Script - Reporting for cleaning, troubleshooting, repair,

replacement, or upgrades.
[Slide 1: Assemble Computer Hardware]
These objectives help us develop the
Good day, everyone. Today, I will be knowledge and skills needed to safely
discussing Information Sheet 1.1-4 handle computer hardware.
entitled “Assemble Computer
Hardware.” [Slide 3: Tools, Materials, and
Equipment]
Computer hardware assembly refers to
the process of putting together the Before assembling a computer, we must
physical components of a computer prepare the necessary tools, materials,
system to create a complete and and equipment.
functioning machine. These hardware
components include the motherboard, The first tool is the Phillips-head
processor or CPU, RAM, storage screwdriver, which has a cross-shaped
devices such as hard drives and solid- tip and is mainly used for tightening and
state drives, power supply, expansion removing screws inside the computer
cards, and other internal components. case.

Understanding how to assemble The second is the needle-nose pliers,

computer hardware is an important skill which are useful for handling small
because it allows us to know how components and reaching narrow
computers are built, maintained, spaces inside the system unit.
upgraded, repaired, and configured
properly. Another important tool is the anti-static
wrist strap. This protects sensitive
[Slide 2: Learning Objectives] electronic components from electrostatic
discharge or static electricity, which can
Before we begin the assembly process, damage parts such as the motherboard,
let us first understand the objectives of CPU, and RAM.
this lesson.
We also need a large and level
The first objective is to configure a workspace to provide enough room for
computer. Computer configuration the components and prevent them from
involves selecting compatible accidentally falling or getting damaged.
components and setting up both
hardware and software so that the Lastly, an anti-static bag is used to
computer operates correctly. safely store electronic components and
protect them from static electricity
The second objective is to set the during storage or transportation.
computer system properly. This includes
connecting components correctly, [Slide 4: Additional Tools and
checking power connections, arranging Equipment]
cables, and ensuring that the system
has proper airflow and cooling. Aside from the basic tools, there are
other materials that can make the
The third objective is to learn how to assembly process easier and safer.
assemble and disassemble a computer.
Assembling refers to putting computer Electrical tape is used to insulate
components together to create a exposed wires and prevent electrical
working system, while disassembling problems.
means carefully removing components
Wire or nylon ties are used for cable Now that we have prepared our tools
management. They organize cables, and understood the basic concepts of
improve airflow inside the case, and computer assembly, we can proceed
make future maintenance easier. with the installation of the motherboard.

A flashlight, preferably a hands-free The motherboard is considered the

one, helps technicians clearly see small main circuit board of the computer
connectors and components inside the because it connects and allows
computer case. communication between all the
hardware components, including the
A second working computer can also be CPU, RAM, storage devices, expansion
helpful for searching troubleshooting cards, and input and output devices.
guides, downloading drivers, and
accessing manuals if the computer Because the motherboard contains
being assembled is not yet functioning. delicate electronic circuits, it must be
handled carefully. Before installing the
A can of compressed air is used to motherboard, there are several safety
remove dust from computer precautions that we must follow.
components, especially older parts that
have accumulated dirt. A specialized First, we must unplug the power cord to
electronic vacuum cleaner may also be ensure that no electrical current is
used, although it is usually more present in the system. This prevents
expensive. electrical accidents, short circuits, and
possible damage to computer
Overall, proper preparation is the key to components.
a successful computer build because it
minimizes mistakes and helps protect Second, we should always hold the
the components. motherboard by its edges and avoid
touching the chips, circuits, and metal
[Slide 5: Introduction] contacts. Touching these parts may
transfer oils from our hands or cause
Before we can use a computer system, electrostatic discharge that can damage
the system unit must first be assembled the motherboard.
and configured properly.
Third, we must use an anti-static wrist
The system unit contains the major strap to protect the motherboard and
internal components of the computer, other components from static electricity.
including the motherboard, processor, This allows static charges from our body
memory, storage devices, power supply, to be safely released without harming
and expansion cards. the electronic parts.

This lesson provides a simple guide on We should also prepare an anti-static

how to build a computer by following pad or anti-static bag where the
proper procedures and safety motherboard can be safely placed
precautions. before installation. This prevents
damage caused by electrostatic
Now that we understand the purpose of discharge.
the lesson and have prepared the
necessary tools and equipment, we can Before installing the motherboard inside
proceed to the installation of the the computer case or chassis, we must
motherboard. first study the chassis configuration and
make sure that the motherboard fits
[Slide 6: Installing Motherboard properly. We should check if the
Components] motherboard size is compatible with the
case and whether the mounting holes After successfully installing the
align with the standoffs. motherboard, we can now proceed to
the installation of the processor or CPU.
Following these safety precautions
ensures that the motherboard remains [Slide 8: Installing the Processor]
protected and can function properly
after installation. After properly installing the
motherboard, the next step is installing
[Slide 7: Proper Motherboard the processor, also known as the CPU
Orientation and H81M-D PLUS or Central Processing Unit.
Motherboard]
The CPU is often referred to as the
After preparing the motherboard and the brain of the computer because it is
chassis, we can now place the responsible for processing instructions,
motherboard inside the computer case. performing calculations, and executing
tasks requested by the user. Every
During installation, it is important to operation, such as opening applications,
ensure that the motherboard is placed in browsing the internet, or running
the correct orientation. The side programs, depends on the CPU.
containing the external ports, such as
the USB ports, audio ports, Ethernet The H81M-D PLUS motherboard used
port, and display connectors, should in this lesson contains an LGA1150
face the rear part of the chassis where socket. LGA stands for Land Grid Array,
the I/O openings are located. a type of socket where the delicate pins
are located on the motherboard while
Proper orientation is important because the processor has flat contact pads
it allows the motherboard ports to align underneath.
correctly with the case openings and
prevents unnecessary force or damage This motherboard supports Intel fourth-
during installation. generation processors, including Intel
Core i7, Core i5, Core i3, Pentium, and
The motherboard used as an example Celeron processors. It is important to
in this lesson is the H81M-D PLUS ensure CPU compatibility because the
motherboard. processor must match the
motherboard’s socket type and
This motherboard contains different supported chipset.
sections and connectors that allow the
computer to function properly. It [Slide 9: Safety Procedures Before
includes the CPU socket where the Installing the Processor]
processor is installed, DIMM slots where
RAM modules are inserted, expansion Before installing the processor, we must
slots for additional cards such as follow important safety procedures.
graphics or sound cards, SATA
connectors for storage devices, and First, unplug the power cord to prevent
power connectors that supply electricity electrical damage. Second, inspect the
from the power supply unit. motherboard socket and ensure that the
PnP or Pick-and-Place cap is still
Since the motherboard serves as the attached and that the socket contacts
foundation where all other hardware are not bent.
components are connected, proper
installation is essential for the stability The PnP cap protects the delicate
and operation of the entire computer socket pins from dust and physical
system. damage. After installing the processor,
we should keep the PnP cap because it
may be needed for future storage, [Slide 12: Installing the Heatsink Fan]
transportation, or warranty purposes.
To install the heatsink fan, we align it
We should also use an anti-static wrist properly above the processor and
strap to protect the CPU and ensure that its mounting pins or screws
motherboard from electrostatic match the holes around the CPU
discharge or static electricity. socket.

[Slide 10: Installing the CPU] Once aligned, we secure the heatsink
firmly in place and connect the fan cable
To install the processor, we first open to the motherboard's CPU_FAN
the CPU socket by releasing and lifting connector.
the load lever. Then, we lift the metal
load plate to expose the socket. This connection allows the motherboard
to provide power to the fan, monitor its
Next, we carefully position the CPU by speed, and control the cooling process.
matching the alignment marks, such as
the small golden triangle and side At this stage, the processor and its
notches, with the indicators on the cooling system are properly installed,
motherboard socket. allowing the CPU to operate at a safe
and stable temperature.
It is important to remember that the
CPU is designed to fit in only one We can now proceed to the installation
direction. We should never force it into of the system memory, also known as
the socket because doing so may bend RAM.
the socket pins or permanently damage
the motherboard. [Slide 13: Installing System Memory]

Once the processor is correctly After installing the processor and its
positioned, we lower the load plate and cooling system, we can now proceed
push the lever down to lock the CPU with the installation of the system
securely in place. memory, commonly known as RAM or
Random Access Memory.
[Slide 11: Installing the CPU Heatsink
and Fan] RAM is considered the computer’s
temporary memory because it stores the
After installing the processor, we data and instructions that the CPU
proceed with the installation of the currently needs while performing tasks.
heatsink and cooling fan. Whenever we open applications,
browse the internet, play games, or edit
The CPU produces a large amount of documents, the information needed for
heat while operating, so a cooling these activities is temporarily stored in
system is necessary to prevent RAM so that the CPU can access it
overheating, performance reduction, quickly.
unexpected shutdowns, and possible
hardware damage. The H81M-D PLUS motherboard used
in this lesson contains two DDR3 DIMM
Before installing the heatsink, thermal sockets. DDR stands for Double Data
interface material, commonly known as Rate, which is a type of memory
thermal paste, may be applied between technology designed for faster data
the CPU and the heatsink. Thermal transfer. DIMM stands for Dual Inline
paste fills microscopic gaps between Memory Module, which refers to the
their surfaces, allowing heat to transfer physical memory module or what we
more efficiently. commonly call a RAM stick.
This motherboard supports DDR3 The RAM is properly installed once the
memory modules with capacities of retaining clips automatically snap back
1GB, 2GB, 4GB, and 8GB. These into place and lock the memory module
memory modules should be unbuffered securely.
and non-ECC, which are commonly
used in personal computers. A correctly installed RAM module
should sit evenly in the slot and should
It is important to remember that DDR, not move loosely. If the retaining clips
DDR2, and DDR3 memory modules do not close properly or one side of the
have different physical designs, RAM appears higher than the other, it
including different notch positions and means that the memory module is not
electrical requirements. Because of this, fully seated and must be checked again.
a DDR or DDR2 memory module must
never be forced into a DDR3 slot, as [Slide 16: Removing System Memory]
doing so can damage both the memory
module and the motherboard. There may be situations where we need
to remove the RAM for upgrading,
According to Intel specifications, a replacing a damaged module, cleaning,
DIMM voltage below 1.65 volts is or troubleshooting the computer.
recommended to protect the CPU and
maintain system stability. To remove a memory module, we press
the retaining clips outward at the same
[Slide 14: Installing RAM] time to unlock the DIMM.

Before adding or removing RAM or any While releasing the clips, we should
other system component, we must first gently support the RAM with our fingers
unplug the power supply to prevent because it may pop out suddenly with
electrical damage to the motherboard force. This prevents the memory module
and other parts. from falling and becoming damaged.

The first step in installing RAM is to Once the RAM has been released, we
press the retaining clips outward to carefully hold it by its edges and lift it
unlock the DIMM socket. straight out of the socket. We should
avoid touching the gold contacts
After unlocking the slot, we carefully because oils from our fingers and static
align the RAM module with the socket electricity can damage the memory
by matching the notch on the RAM with module.
the key inside the DIMM slot.
Now that the system memory has been
The notch ensures that the memory properly installed, we can proceed with
module can only be installed in one installing expansion cards, which are
correct direction. We should never force additional components used to enhance
a RAM module into the wrong position the capabilities and functions of a
because this may break the memory computer.
module or damage the motherboard
slot. [Slide 17: Installing Expansion Cards]

[Slide 15: Properly Installing the DIMM] After installing the system memory or
RAM, we can proceed with installing
After correctly aligning the RAM, we expansion cards.
firmly press the memory module into the
DIMM socket using even pressure. Expansion cards are additional
hardware components that are inserted
into the motherboard’s expansion slots
to provide new features or improve the After opening the computer case, we
capabilities of the computer. Although remove the metal bracket that is
many modern motherboards already opposite the expansion slot we plan to
have built-in functions, expansion cards use. We should keep the screw
are still useful when users need better removed from the bracket because it will
performance or additional features. be used later to secure the expansion
card.
Examples of expansion cards include
graphics cards, which improve image Next, we carefully align the expansion
and video processing; sound cards, card’s connector with the correct slot on
which enhance audio input and output; the motherboard. The card should be
and network interface cards or NICs, positioned properly before applying
which provide wired or wireless network gentle and firm pressure until it is
connections. completely seated in the slot.

Expansion cards are commonly installed Once the expansion card is properly
into expansion slots such as PCI or PCI installed, we secure it to the chassis
Express, also known as PCIe. PCI is an using the screw that was removed
older type of expansion slot, while PCIe earlier. This prevents the card from
is the modern standard that provides moving and keeps it properly aligned
faster data transfer and supports high- with the external openings of the
performance devices like graphics computer case.
cards.
After confirming that the card is firmly
[Slide 18: Safety Precautions and attached and all connections are
Preparation for Installing Expansion correct, we replace the system unit
Cards] cover and prepare the computer for the
next stages of assembly.
Before installing or removing any
expansion card, we must first unplug the With the expansion card successfully
power cord. This is an important safety installed, we can now proceed to the
procedure because working on a installation of internal connectors, which
computer that is still connected to power are responsible for connecting the
may result in electrical accidents, short motherboard to the computer’s front
circuits, or damage to the motherboard panel, power supply, storage devices,
and the expansion card. fans, and other internal components.

The first step in the installation process [Slide 20: Front Panel Audio Connector]
is to read the documentation or manual
provided with the expansion card. This After installing the expansion cards, we
is important because different can now proceed with the installation of
expansion cards may have specific internal connectors.
hardware settings, installation
procedures, or additional requirements. Internal connectors are the connection
points on the motherboard where cables
After reviewing the instructions, we from the computer case, power supply,
remove the system unit cover if the storage devices, and other components
motherboard is already installed inside are attached. These connections are
the computer chassis. Opening the case important because they allow the
gives us access to the motherboard and different parts of the computer to
the available expansion slots where the communicate and function properly.
card will be installed.
The first internal connector is the Front
[Slide 19: Installing the Expansion Card] Panel Audio Connector or AAFP. This
connector is responsible for connecting These fans are essential because they
the front audio ports of the computer maintain proper airflow inside the
case to the motherboard. system. They remove hot air and bring
in cooler air to prevent the components
Through this connector, users can use from overheating.
the front headphone and microphone
jacks of the computer. When connecting the fan cables, we
must ensure that the black wire aligns
The AAFP connector supports both HD with the ground pin of the connector.
Audio and the older AC'97 audio
standard. HD Audio provides better It is also important to remember that
sound quality and more advanced these connectors are not jumpers,
features, while AC'97 is an older meaning we should never place jumper
standard with fewer capabilities. caps on them.

Without properly connecting the front Failing to connect the CPU or chassis
panel audio cable, the headphone and fans properly may result in insufficient
microphone ports located at the front of airflow, overheating, reduced
the computer case may not function performance, unexpected shutdowns, or
properly. damage to computer components.

[Slide 21: Digital Audio Connector] The CPU_FAN connector supports a

maximum fan power of 1 ampere or 12
The next connector is the Digital Audio watts, so we should use a fan that does
Connector, also known as the not exceed this limitation.
S/PDIF_OUT connector.
[Slide 23: USB 2.0 Connectors]
S/PDIF stands for Sony/Philips Digital
Interface Format. It is used to transmit The USB 2.0 connectors are used to
digital audio signals from the computer connect additional USB ports, usually
to external audio devices such as digital located at the front of the computer case
speakers, home theater systems, and or through expansion modules.
audio receivers.
These connectors support USB 2.0
To use this feature, the S/PDIF module specifications with a maximum transfer
cable is connected to the motherboard speed of up to 480 megabits per second
and installed into an available opening or Mbps.
at the back of the computer chassis.
An important reminder is that a 1394 or
This allows the computer to provide FireWire cable should never be
high-quality digital audio output. connected to a USB connector because
they are electrically different and doing
[Slide 22: CPU and Chassis Fan so can damage the motherboard.
Connectors]
Some USB modules may also need to
The CPU_FAN and CHA_FAN be purchased separately depending on
connectors are used to connect cooling the computer case or system
fans to the motherboard. requirements.

The CPU_FAN connector specifically [Slide 24: ATX Power Connectors]

powers and monitors the fan that cools
the processor, while the CHA_FAN The ATX power connectors are among
connector is used for the fans installed the most important connections inside
in the computer chassis. the computer because they provide
electrical power from the Power Supply and a SATA power cable connected to
Unit or PSU to the motherboard. the power supply.

The 24-pin EATXPWR connector serves Without these connections, the

as the main power connection of the computer will not be able to detect or
motherboard. It supplies power to the access the storage device.
motherboard circuits, memory,
expansion slots, and built-in controllers. [Slide 27: SATA 6.0 Gb/s Connectors]

Meanwhile, the 4-pin ATX12V connector The SATA 6.0 Gb/s connectors function
provides additional power specifically for similarly to SATA 3.0 Gb/s connectors
the processor or CPU, which requires a but provide faster data transfer speeds
stable supply of electricity to operate of up to 6 gigabits per second.
properly.
This type of connector, commonly
These connectors are designed to fit known as SATA III, provides better
only in the correct orientation. performance, especially for modern
Therefore, we must carefully align them solid-state drives.
and push them firmly until they are
completely connected. They should Although SATA 3.0 and SATA 6.0 have
never be forced into the wrong position. different speeds, they use the same
type of connector and are generally
[Slide 25: Speaker Connector] compatible with the same SATA
devices.
The speaker connector is a 4-pin
connector used to attach the system [Slide 28: System Panel Connector]
speaker located inside the computer
chassis. The system panel connector, also called
F_PANEL, connects the buttons and
This is different from external speakers indicator lights found on the front of the
used for listening to music. computer case to the motherboard.

The purpose of the system speaker is to These include the power button, reset
provide beep codes and warning button, power LED, and hard drive
sounds during startup. These sounds activity LED.
can help technicians identify hardware
problems, especially when the computer The power button sends a signal to turn
cannot display an error message on the the computer on or off, while the reset
monitor. button allows the system to restart when
it becomes unresponsive.
[Slide 26: SATA 3.0 Gb/s Connectors]
The power LED indicates the power
The Serial ATA or SATA 3.0 Gb/s status of the computer, while the hard
connectors are used to connect storage drive activity LED blinks whenever the
devices such as hard disk drives, solid- storage device is reading or writing
state drives, and optical drives to the data.
motherboard using SATA data cables.
Since the F_PANEL consists of small
SATA 3.0 Gb/s, commonly known as individual wires, proper placement is
SATA II, supports data transfer speeds important because incorrect
of up to 3 gigabits per second. connections may cause the buttons or
indicator lights not to work.
For a storage device to function
correctly, it requires both a SATA data [Slide 29: Serial Port Connector]
cable connected to the motherboard
The Serial Port Connector, also known components are still receiving a small
as the COM connector, is an older amount of electrical power.
communication interface used to
connect certain devices to a computer. Because of this, technicians must
always shut down the computer and
It transfers data one bit at a time and unplug the power cable before installing
was commonly used for devices such as or removing any motherboard
older computer mice, modems, barcode component.
scanners, industrial machines, and
some networking equipment. Now that all internal connectors have
been properly discussed, we can
Although USB has replaced serial ports proceed to the final part of this lesson,
for most modern consumer devices, which is the installation and removal of
serial connectors are still used in some a sound card.
industries because they are simple,
reliable, and compatible with older
hardware. [Slide 32: Installing a Sound Card]

[Slide 30: USB 3.0 Connector] Now that we have finished discussing
the internal connectors, we can proceed
The USB 3.0 connector allows with installing a sound card.
additional USB 3.0 ports to be
connected to the front or rear panel of A sound card is an expansion card
the computer. responsible for managing the audio
input and output functions of a
Compared with USB 2.0, USB 3.0 computer. It allows the computer to
provides much faster performance with produce sound through speakers or
transfer speeds of up to 5 gigabits per headphones and receive audio input
second. from devices such as microphones.
It also provides faster charging for Most modern desktop computers
compatible devices, improved power already have a built-in sound card
efficiency, and backward compatibility integrated into the motherboard.
with USB 2.0 devices. However, users may still install a
dedicated sound card if they need
This means that older USB devices can improved sound quality, better audio
still be connected to USB 3.0 ports, recording capabilities, or additional
although they will operate at their own audio ports.
maximum supported speed.
Before installing a sound card, we must
[Slide 31: Onboard Standby Power LED]
prepare the necessary materials. These
include the sound card itself, an
The final internal connector-related
available PCI or expansion slot on the
feature is the onboard standby power
motherboard, and a Phillips-head
LED.
screwdriver that will be used to remove
and tighten the screws that secure the
This LED indicates that the motherboard
card to the computer case.
is still receiving standby power. It may
light up when the computer is turned on,
in sleep mode, or even in a soft-off [Slide 33: Installation Procedures for a
state. Sound Card]

A soft-off state means that the computer Before beginning the installation
appears to be turned off but some process, we must first turn off the
computer and unplug it from its power
source. This prevents electrical [Closing Statement]
accidents and protects the computer
components from possible damage. To summarize, assembling computer
hardware requires proper preparation,
After disconnecting the power, we open the correct tools, knowledge of each
the computer case to gain access to the computer component, and strict
motherboard and the expansion slots. adherence to safety procedures.

Once the case is open, we should Throughout this lesson, we learned how
ground ourselves by touching the metal to prepare the necessary tools and
casing around the area where the power equipment, install the motherboard,
cord connects. This helps discharge processor, heatsink and fan, RAM,
static electricity from our body and expansion cards, internal connectors,
prevents damage to sensitive and sound card.
components.
Every component plays a significant role
After grounding ourselves, we can in the operation of a computer, and
install the sound card by aligning it with proper installation ensures that the
the appropriate expansion slot and system will function safely, efficiently,
carefully pressing it into place. Once and reliably.
properly seated, the card should be
secured using screws to prevent Understanding computer hardware
movement and ensure a stable assembly not only allows us to build a
connection. working computer system but also helps
us develop skills in maintenance,
[Slide 34: Removing an Existing Sound troubleshooting, and upgrading.
Card]
With that, I have reached the end of my
There may be situations where an discussion about Information Sheet 1.1-
existing sound card needs to be 4: Assemble Computer Hardware.
removed because it is damaged,
outdated, or needs to be upgraded. Thank you for listening, and I hope you
learned something from my
The removal process begins by turning presentation.
off the computer and unplugging it from
the power source.

Next, we open the computer case and

ground ourselves by touching the metal
chassis to remove any static electricity.

After taking the necessary safety

precautions, we remove the screw
securing the sound card, carefully pull
the card out of the expansion slot, and
handle it by its edges to avoid damaging
the electronic components.

With the sound card successfully

installed or removed, we have now
completed the process of assembling
and handling different computer
hardware components.