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The document explains the usage of the word 'been' as a past participle of 'come' and 'go', emphasizing its application in completed visits. It also clarifies the differences between 'about' and 'on', as well as 'by' and 'with', in terms of communication and actions. Additionally, it introduces the passive causative structure, highlighting how 'by' indicates the agent performing the action.

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6 views2 pages

Header

The document explains the usage of the word 'been' as a past participle of 'come' and 'go', emphasizing its application in completed visits. It also clarifies the differences between 'about' and 'on', as well as 'by' and 'with', in terms of communication and actions. Additionally, it introduces the passive causative structure, highlighting how 'by' indicates the agent performing the action.

Uploaded by

ladyaysha76
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

BEEN After 30’s

1. BEEN: meaning “come” or “gone”.


BEEN is often used as a past participle of come and go.

Granny has been to see us twice since Christmas.

I haven’t been to the theatre for ages

Have you ever been to Northern Ireland?

Note: “Been” is only used for completed visits. Compare:

Jane’s come, so we can start work. (She has come and she’s still here)

The postman’s already been here. (He has come and gone away again)

I’ve been to London three times this week.

Where’s Lucy? She’s gone to London.

2. ABOUT and ON
About: we use about to talk about general kinds of communication.

On: we use on to suggest that a book, a lecture, talk, etc is serious or academic, suitable for specialists.

Compare:

A book for children about Africa and its people (a text book or African history);

A conversation about money (a lecture on economics);

3. BY and WITH
BY and WITH can both be used to say how somebody does something, but there is an important difference.
We use BY when we talk about an action, what we do to get a result. We use WITH when we talk about a toll or
other object – what we use to get a result. Compare:

I killed the spider by hitting it. (the verb comes with ing after by)

I killed the spider with a shoe.

John: I got where I am by hard work.

Mark: No, you didn’t. You got there with your wife’s money.

Note: WITHOUT is used as the opposite of both with and by in these cases.

I got her to listen by shouting.

It’s difficult to get her to listen without shouting.

We’ll have to get it out with a screwdriver.

We can’t get it out without a screwdriver.

1
BEEN After 30’s

4. PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
In these clauses, BY introduces the agent – the person or thing that does the action.

I was interviewed by these directors.

He was killed by a heavy stone. (a stone fell and killed him)

He was killed with a heavy stone. (somebody used the stone to kill him)

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