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Excretion Notes

Excretion is the biological process of removing harmful metabolic wastes from the body, with humans utilizing specialized organs like kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra for this purpose. In plants, excretion occurs through integrated physiological processes using structures like stomata and vacuoles, with methods including gaseous waste removal, transpiration, and storage in vacuoles. Both organisms manage waste to maintain homeostasis and prevent toxicity.

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5 views4 pages

Excretion Notes

Excretion is the biological process of removing harmful metabolic wastes from the body, with humans utilizing specialized organs like kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra for this purpose. In plants, excretion occurs through integrated physiological processes using structures like stomata and vacuoles, with methods including gaseous waste removal, transpiration, and storage in vacuoles. Both organisms manage waste to maintain homeostasis and prevent toxicity.

Uploaded by

Tanay H. Vora
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Excretion: • Excretion is the biological process of removing

harmful metabolic wastes from the body (e.g., urea, uric acid, carbon
dioxide, and excess salts).
• Simple organisms remove waste by diffusion; complex
organisms like humans use specialized organs.
Excretion in Humans:
-Why is it necessary?
-What does it?
– How does it happen?

-Why is it necessary? To remove harmful metabolic wastes from the body (e.g., urea, uric
acid, carbon dioxide, and excess salts).

-What does it?


Human Excretory System – Main Parts:
1. Kidneys (a pair) – Filter blood and form urine. Located in the
abdomen, on either side of the backbone.
2. Ureters (1 from each kidney) – Carry urine from kidneys to bladder
3. Urinary Bladder – Stores urine. Muscular sac.
4. Urethra – Removes urine from the body.

-How is Urine Produced?


Nephron:Basic structural (building blocks) & functional (carry out main functions) units
of kidney are NEPHRONS. (1 million in each)

1. Blood filtration occurs in nephrons.


2. Each nephron has:
• A Bowman’s capsule that surrounds a cluster of capillaries
(called glomerulus).
• These filter and collect nitrogenous waste (like urea) from blood.
—> Flitrate (from blood to tube)
3. The filtrate passes through a coiled tubule where:
• Useful substances (like glucose, amino acids, salts amd major
amounts of water) are selectively reabsorbed. (Tube to blood)
• Remaining waste forms urine.

Old NCERT FIG.


Urine Pathway:
Nephrons(Kidney) → Ureters → Urinary bladder → Urethra

Other Important Points:


• Water reabsorption depends on body’s needs.(quantity of excess
water and quantity of dissolved waste)
• Urinary bladder is muscular and under nervous control, so we can
control urination. Storage of urine makes it expand which leads to the urge
to urinate.

Excretion in Plants:
Unlike animals, plants lack specialized excretory organs. Their excretion methods are
integrated into their overall physiology, utilizing structures like stomata, vacuoles, and
non-living tissues for waste management.

Key Mechanisms of Excretion in Plants:


Key Mechanisms of Excretion in Plants:
1. Gaseous Waste Removal:
• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide:
0₂:Produced during photosynthesis; expelled through stomata on leaves.
CO₂: Generated during respiration, also released via stomata.

2. Water Excretion:
• Transpiration: Excess water is eliminated primarily through transpiration, where
water vapour exits the plant through stomata, helping in nutrient transport and temperature
regulation.

3. Storage and Shedding:


• Vacuolar Storage: Many waste productsmare stored in cellular vacuoles.
• Leaf Abscission: Accumulated wastes are often stored in leaves, which are
periodically shed.

. Deposition in Non-Functional Tissues:


• Resins and Gums: Other waste products are stored as resins and gums, especially
in old xylem. These substances can aid in wound sealing and defense against pathogens.

5. Exudation into Surrounding Soil:


• Plants sometimes excrete waste compounds directly into the soil through roots.

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