PYTHON

UNIT 3
Contents
Functions
Built in functions
Mathematical Functions
Date time Functions
Random Numbers
Writing User defined Functions
Composition of Functions
Parameter and Arguments
Default Parameters
Function Calls
Return Statements
Using Global variables
Recursion
2
Functions-Introduction
What is a function in Python?
A function in python is a group of statements within a program that performs a specific task.
Usually functions input data, process it, and “return” a result. Once a function is written, it can
be used repeatedly.

• Functions are self contained programs that perform some particular tasks.

• Once the function is created by the programmer for a specific task, this function can be called anytime to perform
that task.

• Types of Functions in Python

There are mainly two types of functions in Python
•Built-in library function: These are Standard functions in Python that are available to use.
•User-defined function: We can create our own functions based on our requirements.
Python Functions is a block of statements that return the specific task. The idea is to put some
commonly or repeatedly done tasks together and make a function so that instead of writing the
same code again and again for different inputs, we can do the function calls to reuse code
contained in it over and over again.
Some Benefits of Using Functions
•Increase Code Readability
•Increase Code Reusability

Advantages of Python Functions

•Once defined, Python functions can be called multiple times and from any location in a
program.
•Our Python program can be broken up into numerous, easy-to-follow functions if it is
significant.
•The ability to return as many outputs as we want using a variety of arguments is one of
Python's most significant achievements.
•However, Python programs have always incurred overhead when calling functions.
SYNTAX:

# An example Python Function

def function_name( parameters ):
# code block

•function_name is the function's name, which we can use to distinguish it from other functions. We will
utilize this name to call the capability later in the program. Name functions in Python must adhere to the
same guidelines as naming variables.
•Using parameters, we provide the defined function with arguments. Notwithstanding, they are
discretionary.
•A colon (:) marks the function header's end.
•We can utilize a documentation string called docstring in the short structure to make sense of the reason
for the function.
•Several valid Python statements make up the function's body. The entire code block's indentation depth-
typically four spaces-must be the same.
•A return expression can get a value from a defined function.
. Python Built in Functions
Built-in functions in Python are pre-defined functions provided by the Python language that can be used
to perform common tasks.
To use a built-in function, simply call it with the appropriate arguments, like
this: function_name(argument1, argument2).
Python provides a lot of built-in functions that ease the writing of code.

Function Name Description

Python abs() Function Return the absolute value of a number

It takes an asynchronous iterable as an argument and returns an

Python aiter() Function
asynchronous iterator for that iterable

Return true if all the elements of a given iterable( List, Dictionary, Tuple, set,
Python all() Function
etc) are True else it returns False

Returns true if any of the elements of a given iterable( List, Dictionary,

Python any() Function
Tuple, set, etc) are True else it returns False

Python anext() Function used for getting the next item from an asynchronous iterator
Python ascii() Function Returns a string containing a printable representation of an object

Python bin() Function Convert integer to a binary string

Python bool() Function Return or convert a value to a Boolean value i.e., True or False

Python bytearray() Function Returns a byte array object which is an array of given bytes

Converts an object to an immutable byte-represented object of a given size

Python bytes() Function
and data

Python callable() Function Returns True if the object passed appears to be callable
 Returns a string representing a character whose Unicode code point is an
Python chr() Function
integer

Python classmethod() Function Returns a class method for a given function

Python compile() Function Returns a Python code object

Python complex() Function Creates Complex Number

Python delattr() Function Delete the named attribute from the object

Python dict() Function Creates a Python Dictionary

Python dir() Function Returns a list of the attributes and methods of any object

Takes two numbers and returns a pair of numbers consisting of their

Python divmod() Function
quotient and remainder
 Adds a counter to an iterable and returns it in a form of enumerating
Python enumerate() Function
object

Parses the expression passed to it and runs Python expression(code)

Python eval() Function
within the program

Python exec() Function Used for the dynamic execution of the program

Filters the given sequence with the help of a function that tests each
Python filter() Function
element in the sequence to be true or not

Python float() Function Return a floating-point number from a number or a string

Python format() Function Formats a specified value

Python getattr() Function Access the attribute value of an object

Check if an object has the given named attribute and return true if
Python hasattr() Function
present
Python hash() Function Encode the data into an unrecognizable value

Python help() Function Display the documentation of modules, functions, classes, keywords, etc

Python hex() Function Convert an integer number into its corresponding hexadecimal form

Python id() Function Return the identity of an object

Python input() Function Take input from the user as a string

Python int() Function Converts a number in a given base to decimal

Python isinstance() Function Checks if the objects belong to a certain class or not
Python issubclass() Function Check if a class is a subclass of another class or not

Python iter() Function Convert an iterable to an iterator

Python len() Function Returns the length of the object

Python list() Function Creates a list in Python

Python locals() Function Returns the dictionary of the current local symbol table

Returns a map object(which is an iterator) of the results after applying the

Python map() Function
given function to each item of a given iterable

Returns the largest item in an iterable or the largest of two or more

Python max() Function
arguments
 Returns the smallest item in an iterable or the smallest of two or
Python min() Function
more arguments
Python next() Function Receives the next item from the iterator
Python object() Function Returns a new object
Python oct() Function returns an octal representation of an integer in a string format.
Python open() Function Open a file and return its object
Python pow() Function Compute the power of a number
Python print() Function Print output to the console
Python property() Function Create a property of a class
Python range() Function Generate a sequence of numbers
Python repr() Function Return the printable version of the object
Python reversed() Function Returns an iterator that accesses the given sequence in the reverse order

Python round() Function Rounds off to the given number of digits and returns the floating-point number

Python set() Function Convert any of the iterable to a sequence of iterable elements with distinct elements

Python setattr() Function Assign the object attribute its value

Python slice() Function Returns a slice object

Python sorted() Function Returns a list with the elements in a sorted manner, without modifying the original sequence

Python str() Function Returns the string version of the object

Python sum() Function Sums up the numbers in the list

Python super() Function Returns a temporary object of the superclass

Python tuple() Function Creates a tuple in Python

Python type() Function Returns the type of the object

Python vars() Function Returns the __dict__ attribute for a module, class, instance, or any other object

Python zip() Function Maps the similar index of multiple containers

Python __import__() Function Imports the module during runtime

Mathematical Functions
Python provide a math module that contains most of the familiar and
important mathematical functions.
A module is a file that contains some predefined python codes.
Before using a module in a python we have to import it.
>>>import math
8
Function Description
ceil(x) Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
copysign(x, y) Returns x with the sign of y
fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x
factorial(x) Returns the factorial of x
floor(x) Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x
fmod(x, y) Returns the remainder when x is divided by y

frexp(x) Returns the mantissa and exponent of x as the pair (m, e)

fsum(iterable) Returns an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable

isfinite(x) Returns True if x is neither an infinity nor a NaN (Not a Number)

isinf(x) Returns True if x is a positive or negative infinity

isnan(x) Returns True if x is a NaN
ldexp(x, i) Returns x * (2**i)
modf(x) Returns the fractional and integer parts of x
trunc(x) Returns the truncated integer value of x
exp(x) Returns e**x
expm1(x) Returns e**x - 1
log(x[, b]) Returns the logarithm of x to the base b (defaults to e)
log1p(x) Returns the natural logarithm of 1+x
log2(x) Returns the base-2 logarithm of x
log10(x) Returns the base-10 logarithm of x
pow(x, y) Returns x raised to the power y
sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x
acos(x) Returns the arc cosine of x
asin(x) Returns the arc sine of x
atan(x) Returns the arc tangent of x
atan2(y, x) Returns atan(y / x)
cos(x) Returns the cosine of x
hypot(x, y) Returns the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y)
sin(x) Returns the sine of x
tan(x) Returns the tangent of x
degrees(x) Converts angle x from radians to degrees
radians(x) Converts angle x from degrees to radians
acosh(x) Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x
asinh(x) Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of x
atanh(x) Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x
cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x
sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x
tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x
erf(x) Returns the error function at x
erfc(x) Returns the complementary error function at x
gamma(x) Returns the Gamma function at x
lgamma(x) Returns the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gamma function at x

pi Mathematical constant, the ratio of circumference of a circle to it's diameter (3.14159...)

e mathematical constant e (2.71828...)

DateTime Functions
Python Datetime module supplies classes to work with date and time. These classes provide a
number of functions to deal with dates, times, and time intervals. Date and DateTime are an
object in Python, so when you manipulate them, you are actually manipulating objects and not
strings or timestamps.
The DateTime module is categorized into 6 main classes –
•date – An idealized naive date, assuming the current Gregorian calendar always was, and
always will be, in effect. Its attributes are year, month, and day.
•time – An idealized time, independent of any particular day, assuming that every day has exactly
24*60*60 seconds. Its attributes are hour, minute, second, microsecond, and tzinfo.
•datetime – Its a combination of date and time along with the attributes year, month, day, hour,
minute, second, microsecond, and tzinfo.
•timedelta – A duration expressing the difference between two date, time, or datetime instances
to microsecond resolution.
•tzinfo – It provides time zone information objects.
•timezone – A class that implements the tzinfo abstract base class as a fixed offset from the UTC
(New in version 3.2).
 Python Date Class
The date class is used to instantiate date objects in Python. When an object of this class is
instantiated, it represents a date in the format YYYY-MM-DD. The constructor of this class
needs three mandatory arguments year, month, and date.

Python Date class Syntax:

class [Link](year, month, day)
The arguments must be in the following range –
•MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR
•1 <= month <= 12
•1 <= day <= number of days in the given month and year
Note – If the argument is not an integer it will raise a TypeError and if it is outside the range a
ValueError will be raised.
Eg:
# Python program to demonstrate date class
# import the date class
from datetime import date
my_date = date(1996, 12, 11)
print("Date passed as argument is", my_date)
Output:
Date passed as argument is 1996-12-11
Eg:
# Python program to print current date
from datetime import date
# calling the today function of date class
today = [Link]()
print("Today's date is", today)
Output
Today's date is 2023-10-9
Eg:
from datetime import datetime
# Getting Datetime from timestamp
date_time = [Link](1887639468)
print("Datetime from timestamp:", date_time)
Output
Datetime from timestamp: 2029-10-25 16:17:48
 List of Date Class Methods
Function Name Description
ctime() Return a string representing the date
fromisocalendar() Returns a date corresponding to the ISO calendar
fromisoformat() Returns a date object from the string representation of the date
fromordinal() Returns a date object from the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1
fromtimestamp() Returns a date object from the POSIX timestamp
isocalendar() Returns a tuple year, week, and weekday
isoformat() Returns the string representation of the date
isoweekday() Returns the day of the week as an integer where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7
replace() Changes the value of the date object with the given parameter
strftime() Returns a string representation of the date with the given format
timetuple() Returns an object of type time.struct_time
today() Returns the current local date
toordinal() Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1
weekday() Returns the day of the week as integer where Monday is 0 and Sunday is 6
Python Time class
The time class creates the time object which represents local time, independent of any
day.
Constructor Syntax:
class [Link](hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0)
All the arguments are optional. tzinfo can be None otherwise all the attributes must be
integer in the following range –
•0 <= hour < 24
•0 <= minute < 60
•0 <= second < 60
•0 <= microsecond < 1000000
•fold in [0, 1]
Eg:
# Python program to demonstrate time class
from datetime import time
# calling the constructor
my_time = time(13, 24, 56)
print("Entered time", my_time)
# calling constructor with 1 argument
my_time = time(minute=12)
print("\nTime with one argument", my_time)
# Calling constructor with 0 argument
my_time = time()
print("\nTime without argument", my_time)
Output:
Entered time 13:24:56
Time with one argument 00:12:00
Time without argument 00:00:00
Eg:
from datetime import time
Time = time(11, 34, 56)
print("hour =", [Link])
print("minute =", [Link])
print("second =", [Link])
print("microsecond =", [Link])
Output:
hour = 11 minute = 34 second = 56 microsecond = 0
Eg:
from datetime import time
# Creating Time object
Time = time(12,24,36,1212)
# Converting Time object to string
Str = [Link]()
print("String Representation:", Str)
print(type(Str))
Output
String Representation: 12:24:36.001212 <class 'str'>
 List of Time class Methods

Function Name Description

dst() Returns [Link]() is tzinfo is not None

fromisoformat() Returns a time object from the string representation of the time

isoformat() Returns the string representation of time from the time object

replace() Changes the value of the time object with the given parameter

Returns a string representation of the time with the given

strftime()
format

tzname() Returns [Link]() is tzinfo is not None

utcoffset() Returns [Link]() is tzinfo is not None

Python Datetime class
The DateTime class contains information on both date and time. Like a date object, datetime assumes the
current Gregorian calendar extended in both directions; like a time object, datetime assumes there are
exactly 3600*24 seconds in every day.
Constructor Syntax:
class [Link](year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *,
fold=0)

The year, month, and day arguments are mandatory. tzinfo can be None, rest all the attributes must be an
integer in the following range –
•MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR
•1 <= month <= 12
•1 <= day <= number of days in the given month and year
•0 <= hour < 24
•0 <= minute < 60
•0 <= second < 60
•0 <= microsecond < 1000000
•fold in [0, 1]
Note – Passing an argument other than integer will raise a TypeError and passing arguments outside the
range will raise ValueError.
Eg:
# Python program to demonstrate datetime object
from datetime import datetime
# Initializing constructor
a = datetime(1999, 12, 12)
print(a)
# Initializing constructor with time parameters as well
a = datetime(1999, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 342380)
print(a)
Output:
1999-12-12 00:00:00
1999-12-12 12:12:12.342380
Eg:
from datetime import datetime
# Calling now() function
today = [Link]()
print("Current date and time is", today)
Output:
Current date and time is 2019-10-25 11:12:11.289834
List of Datetime Class Methods

All the methods of date class and time class comes under the datetime class
combine(),ctime(),date(),fromisoformat(),fromordinal(),fromtimestamp(),isocalendar(),isoformat(),isoweekday(),
now(),replace(),strftime(),strptime(),time(),timetuple(),timetz(),today(),toordinal(),tzname(),utcfromtimestamp()
,offset(),utcnow(),weekday()…
Python Timedelta Class
Python timedelta class is used for calculating differences in dates and also can be used for
date manipulations in Python. It is one of the easiest ways to perform date manipulations.
Constructor syntax:
class [Link](days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0, minutes=0,
hours=0, weeks=0)
Returns : Date
Eg:
from datetime import datetime,timedelta
# Using current time
ini_time_for_now = [Link]()
# printing initial_date
print("initial_date", str(ini_time_for_now))
# Calculating future dates for two years
future_date_after_2yrs = ini_time_for_now + timedelta(days=730)
future_date_after_2days = ini_time_for_now + timedelta(days=2)
# printing calculated future_dates
print('future_date_after_2yrs:', str(future_date_after_2yrs))
print('future_date_after_2days:', str(future_date_after_2days))
Output
initial_date 2019-10-25 12:01:01.227848
future_date_after_2yrs: 2021-10-24 12:01:01.227848
future_date_after_2days: 2019-10-27 12:01:01.227848
Eg:
# Timedelta function demonstration
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
# Using current time
ini_time_for_now = [Link]()
# printing initial_date
print("initial_date", str(ini_time_for_now))
# Some another datetime
new_final_time = ini_time_for_now + \ timedelta(days=2)
# printing new final_date
print("new_final_time", str(new_final_time))
# printing calculated past_dates
print('Time difference:', str(new_final_time -ini_time_for_now))
Output:
initial_date 2019-10-25 12:02:32.799814
new_final_time 2019-10-27 12:02:32.799814
Time difference: 2 days, 0:00:00
 Operations supported by Timedelta Class

Operator Description
Addition (+) Adds and returns two timedelta objects
Subtraction (-) Subtracts and returns two timedelta objects
Multiplication (*) Multiplies timedelta object with float or int
Division (/) Divides the timedelta object with float or int
Floor division (//) Divides the timedelta object with float or int and return the int of floor value of the output
Modulo (%) Divides two timedelta object and returns the remainder
+(timedelta) Returns the same timedelta object
-(timedelta) Returns the resultant of -1*timedelta
abs(timedelta) Returns the +(timedelta) if [Link] > 1=0 else returns -(timedelta)
str(timedelta) Returns a string in the form (+/-) day[s], HH:MM:[Link]
repr(timedelta) Returns the string representation in the form of the constructor call
 Python [Link]()
The [Link]() function contains no information regarding time zones. It only makes
use of the current system time. Tzinfo is an abstract base class in Python. It cannot be
directly instantiated. A concrete subclass must derive from this abstract class and
implement the methods offered by it.

List of Python [Link]() :Objects

Function Name Description

dst() Returns [Link]() is tzinfo is not None

The purpose of this function is to adjust the date time data, returning an
fromutc()
equivalent DateTime in self’s local time.

tzname() Returns [Link]() is tzinfo is not None

utcoffset() Returns [Link]() is tzinfo is not None

Example
The tzinfo class instance can be provided to the DateTime and time object
constructors. It is used in scenarios such as converting local time to UTC or
accounting for daylight savings time.
import datetime as dt
from dateutil import tz
tz_string = [Link]([Link]).astimezone().tzname()
print("[Link]() :", tz_string)
NYC = [Link]('Europe / Berlin')
dt1 = [Link](2022, 5, 21, 12, 0)
dt2 = [Link](2022, 12, 21, 12, 0, tzinfo=NYC)
print("Naive Object :", [Link]())
print("Aware Object :", [Link]())
Output:
[Link]() : IST
Naive Object : None
Aware Object : None
 Python DateTime timezone
Timezones in DateTime can be used in the case where one might want to display time according to the
timezone of a specific region. This can be done using the pytz module of Python. This module serves the
date-time conversion functionalities and helps users serving international client bases.
from datetime import datetime
from pytz import timezone
format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z%z"
# Current time in UTC
now_utc = [Link](timezone('UTC'))
print(now_utc.strftime(format))
timezones = ['Asia/Kolkata', 'Europe/Kiev', 'America/New_York']
for tzone in timezones:
# Convert to Asia/Kolkata time zone
now_asia = now_utc.astimezone(timezone(tzone))
print(now_asia.strftime(format))
Output
2021-08-19 18:27:28 UTC+0000
2021-08-19 23:57:28 IST+0530
2021-08-19 21:27:28 EEST+0300
2021-08-19 14:27:28 EDT-0400
Random Number
Python defines a set of functions that are used to generate or manipulate random
numbers through the random module.
Functions in the random module rely on a pseudo-random number generator
function random(), which generates a random float number between 0.0 and 1.0.
These particular type of functions is used in a lot of games, lotteries, or any
application requiring a random number generation.

Example:
import random
num = [Link]()
print(num)
Will produce a random number between 0 and 1.
Different Ways to Generate a Random Number in Python:
There are a number of ways to generate a random numbers in Python using the functions of the
Python random module. Let us see a few different ways.
Generating a Random number using choice()
Python [Link]() is an inbuilt function in the Python programming language that returns a
random item from a list, tuple, or string.
# import random
import random
# prints a random value from the list
list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
print([Link](list1))
# prints a random item from the string
string = "striver"
print([Link](string))
Output:
5
t
Generating a Random Number using randrange()
The random module offers a function that can generate Python random numbers from a specified range and
also allows room for steps to be included, called randrange().
# importing "random" for random operations
import random
# using choice() to generate a random number from a
# given list of numbers.
print("A random number from list is : ", end="")
print([Link]([1, 4, 8, 10, 3]))
# using randrange() to generate in range from 20 to 50. The last parameter 3 is step size to skip three numbers
when selecting.
print("A random number from range is : ", end="")
print([Link](20, 50, 3))
Output:
A random number from list is : 4
A random number from range is : 41
Generating a Random number using seed()

Python [Link]() function is used to save the state of a random function so that it can
generate some random numbers in Python on multiple executions of the code on the same
machine or on different machines (for a specific seed value). The seed value is the previous
value number generated by the generator. For the first time when there is no previous value,
it uses the current system time.
Eg:

# importing "random" for random operations

import random
# using random() to generate a random number between 0 and 1
print("A random number between 0 and 1 is : ", end="")
print([Link]())
# using seed() to seed a random number
[Link](5)
# printing mapped random number
print("The mapped random number with 5 is : ", end="")
print([Link]())
# using seed() to seed different random number
[Link](7)
# printing mapped random number
print("The mapped random number with 7 is : ", end="")
print([Link]())
# using seed() to seed to 5 again
[Link](5)
# printing mapped random number
print("The mapped random number with 5 is : ", end="")
print([Link]())
# using seed() to seed to 7 again
[Link](7)
# printing mapped random number
print("The mapped random number with 7 is : ", end="")
print([Link]())

Output:
A random number between 0 and 1 is : 0.510721762520941
The mapped random number with 5 is : 0.6229016948897019
The mapped random number with 7 is : 0.32383276483316237
The mapped random number with 5 is : 0.6229016948897019
The mapped random number with 7 is : 0.32383276483316237
Generating a Random number using shuffle()
The shuffle() function is used to shuffle a sequence (list). Shuffling means changing the position of the elements
of the sequence. Here, the shuffling operation is in place.

# import the random module

import random
# declare a list
sample_list = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']
print("Original list : ")
print(sample_list)
# first shuffle
[Link](sample_list)
print("\nAfter the first shuffle : ")
print(sample_list)
# second shuffle
[Link](sample_list)
print("\nAfter the second shuffle : ")
print(sample_list)
Output:
Original list : ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E’]
After the first shuffle : ['A', 'B', 'E', 'C', 'D’]
After the second shuffle : ['C', 'E', 'B', 'D', 'A']
Generating a Random number using uniform()
The uniform() function is used to generate a floating point Python random number between the
numbers mentioned in its arguments. It takes two arguments, lower limit(included in generation)
and upper limit(not included in generation).

# Python code to demonstrate the working of shuffle() and uniform()

# importing "random" for random operations
import random
# Initializing list
li = [1, 4, 5, 10, 2]
# Printing list before shuffling
print("The list before shuffling is : ", end="")
for i in range(0, len(li)):
print(li[i], end=" ")
print("\r")
# using shuffle() to shuffle the list
[Link](li)
# Printing list after shuffling
print("The list after shuffling is : ", end="")
for i in range(0, len(li)):
print(li[i], end=" ")
print("\r")
# using uniform() to generate random floating number in range
# prints number between 5 and 10
print("The random floating point number between 5 and 10 is : ", end="")
print([Link](5, 10))

Output:
The list before shuffling is : 1 4 5 10 2
The list after shuffling is : 2 1 4 5 10
The random floating point number between 5 and 10 is : 5.183697823553464