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[Link] Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

1) Define relative atomic mass.
The relative atomic mass is defined as the ratio of the average atomic mass factor to the unified
atomic mass unit.
Relative atomic mass (Ar)= Average mass of an atom / Unified atomic mass
2) Define relative molecular mass
The relative molecular mass is defined as the ratio of the mass of a molecule to the unified atomic
mass unit.
Relative molecular mass = Average mass of a molecule / Unified atomic mass
3) What do you understand by the term mole.
The total number of atoms present in 12 g of carbon -12 isotope.
1 Mole = 6.023 × 1023 entities
4) Define Avogadro Number:
The total number of entities present in one mole of any substance is equal to 6.022 x 1023.
This number is called Avogadro number.
5) Define Molar Mass:
Molar mass is defined as the mass of one mole of a substance. The molar mass of a
compound is equal to sum of the relative atomic masses of its constituents expressed in g mol-1.
6) Define Molar Volume:
The volume occupied by one mole of any substance in the gaseous state at a given
temperature and pressure is called molar volume.

7) Define equivalent mass.

Gram equivalent mass of an element, compound or ion is the mass that combines or
displaces 1.008 g hydrogen or 8 g oxygen or 35.5 g chlorine.
Equivalent mass has no unit but gram equivalent mass has the unit g eq -1
8) Define Empirical formula
Empirical formula of a compound is the formula written with the simplest ratio of the
number of different atoms present in one molecule of the compound as subscript to the atomic
symbol.
The ratio of C : H : O is 1 : 2 : 1 and hence the empirical formula of acetic acid is CH 2O.
9) Define Molecular formula
Molecular formula of a compound is the formula written with the actual number of
different atoms present in one molecule as a subscript to the atomic symbol. The molecular
formula of acetic acid is C2H4O2
Molecular formula of a compound is a whole number multiple of the empirical formula. The
whole number can be calculated from the molar mass of the compound using the following
expression,
Whole number (n) = Molar mass of the compound / Calculated empirical formula mass
10) What is stochiometry?
Stoichiometry gives the numerical relationship between chemical quantities
in a balanced chemical equation.
11) What is Limiting Reagents , Excess reagents ?
When a reaction is carried out using non-stoichiometric quantities of the reactants, the
product yield will be determined by the reactant that is completely consumed. It limits the further
reaction from taking place and is called as the limiting reagent. The other reagents which are in
excess are called the excess reagents.

12) What do you understand by the term oxidation number.

It is defined as the imaginary charge left on the atom when all other atoms of the
compound have been removed in their usual oxidation states that are assigned according to set of
rules.
13) Distinguish between oxidation and reduction.

Oxidation Reduction
Addition of oxygen is takes place Addition of Hydrogen is takes place
Removal of Hydrogen is takes place Removal of Oxygen is takes place
Removal of electron is takes place Gain of electron is takes place
Increasing of oxidation number. Decreasing of oxidation number.

14) Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds.

i) urea [CO(NH2)2] C = 12 x 1 = 12 ii) acetone [CH3COCH3]
O = 16 x 1 = 16 C = 12x 3 = 36
N = 14 x 2 = 28 H=1x6 = 6
H=1 x4 = 4 O = 16 x 1 = 16
60 g / mol 58 g / mol

iii) boric acid [H3BO3] H = 1 x 3 = 3 iv) sulphuric acid [H2SO4] H = 1 x 2 = 2

B = 11 x1 = 11 S = 32 x 1 = 32
O = 16 x 3 = 48 O = 16 x 4 = 64
62 g / mol 98 g / mol
-3
15) The density of carbon dioxide is equal to 1.965 kg m at 273 K and 1 atm pressure.
Calculate the molar mass of CO2.
Given :
Density = 1.965 kg m-3 at 273 K and 1 atm
Molar Mass of CO2 = ?
Solution :
At 273 K and 1 atm , Molar volume of CO2 = 22.4 L
Mass of 1 mol of CO2 = 1.965 kg / m 3 x 22.4 L
= 1.965 x 10 3 g / m 3 x 22.4 x 10 -3 m3
Mass of 1 mol of CO2 = 44 g mol -1

16) Which contains the greatest number of moles of oxygen atoms?

i) 1 mol of ethanol ii) 1 mol of formic acid iii) 1 mol of H2O
Ans: i) 1 mol of ethanol = C2H5OH = 1 x 6.023 x 10 23 = 6.023 x 10 23 oxygen atoms.
ii) 1 mol of formic acid = HCOOH = 2 x 6.023 x 10 23 = 12.046 x 10 23 oxygen atoms.
iii) 1 mol of H2O = H2O = 1 x 6.023 x 10 23 = 6.023 x 10 23 oxygen atoms.
Hence Formic acid contains the greatest number of moles of oxygen atoms.
17) Calculate the average atomic mass of naturally occurring magnesium using the following
data, Isotope, Isotopic atomic mass, Abundance (%) are Mg24 : 23.99, 78.99, Mg26 :24.99 ,10.00
Mg25 : 25.98 , 11.01.
Solution: Isotope Isotopic Atomic Mass Abundance
24
Mg 23.99 78.99
Mg26 24.99 10.00
25
Mg 25.98 11.01
Average Atomic Mass = ( 78.99 x 23.99 ) + ( 10 x 24.99 ) + ( 11.01 x 25.98 ) / 100
= 2430.9 / 100 = 24.31 u
18) In a reaction x + y + z2 xyz2 identify the Limiting reagent if any, in the following
reaction mixtures.
(a) 200 atoms of x + 200 atoms of y + 50 molecules of z2
(b) 1mol of x + 1 mol of y+3 mol of z2
(c) 50 atoms of x + 25 atoms of y+50 molecules of z2
d) 2.5 mol of x +5 mol of y+5 mol of z2
Given Consumed
Solution: x + y + z2 x + y + z2 Limiting reagent

200 200 50 50 50 50 z2
1 1 3 1 1 1 x and y
50 25 50 25 25 25 y
2.5 5 5 2.5 2.5 2.5 x

19) Mass of one atom of an element is 6.645 x 10-23 g. How many moles of element are
there in 0.320 kg?
Mass of one atom = 6.645 x 10-23 g
Mass of 1 mole of atom = 6.645 x 10-23 g x 6.023 x 10 23 = 40 g
Number of moles of element in 0.320 Kg = 1 mole / 40g x 0.320 kg
= 1 mole x 320 g / 40 g = 8 mol.

20) What is the difference between molecular mass and molar mass? Calculate the
molecular mass and molar mass for carbon monoxide.

Molecular Mass Molar Mass

1. Ratio of mass of molecule to the unified mass 1. Mass of 1 mole of substance
2. Relative Molecular Mass of any compound is 2. Molar Mass of a compound is equal to the
Calculated by adding the relative atomic sum of the relative atomic masses of its
Masses of its constituent atoms. constituent atoms.
3. Its Unit is u or amu 3. Its Unit is g / mol
4. Molecular Mass of CO : 4. Molar Mass of CO:
( 1 x [Link] of C ) + (1x [Link] of O) ( 1 x [Link] of C ) + (1x [Link] of O)
(1 x 12) + ( 1x 16) = 28 amu (1 x 12) + ( 1x 16) = 28 g / mol

21) What is the empirical formula of the following ?

i) Fructose (C6H12O6) found in honey
ii) Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) a substance found in tea and coffee.

Ans: i) Fructose (C6H12O6) = Empirical formula CH2O

ii) Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) = Empirical formula C4H5N2O
22) The reaction between aluminium and ferric oxide can generate temperatures up to 3273 K
and is used in welding metals. (Atomic mass of Al = 27 u Atomic mass of 0 = 16 u)
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 +2Fe; If, in this process, 324 g of aluminium is allowed to react with 1.12
kg of ferric oxide.
i) Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
ii) How much of the excess reagent is left at the end of the reaction?

Ans:
Reactants Products
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Amount of substance reacted 324 g 1.12 Kg - -
Number of moles reacted 324/27= 12 1.12x 10 -3 / 160=7 - -
Stoichiometric amount 2 1 1 2
Number of moles consumed 12 moles 6 moles - -
Number of moles remains - 1 mol 6 mol 12 mol

* The mass of Al2O3 formed = 6 x 102 = 612 g. [ Al2O3 = { (2 x 27) + (3 x 16 )} = 102]

* The excess reagent is left at the end of the reaction = 1 x 160 = 160 g.[ Fe2O3 ={ (2 x56) +(3 x 16) }= 160]

23) How many moles of ethane is required to produce 44 g of CO2 (g) after combustion.
Balanced equation for the combustion of ethane ,
C2H6 + 7/2 O2 2 CO2 + 3H2O ; 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O
4 moles of CO2 produced by = 2 moles of ethane
1 mole of CO2 (44g) produced by = 2 moles of ethane / 4 moles of CO2 x 1 mole of CO2
= 0.5 mol of ethane.
24) Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidising agent. It oxidises ferrous ion to ferric ion and reduced
itself to water. Write a balanced equation.
H2O2 + 2 Fe2+ + 2H+ Fe3+ + H2O

25) An organic compound present in vinegar has 40 % carbon, 6.6 % hydrogen and 53.4 %
oxygen. Find the empirical formula of the compound.
26. Explain the general rules for assigning oxidation number of an atom.
1. The oxidation number of the element in the free (or) elementary state is always Zero.
2. The oxidation number of the element in monoatomic ion is equal to the net charge on the ion.
3) The algebric sum of oxidation states of all atoms in a molecule is equal to zero, while in ions, it is
equal to the net charge on the ion.
4) Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 in all its compounds except in metal hydrides where it
has – 1 value.
5. The oxidaton number of fluorine is always - 1 in all its compounds.
6. The oxidation state of oxygen in most compounds is –2. Exceptions are peroxides, super oxides
and compounds with fluorine.
7. Alkali metals have an oxidation state of + 1 and alkaline earth metals have an oxidation state of
+ 2 in all their compounds.

27. Explain the types of Redox Reactions.

1. Combination reactions:
Redox reactions in which two substances combine to form a single compound are called
combination reaction.
Oxidation
Example: C + O2 CO2
Reduction
2. Decomposition reaction:
Redox reactions in which a compound breaks down into two or more components are
called decomposition reactions. The oxidation number of the different elements in the same
substance is changed.
Example:

3. Displacement reactions:
Redox reactions in which an ion (or an atom) in a compound is replaced by an ion (or
atom) of another element are called displacement reactions.
(i) Metal displacement reactions:
Example:

ii) Non-metal displacement

Example:

4. Disproportionation reaction (Auto redox reactions)

In redox reactions, the same compound can undergo both oxidation and reduction.
In such reactions, the oxidation state of one and the same element is both increased and
decreased. These reactions are called disproportionation reactions.
Example: