Based on the textbook content you provided, here are the complete answers to the chapter
exercise on page 15.
1. Use Whittaker method to classify algae, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, prokaryotic and
eukaryotic microbes.
According to Whittaker's classification method:
● Prokaryotic microbes: Bacteria (classified under Kingdom Monera).
● Eukaryotic microbes: These include Protozoa (Kingdom Protista), Fungi (Kingdom
Fungi), and Algae.
2. Complete the five kingdom method of classification using living organism,
prokaryotes, eukaryotes, multicellular, unicellular, protista, animals, plants, fungi.
Here is the completed classification hierarchy:
● Living Organisms are divided into Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
● Prokaryotes are Unicellular, forming Kingdom 1: Monera.
● Eukaryotes are divided into Unicellular and Multicellular.
● The Unicellular eukaryotes form Kingdom 2: Protista.
● The Multicellular eukaryotes are divided into Kingdom 3: Fungi, Kingdom 4: Plantae
(Plants), and Kingdom 5: Animalia (Animals).
3. Find out my partner
● Fungi -> Candida
● Protozoa -> Amoeba
● Virus -> Bacteriophage
● Algae -> Chlorella
● Bacteria -> Prokaryotic
4. State whether the following statements are true or false. Explain your statement.
● a. Lactobacilli are harmful bacteria. * False. Lactobacilli are useful bacteria found in
everyday food items like curd and buttermilk.
● b. Cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin. * True. The cell wall of fungi consists of a tough
and complex sugar called chitin.
● c. Organ of locomotion in amoeba is pseudopodia. * True. Amoeba relies on
pseudopodia for movement (locomotion).
● e. Tomato wilt is a viral disease. * True. Tomato wilt is caused by the Tomato Wilt Virus.
5. Give answers.
● a. State the merits of Whittaker's method of classification.
It classifies organisms systematically by taking into account fundamental criteria such as
the complexity of cell structure (Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic), the complexity of organisms
(Unicellular vs. Multicellular), their mode of nutrition
(Autotrophic/Heterotrophic/Saprophytic), their lifestyle
(Producers/Consumers/Decomposers), and their phylogenetic relationships.
● b. Write the characteristics of viruses.
Viruses are extremely minute (about 10 nm to 100 nm) and can only be seen with an
electron microscope. A virus is simply a long molecule of DNA or RNA covered by a
protein coat. They can only survive inside living plant or animal cells, where they produce
their own proteins using the host cell, create numerous replicas of themselves, and then
destroy the host cell to spread infection.
● c. Explain the nutrition in fungi.
Fungi are saprotrophs, which means they absorb their food from decaying organic
matter and dead bodies of plants and animals.
● d. Which living organisms are included in the kingdom monera?
All types of bacteria and blue-green algae are included in the Kingdom Monera.
6. Who am I?
● a. I don't have true nucleus, cell organelles or plasma membrane. -> Prokaryote /
Bacteria (Kingdom Monera)
● b. I have nucleus and membrane bound cell organelles. -> Eukaryote
● c. I live on decaying organic matter. -> Fungi
● d. I reproduce mainly by cell division. -> Bacteria or Protozoa
● e. I can produce my replica. -> Virus
● f. I am green, but don't have organs. -> Algae
7. Draw neat and labelled diagrams.
Here are the visual representations for your diagram references:
8. Arrange the following in ascending order of size: Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Algae.
Viruses < Bacteria < Fungi < Algae
(Explanation: Viruses are the smallest ranging from 10 nm to 100 nm. Bacteria are slightly larger
at 1 µm to 10 µm. Fungi and Algae are larger still, typically ranging from 10 µm to 100 µm, with
many species being multicellular and visible to the naked eye.)
As an AI, I cannot generate, draw, or output actual image files. However, I can provide you with
clear text-based charts, formatted tables, and detailed structural guides so you can easily
visualize and draw the answers for these questions based on the "8th [Link]" file.
Here are the visual representations and charts for your questions:
Question 2: Five Kingdom Method of Classification
Here is the text-based chart for the classification hierarchy. You can draw this as a top-down
flowchart in your notebook.
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 (The Five Kingdoms)
Living Prokaryotes Unicellular Kingdom 1: Monera
Organisms
Eukaryotes Unicellular Kingdom 2: Protista
Multicellular Kingdom 3: Fungi (Cell wall
present, no photosynthesis)
Kingdom 4: Plantae (Cell wall
present, performs
photosynthesis)
Kingdom 5: Animalia (No cell
wall)
Question 3: Find out my partner
Here is the matched table for the pairs.
Column A (Organism Type) Column B (Example/Characteristic)
Fungi Candida
Protozoa Amoeba
Virus Bacteriophage
Algae Chlorella
Bacteria Prokaryotic
Question 7: Draw neat and labelled diagrams
Since I cannot draw them for you, here is a precise guide on what shapes to draw and which
labels to include for each based on the textbook.
a. Different types of bacteria
Draw these five distinct shapes and label them exactly as follows:
● Coccus: Draw small, perfectly round spheres.
● Cocco-bacillus: Draw short, thick, oval-like rods (a mix between a sphere and a rod).
● Bacillus: Draw straight, capsule-like or pill-shaped cylindrical rods.
● Vibrio: Draw curved, comma-shaped rods.
● Spirillum: Draw wavy, spiral, or corkscrew-shaped lines.
b. Paramoecium
● Shape to draw: Draw an elongated, oval "slipper" shape.
● Labels to include:
○ Cilia: Draw tiny, hair-like projections all around the outside border.
○ Macronucleus: Draw a large, kidney-bean-shaped blob in the center.
○ Micronucleus: Draw a tiny dot right next to the macronucleus.
○ Oral Groove: Draw an inward depression or "mouth" on one side of the body.
c. Bacteriophage (Virus)
● Shape to draw: Draw a robotic or alien-like structure consisting of a geometric head and
spider-like legs.
● Labels to include:
○ Head (Capsid): Draw a 3D hexagon/icosahedron at the very top.
○ DNA: Draw a squiggly line inside the geometric head.
○ Collar: Draw a small disc connecting the head to the tail.
○ Sheath (Tail): Draw a thick cylindrical tube pointing downwards from the collar.
○ Base Plate: Draw a flat plate at the bottom of the sheath.
○ Tail Fibers: Draw several long, bent, spidery legs extending outwards and
downwards from the base plate.