CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate)
CCNA is an entry-level networking certification offered
by Cisco.
It validates skills in networking, IP addressing, routing,
switching, security, and automation.
Suitable for beginners who want to become Network
Engineers, Network Administrators, or IT Support
Engineers.
Network Basic
What is Network?
→Types of Network?
What is Networking?
Types of Communication channels?
Types of Communication?
Types of Transmission modes?
Network
Network is a connection of multiple devices which is connected via any medium is called
network.
Networking
The process of sending data from one end to another end by using Network and
Internet is called networking.
Networking allows devices to communicate locally within a home or office or over
long distances.
Networking is essential for enabling services like email, web browsing, file sharing,
and online gaming, among others.
Types of Networks
Networks can be classified into several types based on their size, architecture, and
geographical scope.
Types of Network
PAN
Personal Area Network
LAN
Local Area Network
WAN
Wide Area Network
MAN
Metropolitan Area
1. PAN (Personal Area Network)
Connects personal devices.
Used for Bluetooth and USB connections.
Smallest type of network.
Range: Up to 10 meters.
2. LAN (Local Area Network)
Connects devices in a building.
High-speed network.
Common in homes and offices.
Range: Up to 1 km.
4. CAN (Campus Area Network)
Connects multiple LANs.
Used in universities and campuses.
Managed by a single organization.
Range: 1–10 km.
5. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Covers a city or town.
Larger than LAN and CAN.
Used by ISPs and organizations.
Range: 10–100 km.
6. WAN (Wide Area Network)
Connects networks over large distances.
Covers countries and continents.
Uses public and private links.
Range: More than 100 km.
8. VPN (Virtual Private Network)
Creates a secure private connection.
Encrypts data over the Internet.
Used for remote access.
Range: Worldwide.
Types of Communication Channel
There are two types of communication channels are there:
1. Wired comm. channel
2. Wireless comm. channel
Wired comm. Channel:
Definition: Wired communication refers to the transmission of data over a physical
medium such as cables or wires.
Examples:
Ethernet: Used in local area networks (LANs) to connect devices like
computers, printers, and routers.
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): Transmits audio and
video signals between devices like TVs, monitors, and DVD players.
USB (Universal Serial Bus): Used to connect peripherals such as
keyboards
Wireless communication channel:
Definition: Wireless communication involves transmitting data without the use of physical
cables or wires, using electromagnetic waves or radio frequencies.
Examples:
Radio Waves
Used for radio, TV, and Wi-Fi communication.
Can travel long distances.
Does not require line of sight.
Frequency: 3 kHz – 1 GHz.
Microwaves
Used for satellite and mobile communication.
High data transmission rate.
Requires line of sight.
Frequency: 1 GHz – 300 GHz.
Infrared (IR)
Used in remote controls and short-range communication.
Cannot pass through walls.
Requires direct or reflected path.
Frequency: 300 GHz – 400 THz.
Types of Communication
Unicast Type Communication - one to one. In this case one device will
be act as a sender and one single device will act as a receiver.
Broadcast Type Communication - one to all. In this case one device will
act as a sender and all other device will act as a receiver.
Multicast Type Communication - one to selected (many). In this case
one device will act as a sender and some selected one will act as a
receiver.
Transmission Modes of Communication
1. Simplex Mode
Communication is only one-way.
Sender can send data only.
Receiver can receive data only.
Example: Television broadcasting.
2. Half-Duplex Mode
Communication is two-way, but not at the same time.
One device sends while the other receives.
Devices take turns communicating.
Example: Walkie-talkies.
3. Full-Duplex Mode
Communication is two-way and simultaneous.
Both devices can send and receive data at the same time.
Faster than half-duplex communication.
Example: Telephone conversations.
OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection) Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a framework that explains how data travels from one device
to another over a network.
ISO (international organization for standardization) invented the OSI model around 1984.
Each layer has a specific job.
Application Layer (Layer 7)
User generates the request
Application creates HTTP/HTTPS data
Example:
HTTP://[Link]
Host: [Link]
Presentation Layer (Layer 6)
Data formatting
Encryption (TLS/SSL)
Compression
Example:
Plain Data → Encrypted Data
Session Layer (Layer 5)
Establishes and manages session
Maintains communication between devices
Example:
Session: PC1 ↔ Web Server
Transport Layer (Layer 4)
End-to-end delivery using TCP/UDP
Data is divided into segments
TCP 3-Way Handshake:
SYN → SYN-ACK → ACK
PDU: Segment
Network Layer (Layer 3)
Logical addressing (IP)
Routing between networks
Example:
Source IP: [Link]
Destination IP: 142.250.x.x
PDU: Packet
Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
MAC addressing
Frame creation
Local network delivery
ARP Example:
Who has [Link]?
Reply: AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
PDU: Frame
Physical Layer (Layer 1)
Transmission of raw bits
Wired or wireless
Diff between TCP & UDP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Connection-oriented protocol Connectionless protocol
Connection is established before data No connection setup required
transfer
Reliable communication Unreliable communication
Guarantees delivery of data No guarantee of delivery
Data arrives in correct order Data order is not guaranteed
Uses acknowledgements (ACK) No acknowledgements
Slower due to overhead Faster due to low overhead
Flow control + error control present No flow or error control
More overhead (header is larger) Less overhead (small header)
Example: Gaming, Video streaming,
Example: HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, SMTP VoIP
IP Addressing
What is Mac address?
What is IP address?
→Types of IP address?
IPV4 and Types
Conversion of Decimal to binary and vice-versa
Classes of IPV4
Subnet mask
Subnetting
Private IP address Vs Public IP address
WHAT IS A MAC ADDRESS?
A MAC (Media Access Control) Address is a unique physical address assigned to a
network device by the manufacturer.
Example:
00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E
Features:
• 48-bit address
• Works at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer)
• Usually permanent
• Unique for every device
Real-Life Example:
A MAC Address is like an Aadhaar Number for a device.
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2. WHAT IS AN IP ADDRESS?
An IP (Internet Protocol) Address is a logical address used to identify a device on a
network.
Example:
[Link]
Features:
• Works at Layer 3 (Network Layer)
• Can be changed
• Used for communication between devices
Real-Life Example:
An IP Address is like a home address.
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3. TYPES OF IP ADDRESS
A. IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)
• 32-bit address
• Decimal format
• Example: [Link]
B. IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)
• 128-bit address
• Hexadecimal format
• Example: 2001:db8::1
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TYPES OF IPv4 ADDRESS
A. Static IP Address
• Manually assigned
• Does not change frequently
Example:
[Link]
B. Dynamic IP Address
• Automatically assigned by DHCP
• Can change when reconnecting to the network
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DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
Example: Convert Decimal 25 to Binary
25 ÷ 2 = 12 Remainder 1
12 ÷ 2 = 6 Remainder 0
6 ÷ 2 = 3 Remainder 0
3 ÷ 2 = 1 Remainder 1
1 ÷ 2 = 0 Remainder 1
Read from bottom to top:
25 = 11001
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BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
Example: Convert Binary 11001 to Decimal
1 × 2⁴ = 16
1 × 2³ = 8
0 × 2² = 0
0 × 2¹ = 0
1 × 2⁰ = 1
Total = 16 + 8 + 1 = 25
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CLASSES OF IPv4
Class A
Range: [Link] – [Link]
Default Subnet Mask: [Link]
Class B
Range: [Link] – [Link]
Default Subnet Mask: [Link]
Class C
Range: [Link] – [Link]
Default Subnet Mask: [Link]
Class D
Range: [Link] – [Link]
Used for Multicast
Class E
Range: [Link] – [Link]
Used for Research and Experimental Purposes
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WHAT IS A SUBNET MASK?
A Subnet Mask is used to identify the Network ID and Host ID of an IP Address.
Example:
IP Address: [Link]
Subnet Mask: [Link]
Network Portion: [Link]
Host Portion: 10
WHAT IS SUBNETTING?
Subnetting is the process of dividing a large network into smaller networks called subnets.
Advantages:
• Improves network performance
• Reduces broadcast traffic
• Enhances security
• Makes network management easier
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PRIVATE IP ADDRESS VS PUBLIC IP ADDRESS
Private IP Address:
• Used inside private networks
• Not directly accessible from the Internet
• Free to use
Private IP Ranges:
[Link] – [Link]
[Link] – [Link]
[Link] – [Link]
Public IP Address:
• Used on the Internet
• Assigned by ISP
• Accessible from the Internet
Example:
[Link]
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAC ADDRESS AND IP ADDRESS
MAC Address:
• Physical Address
• Layer 2 Address
• Assigned by Manufacturer
• Usually Permanent
IP Address:
• Logical Address
• Layer 3 Address
• Assigned by DHCP or Network Administrator
• Can Change
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