Got it, Rafe!

I can’t directly create or export a PDF file for you, but I’ll prepare a well-structured,
detailed write-up on Dijkstra’s Algorithm that you can easily copy into Word, Google Docs, or any
editor and then save/export as a PDF. Here’s a complete version:

Dijkstra’s Algorithm – Detailed Explanation

Introduction

Dijkstra’s Algorithm is one of the most famous algorithms in computer science, used to find the
shortest path between nodes in a graph. It was developed by Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956 and is
widely applied in:

• Routing protocols (like in computer networks)

• GPS navigation systems

• Game development (pathfinding for AI)

Key Concepts

• Graph: A collection of nodes (vertices) connected by edges.

• Weighted Graph: Each edge has a cost/weight (e.g., distance, time).

• Shortest Path: The path between two nodes with the minimum total weight.

How It Works (Step-by-Step)

1. Initialization:

o Assign a tentative distance value to every node:

▪ Start node = 0

▪ All other nodes = ∞ (infinity)

o Mark all nodes as unvisited.

2. Visit the Current Node:

o For the current node, check all its unvisited neighbors.

o Calculate their tentative distances:

New Distance = Current Distance + Edge Weight

• If the new distance is smaller than the previously recorded distance, update it.

3. Mark as Visited:

o Once all neighbors are checked, mark the current node as visited.
 o A visited node will not be checked again.

4. Select Next Node:

o Choose the unvisited node with the smallest tentative distance.

o Repeat steps 2–4 until all nodes are visited or the shortest path is found.

Example

Consider the following graph:

Code

(A)---4---(B)

| |

2 5

| |

(C)---1---(D)

• Start at A:

o Distance to A = 0

o Distance to B = 4

o Distance to C = 2

• Next, visit C (smallest distance = 2):

o Distance to D = 2 + 1 = 3

• Next, visit D:

o Distance to B = min(4, 3+5=8) → remains 4

• Final shortest paths:

o A→C→D=3

o A→B=4

Pseudocode

text

function Dijkstra(Graph, source):

dist[source] = 0
 for each vertex v in Graph:

if v ≠ source:

dist[v] = ∞

create priority queue Q

[Link](source, dist[source])

while Q is not empty:

u = vertex in Q with smallest dist

remove u from Q

for each neighbor v of u:

alt = dist[u] + weight(u, v)

if alt < dist[v]:

dist[v] = alt

Q.add_or_update(v, alt)

return dist

Complexity

• Time Complexity:

o Using simple arrays: 𝑂(𝑉 2 )

o Using min-priority queue (heap): 𝑂((𝑉 + 𝐸) ⋅ log 𝑉)

• Space Complexity: 𝑂(𝑉 + 𝐸)

Applications

• GPS navigation (finding shortest driving routes)

• Network routing (like OSPF protocol)

• Robotics (path planning)

• Game AI (shortest pathfinding)

That’s the full detailed breakdown! You can now copy this into Word/Google Docs and export it
as a PDF.
Would you like me to also design a visual diagram of the algorithm’s flow (like a step-by-step chart)
so your PDF looks more polished?

Perfect, Rafe! You want examples of Dijkstra’s Algorithm in every programming language. Since
“every language” is infinite, I’ll give you a solid set of the most popular and widely used ones (C,
C++, Java, Python, JavaScript, and a couple extras like Go and Rust). You can copy these into your PDF
to make it comprehensive.

Dijkstra’s Algorithm – Code Examples in Multiple Languages

Python

python

import heapq

def dijkstra(graph, start):

dist = {node: float('inf') for node in graph}

dist[start] = 0

pq = [(0, start)]

while pq:

current_dist, u = [Link](pq)

if current_dist > dist[u]:

continue

for v, weight in graph[u]:

if dist[u] + weight < dist[v]:

dist[v] = dist[u] + weight

[Link](pq, (dist[v], v))

return dist

graph = {

'A': [('B', 4), ('C', 2)],

'B': [('A', 4), ('D', 5)],

'D': [('B', 5), ('C', 1)]

print(dijkstra(graph, 'A'))

Java

java

import [Link].*;

class Dijkstra {

static class Edge {

int to, weight;

Edge(int t, int w) { to = t; weight = w; }

public static Map<Integer, Integer> dijkstra(Map<Integer, List<Edge>> graph, int start) {

Map<Integer, Integer> dist = new HashMap<>();

for (int node : [Link]()) [Link](node, Integer.MAX_VALUE);

[Link](start, 0);

PriorityQueue<int[]> pq = new PriorityQueue<>([Link](a -> a[0]));

[Link](new int[]{0, start});

while (![Link]()) {

int[] curr = [Link]();

int d = curr[0], u = curr[1];

if (d > [Link](u)) continue;

for (Edge e : [Link](u)) {

if (newDist < [Link]([Link])) {

[Link]([Link], newDist);

[Link](new int[]{newDist, [Link]});

return dist;

C++

cpp

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

vector<int> dijkstra(int n, vector<vector<pair<int,int>>> &graph, int start) {

vector<int> dist(n, INT_MAX);

dist[start] = 0;

priority_queue<pair<int,int>, vector<pair<int,int>>, greater<>> pq;

[Link]({0, start});

while (![Link]()) {

auto [d, u] = [Link](); [Link]();

if (d > dist[u]) continue;

for (auto [v, w] : graph[u]) {

if (dist[u] + w < dist[v]) {

dist[v] = dist[u] + w;
 [Link]({dist[v], v});

return dist;

JavaScript ([Link])

javascript

function dijkstra(graph, start) {

const dist = {};

const pq = [[0, start]];

for (let node in graph) dist[node] = Infinity;

dist[start] = 0;

while ([Link]) {

[Link]((a, b) => a[0] - b[0]);

const [d, u] = [Link]();

if (d > dist[u]) continue;

for (let [v, w] of graph[u]) {

if (dist[u] + w < dist[v]) {

dist[v] = dist[u] + w;

[Link]([dist[v], v]);

return dist;

}
const graph = {

A: [["B", 4], ["C", 2]],

B: [["A", 4], ["D", 5]],

C: [["A", 2], ["D", 1]],

D: [["B", 5], ["C", 1]]

};

[Link](dijkstra(graph, "A"));

Rust

rust

use std::collections::{BinaryHeap, HashMap};

fn dijkstra(graph: &HashMap<&str, Vec<(&str, i32)>>, start: &str) -> HashMap<&str, i32> {

let mut dist: HashMap<&str, i32> = [Link]().map(|&k| (k, i32::MAX)).collect();

[Link](start, 0);

let mut heap = BinaryHeap::new();

[Link]((0, start));

while let Some((d, u)) = [Link]() {

if -d > dist[u] { continue; }

for &(v, w) in &graph[u] {

let new_dist = dist[u] + w;

if new_dist < dist[v] {

[Link](v, new_dist);

[Link]((-new_dist, v));

}
 }

dist

Go

go

package main

import (

"container/heap"

"fmt"

type Edge struct{ to, weight int }

type Item struct{ dist, node int }

type PQ []Item

func (pq PQ) Len() int { return len(pq) }

func (pq PQ) Less(i, j int) bool { return pq[i].dist < pq[j].dist }

func (pq PQ) Swap(i, j int) { pq[i], pq[j] = pq[j], pq[i] }

func (pq *PQ) Push(x interface{}) { *pq = append(*pq, x.(Item)) }

func (pq *PQ) Pop() interface{} {

old := *pq

n := len(old)

item := old[n-1]

*pq = old[:n-1]

return item

}
func dijkstra(graph map[int][]Edge, start int) map[int]int {

dist := map[int]int{}

for node := range graph { dist[node] = 1<<31 - 1 }

dist[start] = 0

pq := &PQ{{0, start}}

[Link](pq)

for [Link]() > 0 {

item := [Link](pq).(Item)

if [Link] > dist[[Link]] { continue }

for _, e := range graph[[Link]] {

newDist := dist[[Link]] + [Link]

if newDist < dist[[Link]] {

dist[[Link]] = newDist

[Link](pq, Item{newDist, [Link]})

return dist

func main() {

graph := map[int][]Edge{

0: {{1, 4}, {2, 2}},

1: {{0, 4}, {3, 5}},

2: {{0, 2}, {3, 1}},

[Link](dijkstra(graph, 0))

With these examples, your PDF will look professional and complete.

Would you like me to also add a comparison table of syntax differences (Python vs C++ vs Java etc.)
so readers can quickly see how each language handles Dijkstra’s core logic?