Grade 9 Mathematics Tutor Notes
Unit 8: Vectors in Two Dimensions & Unit 9:
Statistics and Probability
UNIT 8: VECTORS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Key Concepts:
• Scalars: quantities with magnitude only (mass, temperature, speed).
• Vectors: quantities with magnitude and direction (velocity, force, displacement).
• Vector representation, magnitude, direction, equal and parallel vectors.
• Vector addition: Triangle Law and Parallelogram Law.
• Vector subtraction: a − b = a + (−b).
• Scalar multiplication and its effect on magnitude and direction.
• Position vectors: vectors starting at the origin.
• Components, unit vectors i and j.
• Magnitude formula: |u| = √(x² + y²).
• Applications in displacement, navigation and forces.
Worked Example:
Vector (3,4) has magnitude √(3²+4²)=5 and direction tanθ=4/3, θ≈53°.
Exam Tips:
1. Distinguish scalars from vectors.
2. Always include direction when describing vectors.
3. For position vectors, subtract coordinates: (x■−x■, y■−y■).
4. Use Pythagoras to find resultant magnitudes.
UNIT 9: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Statistics
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting data.
Types of Data
• Qualitative: religion, sex, color.
• Quantitative: age, height, marks.
• Continuous: height, weight, time.
• Discrete: number of students, books, cars.
Sources of Data
• Primary Data: collected directly by the researcher.
• Secondary Data: obtained from existing records and reports.
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean = Sum of observations ÷ Number of observations.
Median = Middle value after arranging data.
Mode = Most frequently occurring value.
Range = Largest − Smallest value.
Probability
Probability measures the chance of an event occurring.
P(E) = Favorable Outcomes / Total Outcomes.
0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.
Worked Examples
Mean of 5,7,8,10 = 7.5.
Probability of getting Head when tossing a coin = 1/2.
Probability of an even number on a die = 3/6 = 1/2.
Exam Tips
1. Arrange data before finding median.
2. Mode is the most frequent value.
3. Always identify the sample space before probability calculations.
4. Probability cannot be less than 0 or greater than 1.