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Ch4 AES Algorithm

The AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a symmetric-key block cipher that encrypts 128-bit blocks using key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits, with corresponding rounds of 10, 12, or 14. It processes data in parallel and consists of several steps including Add Round Key, Sub Bytes, Shift Rows, Mix Columns, and a final round without Mix Columns. Key expansion involves operations such as left shifting and using an S-box for generating round keys.

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4 views4 pages

Ch4 AES Algorithm

The AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a symmetric-key block cipher that encrypts 128-bit blocks using key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits, with corresponding rounds of 10, 12, or 14. It processes data in parallel and consists of several steps including Add Round Key, Sub Bytes, Shift Rows, Mix Columns, and a final round without Mix Columns. Key expansion involves operations such as left shifting and using an S-box for generating round keys.

Uploaded by

Saad AlRaheem
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Ch4 AES Algorithm

ES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is:

 A symmetric-key cipher (same key for encryption & decryption)

 A block cipher

 Encrypts 128-bit blocks

Key sizes:

 128 bits → 10 rounds

 192 bits → 12 rounds

 256 bits → 14 rounds

AES is NOT Feistel (unlike DES).


All 128 bits are processed in parallel.

Plaintex
t 128
128/192/25
AES 6 K

128
Ciphertex
t
AES works on bytes (8 bits) and uses GF(2⁸) arithmetic.

🔹 Block → State

 Plaintext block = 128 bits = 16 bytes

 Arranged into a 4 × 4 matrix called the State

 Filled column by column

Structure of AES Encryption

Initial Step:

🔹 Add Round Key (XOR with key)

Then for each round:

1. Sub Bytes

2. Shift Rows

3. Mix Columns

4. Add Round Key

Last round:

❌ No Mix Columns

Sub bytes: (Confusion, Byte Substitution)

 Using S-box, CHECK SLIDES

Diffusion Layer:

1. Shift Rows sub-layer


a. Rows of the state matrix are shifted cyclically
b. Shifting, which permutes the bytes.
c. A circular byte shifts in each
i. 1st row is unchanged
ii. 2nd row does 1-byte circular shift to left
iii. 3rd row does 2-byte circular shift to left
iv. 4th row does 3-byte circular shift to left
d. In the encryption, the transformation is called Shift Rows
e. In the decryption, the transformation is called Inv Shift Rows and the shifting is to the
right
2. Mix Column sub-layer
a. Take each row, and make it into one value. (each byte into one value)
b. Do this by taking the first column and multiplying the first value by the constant
multiplication matrix, assume column is a, b, c, d and row in multiplication matrix is 01,
02, 03, 01:
A x 01 XOR Bx02 XOR Cx03 XOR D01 = New value of S0,0 in matrix
c. do this for the rest of the column and multiplication matrix. Then do the same for rest of
columns.
3. Add Round Key:
a. XOR matrix with key
Key Expansion:

Rot word: left shift

Sub Word: s-box

Rcon: given in Question or is just 01 00 00 00

For any thing to calculate first word in each round:

1. Take w3 and left shift it by 8 bytes:


 Ex. af 7f 67 98  7f 67 98 af
2. Now take result from 1 and put it into s-box
3. Perform this equation:
 Wi-4 XOR Result from 2 XOR Rcon

For any thing other than first word:

1. Take the word before it and XOR it with before it by 4. Ex. w6=w5 XOR w2

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