American Studies—Plano East
Chapter 3 Study Guide
Total Number of Pages: 30
Dates Covered by Chapter: ca. 1650-1740
Events, Innovations, and Individuals
Remember to include the Why Does It Matter (WDIM)
● King Philip’s War (p. 79)— A multiyear conflict that began in 1675 between the English and
a Native alliance led by Wampanoags Metacom (King Philip) and Weetamoo. Its end result
was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the dispossession of the
Wampanoags and other Indians.
o WDIM—
● mercantilism (p. 79)— Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the
economies of colonies to benefit the mother country.
o WDIM—
● Navigation Acts (p. 80)— Law passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade
and bolster the mercantile system, 1651–1775; enforcement of the act led to growing
resentment by colonists.
o WDIM—
● Covenant Chain (p. 82)— Alliance formed in the 1670s between the English colony of New
York and the Haudenosaunee League and eventually other colonies and Native nations.
o WDIM—
● Yamasee War (p. 83)— War between South Carolina and Yamasee and Muscogee Indians,
aggravated by rising debts and slave traders’ raids; although the Yamasee lost, the war
resulted in the end of South Carolina’s Indian slave trade.
o WDIM—
● Society of Friends (Quakers) (p. 83)— Religious group in England and America whose
members believed all persons possessed the “inner light” or spirit of God; they were early
proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women.
o WDIM—
● Bacon’s Rebellion (p. 86)— Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon
against British Governor of Virginia William Berkeley’s administration.
American Studies—Plano East
o WDIM—
● Glorious Revolution (p. 88)— A coup in 1688 engineered by a small group of aristocrats that
led to William of Orange taking the British throne in place of James II.
o WDIM—
● English Bill of Rights (p. 88)— A series of laws enacted in 1689 that inscribed the rights of
English men into law and enumerated parliamentary powers such as taxation.
o WDIM—
● Dominion of New England (p. 89)— Consolidation into a single colony of the New England
colonies—and later New York and New Jersey—by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686;
dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later.
o WDIM—
● English Toleration Act (p. 92)— A 1690 act of Parliament that allowed all English
Protestants to worship freely.
o WDIM—
● Salem witch trials (p. 92)— A crisis of trials and executions in Salem, Massachusetts, in
1692 that resulted from anxiety over witchcraft.
o WDIM—
● Natchez War (p. 104)— War begun in 1729 by the Natchez Indians against the French who
were building plantations on Natchez land. With help from Native allies, the French won the
war and drove the Natchez from their homeland.
o WDIM—
Context: What is happening in the larger world outside of what will become the United States
during this time and how did those things affect American History (see pg. 78 for help)?
1. ___
2. ___
3. ___
Focused Reading
● How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century? (pg. 79)
American Studies—Plano East
● How was slavery established in the Western Atlantic world? (pg. 84)
● What major social and political crises rocked the colonies in the late 17th century? (pg. 88)
● What was the direction of social and economic change in the 18th century colonies? (pg. 93)
● How did patterns of class and gender roles change in 18th century America? (pg. 100)
● What was the extent of Native power across the continent by the mid-18th century? (pg. 104)
Chapter Review and AP Practice (pg. 106)
Review and be able to answer the (10) questions on page 106. At least one of them will appear
on an assessment.
1. Analyze the ways in which the Puritans and William Penn both viewed their colonies as
“holy experiments.”
a. Both the Puritans and William Penn viewed their colonies as “holy experiments”,
creating societies based on religious and political ideals.
i. Religion: Puritan’s “city upon a hill” of a godly society that expelled
corruption, William Penn’s haven for Quakers and religious tolerance, both
based on a moral society, West Jersey Concession of 1677
ii. Political Structure: Puritans developed strict theocracy/religious conformity
and collective piety (John Winthrop), Quakers created Charter of Liberties
which protected individual Christian liberty
iii. Compare: both wanted collective morality for their communities, thru both
conformity and equality
2. Evaluate the economic forces, events, and laws that shaped the experiences of enslaved
people.
a. The experiences of enslaved people was highly unique in the English colonies, driven
by economic demand for labor and social acceptance of enslavement
i. Economic demand: Middle Passage, tobacco and sugar plantations in Atlantic
coast and West Indies
ii. Social Acceptance: Bacon’s Rebellion shifts labor from indentured servitude
towards slaves who aren’t subject to English law, House of Burgesses
legalizes owning of slaves and removes rights from slaves
iii. Causation: The need for a wide labor source created a unique slave experience
of plantation economies and harrowing treatment, subjugating their place in
English society.
American Studies—Plano East
3. Briefly explain English leaders’ understanding of the place and role of the American
colonies in England’s growing empire.
a.
4. Assess the ways in which widespread crisis rocked British North America in the late 17th
century. In your response, address (2) of the following: King Philip’s War, Bacon’s
Rebellion, and the Salem witch trials.
a. Widespread crisis heavily rocked British North america in the late 17th century
through delicate relations with local Native tribes, and increased social stratification
i. Native tribes: King Philip’s War and Yamasee War in North and South
happen bc of land disagreements and unfair trade deals → further displaced
the natives and caused devastation of land
ii. Social Stratification: Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia from social classes like
indentured servants wanting better rights, Salem Witch Trials prosecuted
economically independent unmarried women (threat to social fabric)
iii. CCOT: Social frameworks that had been set up at the beginning of
English colonialism began to fall apart both externally with Native
Americans and internally with lower class and women →
iv. also could say Dominion of New England but idrk that
5. Analyze the validity of the following statement: “The social structure of the 18 th century
colonies was growing more open for some but not for others.” In your response, consider
(2) of the following pairs: men and women, Whites and Blacks, and rich and poor.
a. The statement that “the social structure of the 18th century colonies was growing
more open for some but not for others” is valid when analyzing the experiences of
different social groups, focusing on rich and poor and Whites and Blacks.
i. Rich and Poor: grew more open, Bacons Rebellion improves rights for
indentured servants, Consumer Revolution makes luxury goods like tea
readily available for everyone
ii. Whites and Blacks: grew more closed, Fundamental Constitution of
Carolinas rewarded slaveowners, Trans-atlantic slave trade used primarily
black slaves → increase of slave codes that justified violence
6. Briefly explain how the North American colonies were directly linked to Atlantic
commerce by laws and trade.
a. North American colonies were linked to Atlantic commerce thru mercantilist policies
and the Triangular trade
i. Mercantilist polices: Navigation acts limited colonial shipping to the Royal
Navy, rise of port cities like Philadelphia (connect countryside to Britain)
ii. Triangular trade: strong relationship between English colonies and West
Indies from sugar, fish, grain, slaves also traded heaily on the Middle Passage
iii. Causation: Both of these occurences made Atlantic commerce the North
American colonies’ main connection to the global economy.
American Studies—Plano East
7. Evaluate the diversity between the different colonies if one were to travel from New
England to the South. In your response, address (2) of the following: economics, religion,
and ethnicity.
a. Traveling from New England to the Southern colonies reveals significant diversity
among the colonies, particularly in terms of economic systems and level of religious
diversity.
i. Economic systems: New England focused on small scale farming and trade,
eg. port cities like NYC Boston Philly, Southern colonies have plantation
lifestyle, cash crops like rice and tobacco fulfilled by slaves
ii. Religion: Religion is segregated by colony like Puritans in Massachussetts,
Quakers in Penn → dominated by Puritans, in South, much more
Anglican and religious diversity, eg. Methodists, Baptists
iii. Compare: Religion is a much bigger part of social life in New England, while
economy is bigger in the South due to different motivations during settlement.
8. Analyze the impact that the family’s centrality to economic life had on gender relations
and the roles of women.
a. The family’s centrality to economic life changed gender relations and the roles of
women to reflect increased economic contributions and decreased legal status
i. Economy: independence of middle class farmer depended on women/child
labor, increased domestic labor → justified by Puritan belief in
man/woman relationship
ii. Legal status: decreased as 18th century progresses (coverture), Salem Witch
trials patronized economically independent women
iii. CCOT: The legal and economic freedom women enjoyed in early days of
Virginian colonies bc of imbalance sex ration was replaced by growing
patriarchy and increased domestic labor
9. Analyze the ways in which people in the colonies were both similar to and different from
people in England.
a. People in the colonies varied from those in England in both their social structures and
their economic opportunities.
i. Economic opportunities: both believed in value of land ownership in society
(headright system and House of Lords), more diverse economic activities in
colonies than England (plantation economy vs. industrializing country)
ii. Social structure: both believed in concept of English liberty (Mayflower
Compact, Fundamental orders of Connecticut vs universal male suffrage),
more social mobility in colonies than in England?
iii. CCOT: People in the colonies did not create a unique American identity for
quite some time, and continuously prided themselves on being British through
British social systems and wearing British goods.
10. Describe the change brought about on the Great Plains by the introduction of horses.
American Studies—Plano East
- high conflict in last quarter of 17th century between social classes, settler/Native
American, religions, and Eurioean empires
- 1675: Native alliance attacked New Englanders who encroached on their land →
most violent warfare in the region
- called King philip’s War by colonists because that was the nickname of
Wampanoag leader Metacom
- Wampanoag + allies attacked half of New England → line of settlement was
pushed east
- 1676: Mohawks join fight and war becomes deadly → native towns destroyed, natives
sold into slavery and death
- survivors either fled to Canada or were forced to live under Puritan supervision
- King Philips War expanded New Englander’s land and displaced Native people
GLOBAL COMPETITION AND EXPANSION OF ENGLISH EMPIRE
The Mercantilist System:
- governments should regulate colonial economies to promote national power
- trade controlled so more gold/silver flows in than out → exports > imports
- role of colonies was to produce raw materials and importing manufactured goods
- commerce = empire
- Navigation Act: colonial goods like tobacco and sugar had to be transported and sold by
English and than re-exported to other markets
- colonies had to pay custom duties to English merchants
- American colonies also profited because they were “english” → led to New England’s
shipbuilding economy
Conquest of New Netherlands:
- restoration of English monarchy (charles II) in 1660 → new colonial expansion
- Royal African Company had monopoly over slave trade
- number of North American english colonies dounled
- English siezed New Netherland through Anglo-Dutch wars in 1664-1674
- NYC becomes large export city
- New York population doubled by 1683
- Terms said Englush would respect religious beliefs and property holdings but not
women’s legal rights
- English coverture overtook Dutch women’s legal freedom
- increased slave trade
- few families consolidated power and formed an elite class of landowners
New York and Haudenosaunee
American Studies—Plano East
- initially, English rule strengthened Haundenosaunee League
- Covenant Chain: alliance between English and Haudenosaunee → joined to
fight Native and French rivals → served as a model for relations between the
British Empire and other Native American groups.
- 1680s: Natives in Ohio Valley attacked Haudenosaunee with french aid and pushed
Haudenosaunee back east
- adopted policy of neutrality and still did fur trade
The Charter of Liberties
- New York colonists complained over the lack of right to consent to taxation
- 1683: duke of York called elected assembly that drafted Charter of Liberties/Priveleges
- elections only for property owners/free men
- reaffirmed trad English rights like trial by jury, property, and Protestant religious
toleration
The Founding of Carolina
- 1670: first English settlers in carolina to counter Spanish expansion in florida
- offshoot of Caribbean plantation economy bc of a land shortage
- sought native allies by offering guns for deer skins → led to raiding
- led to Yamasee and Creek trading 10k Native slaves to mainland and West Indies
colonies
- Indian slaves exported from Carolina > African slaves imported
- Yamasee War; Yamasee incurred debts from unfair trade and got weapons from Spanish
- attacked English settlements but was quickly defeated bc of Anglo-Cherokee
alliance
- made Carolina colonists buy exclusively African slaves
- Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina by proprietors proposed a feudal system but also
an elected assembly and religious toleration
- generuous headright system
- wanted to replicate plantation system of Barbados which rewarded slaveowners
- planters discovered rice that would make them rly rich and entrenched in slave
labor
The Holy Experiment:
- last english colony was Pennsylvania in 1681
- founder William Penn wanted it to be a place for those escaping religious persecution and
colonial-Native coexistence
- member of Society of Friends (Quakers), wanted a refuge for coreligionists
- Penn assisted English quakers buy land from New Jersey Lord Berkeley
- created West Jersey Concession government in 1677 → elected assembly with a suffrage
and religious liberty
- considered a holy experiment like Puritans, but was a free colony
- wanted Pennsylvania governed by Quaker principles → equality of ALL people,
individualism → say no to slavery
- treated Natives with respect → didn’t have any sort of militia til 1740s
- Charter of Liberty: gave Christian liberty to those who j believed in God and weren’t
selfish
- still a strict code of morality, no sweating or drunkenness
American Studies—Plano East
- citizenry > religious uniformity
Land in Pennsylvania:
- land was much more readily available in Pennsylvania
ENTRENCHMENT OF AMERICAN SLAVERY:
- slave trade skyrocketed from 1600s to 1800s
- in late 1600s: colonies legalized oppression of slaves
Slavery and the Law
- centuries pre-Columbus: Spain had laws protected slavers’ right to freedom that came to
Spanish American empire, gave them rights under the law
- English slave law was more repressive: no avenues to freedom
- 17th century: more chances of freedom for slaves after a few years
- racial distinctions like taxes were enacted into law compared to French, Dutch,
Spanish
Rise of Chesapeake Slavery:
- 1660s: rise of slave law in Virginia and Maryland
- as demand for labor/tobacco increased, Black slave conditions decreased
- gov officials wanted to better conditions for WHITE servants to decrease the
perception in England that Virginia was a death trap
- provided that status of offspring was the same as the mother → made sexual abuse of
enslaved women profitable since all resulting children became property
- provided religious conversion couldn’t give slave freedom → Christians could own
Christian slaves
- provided interracial offspring were illegitimate → no distint mixed race class unlike
Spanish empire → African ancestry = Black
Bacons’s Rebellion;
- in Virginia: Gov. William Berkeley had a corrupt regime with wealthy tobacco planters
(bribert and land grants for loyalty)
- left freed indentured servants with little available land
- 1670s: white poverty = that of England, right to vote only for landowners
- Gov Berkeley had peace with Natives which angered white settlers who wanted
their land
- 1676: settlers demaded that Berkeley remove Natives on colonial borders → Berk refuses
→ led to massacre of Occaneechi Natives
- a conflict within Virginian elite: Berk vs Bacon supporters
- Bacon called for Native removal, reduced taxes during a recession gained support
from landless men and indentured servants
- Bacon promised freedom and Native land to his supporters
- 1676: Bacon marches on Jamestown and becomes ruler of Virginia → warships from
England had to restore order
- the civil war scared Virginian elite who than consolidated their power and tried to
improve their status
- restored property needs for voting, gave more land to indentured servants to gain
their support
American Studies—Plano East
- New Native policy took land from Native ppl on western border and gave it to landless
men
- extreme shift to slave instead of indentured slave labor
Slave Society:
- as death rate begins to fall, more efficient to purchase laborer for life
- Royal Africa Company monopoly on slave trade ends → decreases slave price
- by 1750, slaves are 50% of Virginian population
- House of Burgesses declared slaves were property of owners and white community, no
Black person can own arms or employ a white servant
- slavery became center of economic process
COLONIES IN CRISIS
- King Philips War and Bacons Rebellion happened in concurrence w other colonial
disruptions
- population, shift in power, Native wars over borders
- colonial authority crisis
The Glorious Revolution
- 1688 at the end of English Civil War, English aristocrats invited William of Orange
to rule bc he was Protestant and James was an absolutist→ coup
- entrenched that liberty ws a birthright of English men, even King
- 1689: English Bill of Rights- listed parliamentary powers] and individual rights like trial
by jury
- Toleration Act allowed Protestant dissenters to worship
- Protesnat domination in Colonies
- enforced sense of freedom and Protestantism in colonies
The Glorious Revolution in America
- until 1670s, N American colonies governed themselves (salutary neglect)
- 1675: England makes The Lords of Trade to oversee colonies
- 1680s: England reduces colonial autonomy
- before death, James II combined all northern colonies under Dominion of New England
- ruled by NY gov Sir Edmund Andros who didn’t have an elected assembly
- 1689: Glorious Revolution caused rebellion
- Boston militia jailed Andros and returned to normal government
- rebel militia established Committee of Safety and took New York
- Marylands Protestant Association overthrew Catholic Lord Baltimore
- 1715: Baltimore family converted to Protestantism and got back their proprietorship
- ended Maryland’s history of religious toleration
- in NY, new ruler Jacob Leisler put Dutch back in power and ransacked Wealthy
- William and Mary sent a new governor but caused permanent polarized NY
politics
- New England colobies lobbied for restoration of og charters
- most successful, massachusetts not → Plymouth was absorbed into
Massachusetts and changed Bible Commonwealth
- now property ownership not church membership was required to vote
American Studies—Plano East
- governor was appt not elected → became a royal colony and voters weren’t
Puritan anymore(got rid of church membership)
- required religious toleration → increased tensions in Puritan leaders who
thought other Protestant denominations were evil
- Exposed fault lines in colonial society + offered local elites to regain authority.
The Salem Witch Trials
- belief in witchcraft was widespread in 17th cent Europe/Americas
- witches were women who were accused of being with the devil to get magical powers
used to interfere with natural powers
- if child was stillborn → believed witchcraft was at work
- punished by execution and were usually hanged
- usually women who were older, economically independent, unmarried, or strayed
from gender norms
- 1692: young girls in Salem, massachussetts had fits and nightmares and people
accused witches → 14 women were hanged
- govenor of Massachusetts dissolved Salem court bc of the fanatacism
- caused prominent colonists to look towards science instead of magic
THE GROWTH OF COLONIAL AMERICA
- Three competing empires in North America
- Spanish: growing mestizo pop, settler elite, relied on silver/gold mines of
Mexico/SA
- French: plantation islands in Caribbean, trading posts along the St Lawrence
Valley
- English; less land, but much more population and trade
- after instability of late 1600s, English N America grows a lot pop wise
- starvation dec, agriculture settled westward, high immigration
- Native populations heavily declined
Diverse Population
- 1700: colonies were primarily English, by end of cent, many more African and European
arrivals
- 40% of European immigrants were indentured servants but there started to be more
professionals, skilled craftsmen who emigrated
- to inc Chesapeake work force, 50k english convict sent to work in tobacco fields
- Officials also encouraged protestant immigration from non-English British places like
Scotland, Northern Ireland
- most were presbyterian → religious diversity
The German Migration
- largest immigrant pop bc of internal religious persecution in decentralized Germany
- English and Dutch merchants created well organized indentured servants system that
settled on the colonial frontier → tight knit German farming communities
Religious Diversity
- 18th cent English America was not a melting pot → ethnic groups tended to live in
homogenous communities
American Studies—Plano East
- still way more diverse than Britain, especially religiously
- not New England they were really white
- other than NJ, Rhode Island, and Penn, colonies didn’t have separation of church and
state
- by mid 18th century, Protestant religious toleration flourished (still coudn’t hold
public office”
- Pennsylvania was especially accepting
Native-Colonial Relations
- new immigrants who thought liberty= land ownership, threatened Native nations on
Atlantic coast
- by 18th cent, Native people were integrated into global trade networks
- Confederacies like Catawbas and Muscogee Confederacy united independent
towns and took in refuges from colonial wars
- to preserve independence, they moved away and became interdependent on other
native ppl
- British viewed Natives as obstacles to land and allies of France of Spain
- Walking Purchase of 1737: pressured Delaware tribe to sell land a man could walk in
36 hourss → hired runners
- made fraud dealing common
- turned native colonial relations sour
Religious Diversity 2.0
- small farms used family labor and were for local consumption in the backcountry
(Virginia and Carolinas)
- backcountry growing rapidly
- grain and livestock
- older parts of Middle Colonies (coast) → more geared to commerce
- used laborers, some slaves
- Pennsylvania → good Native relations, good growing conditions, land policy → best
standard of living
Consumer Revolution
- 18th century → British overtake Dutch as producer of cheap goods like coffee, tea,
linel, pins, etc.
- American colonies had proliferation of ships and ads for British goods
- eg. tea was once a luxury → now a necessity
Colonial Cities:
- British colonial cities were still small compared to Europe and Spanish America
- were mostly gathering places for goods to be sent to countryside
- inc. trade → rise of port cities, more colonial mercnats, artisans and poor
- Philly became English empire 3rd busiest port
- was successful bc they catered to rich agricultural region with farm goods,
extended credit, etc.
- relationship led to exports in Triangular trade
- bigger cities = more artisans who had more economic freedom (self-employed) even with
influx of British goods
An Atlantic World
American Studies—Plano East
- British manufactured goods in return for raw materials from North America and West
Indies
- farm products shipped to Britain and West Indies
- tobacco fell under Navigation acts and rexported from Britain
- grain from NA to WI, sugar from WI to NA, fish/grain from NA to S. Europe, ships from
NA to Britain
- British regulation of trade like nav acts weren’t bad because it wasn’t enforced well
- British Navy protected American shipping
SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE BRITISH COLONIES
The Colonial Elite
- elite class began to dominate society bc of inc trade
- upper class of merchants in NE and Middle Colonies → commercial ties to
London firms
- by 1750: Chesapeake and Southern colonies had plantation economy exporting staple
crops like tobacco and rice
- rulers of proprietary colonies like Pennsylvania and Maryland
- no titled aristocracy → elite simply controlled government
- Virginia upper class intermarried to maintain the group
- used this power to gain more land as they pushed west into Native land
- richest colonists were S Carolina planters
- wealth enabled them to enjoy social life in Charleston (only major S. city)
New World Cultures
- before revolution, no real American identity
- Europeans depicted Americas with images of Natives
- European immigrants maintained home culture
- British immigrants wanted to create English identity in New World
- People in Great Britain saw colonists as convicts, religious dissenters, poor servants
- led colonists to align with Brtish liberities and free commerce
- British identity = opposition to others like Spanish, French, Catholics, Natives
Anglicization
- most of 18th century → colonies had more trade w Britain than themselves
- didn’t see themselves as American, but more and more English
- modeled lives after British life like sending kids to British schools and importing British
luxuries
- liberty to English elite colonial men meant social hierarchy
- labor was something meant for peasants and slaves
Colonial Poverty
- growing slave pop lived in poverty
- initially free English colonial poverty was low, but gre in cities as more ppl didn’t have
property
- wealth concentrated in top 10% of pop
Middle Ranks
- majority of free Americans in middle class
- ethnic diversity and distribution of land was what made colonies diff from Europe
- ⅔ of pop were farmers who had their own land
American Studies—Plano East
- colonial farm families saw land ownership as a right
- didn’t like governmental, or Native efforts to limit land
- dislike of personal dependence and understanding of freedom
Women and Household Economy
- family was center of economic life
- independence of middle class farmer depended on women/child labor
- high birth rate, low death rate → more marriages, family life stabilized
- coverture strictly enforced
- in 17th cent., women could rep themselves in court, did all kinds of work
- in 18th cent., women not allowed in court, restricted to home labor
- more time in child care and domestic chores
Natchez War: Natives expel French from their Mississippi River plantations
- they lose, but get more rights
- French loosen grip on slave trade