To study the dependence of current (1) on the potential difference (V) across a resist. determine (i the resistance. Also, plot a graph between V and I. On oe Materials Required A resistor, sandpaper, ammeter (range 0-1.5 A), voltmeter (range 0-3 volt), rheostat, key, 3-volt battery, dry cells, connecting wires, ete. i Basic Concept Ohm's law : The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided that physical conditions like temperature, pressure, area of cross section, etc, remain constant. Val or VFR (Where R is the resistance of the resistor.) x I or =R Procedure Clean the end points of all the connecting wires with sandpaper. 2. Connect the battery, key, rheostat, ammeter and resistor in series as shown in arrangement diagram. 3. Connect the end points of resistor to a sensitive voltmeter. 4. Note down the least count of ammeter and voltmeter in your practical notebook. S. Move the rider of rheostat to your right. 6. Press the key and let the current flow in the circuit. 7. Note down the reading of ammeter and voltmeter. 8 Move the slider of rheostat towards left to change the amount of current in the circuit and note down the fresh readings of ammeter and voltmeter. 9. Draw a graph showing relation between potential difference and current.Observations / Calculations Least count of the ammeter = 0:4 amp. Zero error of the ammeter = __0°0 amp. Least count of the voltmeter = _0+5 volt. Zero error of the voltmeter = __O volt. Per a btrstye NO eee ta io ere) (in Oh [RZ (s)] Peay Peer ala Corrected | Observed division M5] O20! db 2 3. Mean value of R = thet Be = olves Graph ne : ahaa : a Graph showing relation between V and I ‘The graph between V and / is a straight line. Hence, Val Result 1. The resistance of the given wire = 2To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining the image of a distant object. Materials Required ‘An optical bench having mirror and screen holders, a concave mirror whose focal length is to determined and ground glass screen. Basic Concept Concave Mirror ; In case of a concave mirror, the mirror surface curves inward. When light on a concave mirror it is reflected back through a point called the focal point. Determining the focal length of a concave mirror 1. Any object situated very far off from the mirror is considered to be at infinity and the rays c from it are taken to be parallel rays. 2. These parallel rays after getting reflected, meet in the focal plane of the concave mirror to form. ) inverted, real and highly diminished image of the object at infinity. 3. Concave lens causes all incident rays falling on it to diverge. Arey of fare Atay of igh pass af Cuca pebdactes | CERT Seece oe pong cusegh (om a é ‘of cunaure © eu P * ¥ we x C7 z = i tr wd we a £ > ra) ry - Procedure 1. Mount the given concave mirror in the Parallel ys — mirror holder of optical bench and set eueo" the mirror holder at some whole number * _ of bench scale. 2. Place the optical bench at a distance of several metres, i.e. 4-5 metres from the light fitted on switch board. Reflecting surface of mirror should be facing the I ene bulb. Determine the focal length ofa concave mirrorAim To determine the focal length of a convex lens by obtaining the image of a distant object. Materials Required An optical bench having lens and screen holder stand, a convex lens, whose focal length is to determined and ground glass screen. Basic Concept In case of a convex mirror, the polishing is on the inner side of the sphere. Convex lens causes all incident rays falling on it to converge, Determining the focal length of a convex lens : 1. Any object situated very far off from the lens is considered to be at infinity and the rays comin from it are taken to be parallel rays, . i 2 These parallel rays after passing ska ty through the convex lens, converge in “in? > the focal plane to form a real, inverted g and highly diminished image of the object at infinity. Procedure Image formation by a convex lens 1. Mount the convex lens in a lens holder of optical bench and set it in a suitable position on the optical bench, 3. Set a ground glass screen on the other side of the lens, 4. Adjust the height of the screen to obtain the image on the screen. 5. Shift the position of screen to obtain most sharp image of the bulb on the screen. 5. Note down the position of lens and screen on the scale of optical bench,. Experiment/No. 12 { To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles incidence, Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction and angle of emergence and the result. Materials Requried A rectangular glass slab, pins, drawing paper, drawing board, geometry box. Basic Concept @ When any ray of light from one optical medium enters secon id optical medium, the ray of li deviates (either towards the normal or away from the normal) from its normal path. Such deviation light ray is called refraction, W the light ray enters a denser medium, it bends towards the normal (i > Zr) because light slower in the denser medium. © The phenomenon due to which a ra of light deviates from its path, while travelling from one optic medium to another optical mediui im is called refraction of light. © Snell's laws of refraction states that : {@) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the plane, (b) The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence tot two given media of different optical densit with respect to the first medium. he sine of angle of refraction isa constant, (for ies) called refractive index of the second m Sini sinr ath, © This law is called as Snell's law. Velocity of light in air = 3x 10% m/s, Velocity of light in glass = 1.8 10" m/s, Velocity of light in water = 2.25% 108 m/s. If it enters a rarer medium, it bends away from the normal (4r> Zi).Procedure 1. Spread a dr the page. Trace the ow ‘awing paper on a drawing board and place the rectangular glass slab in the middle of ine of slab namely P, Q, R, S. Draw a line AB inclined to edge PQ. This line will represent incident ray, angle of incident = 30°. n Set your eye on the side RS and observe the image of pin P, and P, as seen through the rectangular glass slab, Coincide the images of P, and P, Fix two pins P, and P, on line AB in vertical posi 6. Fix other two pins P, and P,, coinciding of images of P, and P,. Now only pin P, is visible Remove the slab and mark the positions of all the four pins. Draw line CD joining P, and P,. Line CD represents . emergent ray. <— 10cm——>” 8. Join BC which represents refracted ray. Draw normal MN at point B and normal N’M’ at point C. 9. Repeat the experiment by taking the different angles in incidence such as 45° and 60° on the other part of paper and measure the angle of refraction and emergence accordingly and tabulate them. Observation Incident ray AB when produced is parallel to emergent ray CD. Perpendicular distance between AB and CD is called lateral displacement. PM Gra Regn et ue CCR e ir est ie eeu Ce too No. (4i) ae 2 ee ths 60" (oo Result 1. As the difference between the angle of incidence and angle of emergence is within the experiment limits, i.e. + 1°, therefore : (a) Angle of refraction is less than angle of incidence when the rays of light travel from the rarer to the denser medium. (b) Angle of incidence = Angle of emergence. (c) Incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray. (d) With the increase in the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction increases. .-xperiment/ No! Aim To trace the path of the ray of light through a glass prism. Materials Required A white sheet of paper, glass prism, drawing paper, pins, drawing board, graphpaper, geometry box, Basic Concept Any transparent material (generally glass), bounded by two triangular surfaces and three rectang Surfaces is called prism. Factors affecting the deviation are : Angle of the Prims, its material and of incidence. Theory A prism has two triangular faces and three rectangular faces. Prism obeys laws of refraction like a rectangular glass slab. It is made up of transparent refracting material. Generally, angle of prism is 60°. When a ray of light passes through a glass prism, the emergent rays bend towards the base. Angle in between incident ray and emergent ray is called angle of deviation which is not constant and depends upon angle of incident, but it is angle of minimum deviation and is usually ® definite. Procedure 1. Spread a drawing paper on drawing board and place a prism in the middle of the paper with ‘one triangular face as base. 2. Mark the outline of the prism namely ABC. 3. Remove the prism and draw an oblique line PQ inclined with face AB, PQ will represent incident ray. Replace the prism on its outline ABC. 4. Fix two pins P, and P, on line PQ in vertical position. 5. Set your eye on the side AC and observe the images of P, and P, as seen through the prism. Coincide the images of P, and P,.