) [ov eye by) 2 (nea py) +B (biGa 7 rb J on, (bly — Cabs )— (2:67% bytes (b1G- Gb = 5 as o, Oy A AB bxC = . ~ b FEE» Plopeeries REMARK yyTRe Value of Scalar "pe Preabuet Yen. © unchmged i he Gyete order of the vectors Yemains unaltered, that is gtxt- [Link] = 2.ax6 \ Now ae a ee b, bb {| “ Qs interchanging Ry and Ry by bs b 3 Si a Hy ay Hp? 1{ Get ua, Again interchanging Ry. and Ry pee . fer bbs a is ok a o gq [= b-oxKe a, a, a Seftor for the third Gare. So [Link] = [Link] 2 3.a 46 1 (2) The Position of alot and crs can be interchangect without Charing the Value of Scalar bnple | ) Procuct . that is _ a Bx = axb-e Pre xp of too or tree vectrs are tither or Paralles then their Scalar trifole Prcuct is zero [Link] =O dung Property @) ( a.b xe 2 a) > &.axb = (Rxa)b = 0-5 =0 (4) 1. xk) = 4 Sime jek = ' Therefore. fata db . ' (s) he magnituste Value of a-Bxe és the — Yolume of Porallelepiped (volume. oF box) Volume of Box ( Porallelepiped) = | Sxe| (6) volume of tetrahedron 2 + (volume of Pacallelepiped ) wu el a1 [46 ab | Wl ACW edie 2 dle bx cl Ww EXaMPNE Find the Volume a the Paraltete ” if a= +7] +k be -3? +f 3k and Ge ,th- S| -3R are its Coterminous \ Solm Volume of Pacallelepiped és ja-bxe] $0 - [Link] ib 3 7 cg T\-3 97 -3 | 7 -S -3 = -3(-41-1S)-7 (1421) +5 (19-49) 2-272 = a~ ob => [a- bre] = |-a72] = 072 cubic units Note + lume is ahsays + Positive — as ey EXAMPKE | Find the volume of tetrahedron whose. vertices ave} ACI b1), Bla3), € (32,2) and DE%4) i Solunon:. |A@ = Gh +Ce)j+@-pk at +p qe = (3-0f +EVjt@- WR sate] +8 Ab = (B-Ni+(3-jr 4 he ataajr ah vu \ Volume of tetraheolan ABCD aL fhe 6 ke WB] fis \ ° \ 2 “Ey 2 I ae 2 2f{r 6 EYAMPNE yz )b, € owe any thee vectos, Show that the vectors $6 be, ca owe. Coplanar Sol. For coplanar vee tows Shows! that their Scalar triple Pro oluct i » (4-8). (B-E)x CE 2) .6-F Zero © soe only show (S-E)-(BERCE-F) a0 ByE— Be - xt + ese -b)-(bxe -bxa-04 éxé) a. bye - 2. (Bxa) + F- (exe - [Link] +B. (bea) -3. (Exe (esg dele tha) (osteg PCY of bxe + @-(Axb)! -[Link]) [Link] + -(Bxt)- F- (Exe) XB 4 HKD Se S -ebe 0. { Bea - [Link] xe ) ty grand 3 cater tiple Pr = (3-9)-6-2)x6- eee ais @.bxe 20 (CBG ) » a) A-34F EXERCISES = HL Find the length and olirection (when defnest) sy XV and VU. = Aa mB» ch " » q v

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