BIOLOGY
Cunanan, Savannah B. 12-Curie
Three domains in the tree of life Subdivision
- Bacteria, Archaea, And Vertebrates – has backbone
Eukarya
Invertebrates – no backbone
Domains
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
- above kingdom level
- have no definite shape-
- proposed by carl woese based
asymmetrical;
on rRNA studies of prokaryote
- no tissues or organs
- domain model more clearly
- colony of specialized cells
shows prokaryotic diversity
- sessile – immobile
7 hierarchical levels of classification - good powers of regeneration
- skeleton made of spongin and
- Kingdom
spicules
- Phylum
- water flows through the holes
- Class
of their body which enables
- Order
them to catch food
- Family
- Genus Examples
- Species
- Yellow sponge (Spongia
Bases for grouping organisms into barbara)
the seven levels of classification - Barrel sponge (Halichondria
hierarchy panicea)
- Venus flower basket
- common characteristics shared
(Euplectella aspergillum)
- common evolutionary patterns
- common taxonomic character Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, coral,
and anemones)
Kingdom Animalia
- radial symmetry
- animals are multicellular, and
- primitive nerve net, no brain
eukaryotic
- 2-way digestive tract
- animal cells have NO CELL
- stinging cells to paralyze and
WALLS
capture food
- most members of the Animal
- have soft tubelike bodies with
Kingdom can move from
a single opening surrounded
place to place by arm like parts called
- they obtain food by eating
tentacles
other organisms (herbivores, - two main body forms are
carnivores or omnivores)
medusa (shaped like a bowl)
- most animals reproduce
and polyp (shaped like a vase)
sexually but some can
-
reproduce asexually
BIOLOGY
Cunanan, Savannah B. 12-Curie
Examples - bodies are divided in
segments, or sections
- Brain coral (Colpophyllia
- prefer burrowing through
natans) moist soil
- Magnificent sea anemone
- with moist body to keep them
(Heteractis magnifica)
from drying out and equipped
- Venus flytrap sea anemone with bristles allowing them to
(Actinoscyphia saginata)
move easily
- Box jellyfish (Aurelia aurita)
- Moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) Comparison
- Brown jellyfish (Chrysaora
Tapeworms – bilateral, non-
melanaster)
segmented, triploblastic (germ layer),
Classes of Phylum Cnidaria absent (skeleton)
- Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish) Round worms – bilateral, non-
- Class Anthozoa (coral and sea segmented, triploblastic (germ layer),
anemone) present (skeleton)
- Class Hydrozoa (hydra)
Segmented worms – bilateral,
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworm) segmented, triploblastic (germ layer),
absent (skeleton)
- distinct head and tail ends and
flattened bodies Phylum Mollusca (soft – bodied
- can be parasitic as tapeworm invertebrates)
or free – living as Planaria
- hard shell, rough tongue, and
- exhibits bilateral symmetry
muscular foot
- has only one digestive opening
- includes snails, slugs,
Phylum Nematoda (round worms) nudibranchs, chitons, limpets,
clams, oysters, squid, octopus,
- have rounded bodies nautilus, etc.
- some live in damp places and
- no shell, one shell, or two
others can also live inside
shells
humans and other animals as
parasites Phylum Arthropoda (joint-legged
- covered with tough cuticle invertebrates)
- separate sexes
- most populated phylum in the
Phylum Annelida (segmented animal kingdom
worms) - jointed legs and hard
exoskeleton for protection
- include earthworms which are
- exoskeleton made of chitin
freeliving and leeches which - molts, or sheds its old
are parasitic
exoskeleton
BIOLOGY
Cunanan, Savannah B. 12-Curie
- includes insects, crustaceans, Why are Echinoderms ranked so high?
centipedes, millipedes, and
- clues from embryology –
arachnids
study of the early development
- bodies divided into two or
of animals
three parts and six to eight
- protostomes versus
legs
deuterostomes
Arthropods (Arachnid) - protostome – blastopore
forms the mouth in all animals
- four pairs of legs
except echinoderms and
- bodies divided into two section chordates
Arthropods (Centipedes & - deuterostomes – blastopore
Millipedes) forms the anus in echinoderms
and chordate
- long thin bodies
- pairs of legs on each of their Animals with backbone
many body section
- Amphibian
Arthropods (Crustacean) - Agnathan
- Bony Fish
- five-seven pairs of legs - Birds
- first pair often used as - Mammal
pinchers - Reptile
- bodies covered in shell
Phylum Chordata
Arthropods (Insects)
- includes fish, amphibians,
- three pairs of legs reptiles, birds, and mammals
- bodies divided into three
sections Chordate Characteristics:
- often have wing - dorsal hollow nerve tube
Phylum Echinodermata (spiny- - notochord
skinned invertebrates) - pharyngeal gill slits
- post anal tail
- includes sea stars, brittle stars,
sea urchins, sand dollars, sea Chordate Classification
cucumbers, and crinoids
- The Protochordates -
- tiny tube feet and body parts
invertebrate chordates
arranged around a central area
- Subphylum Urochordata – sea
as water vascular system
squirts, salps, and ascidians
- hard, spiny covering for
- Subphylum Eephalochordata
protection and locomotion
– lancelets
- exhibits radial symmetry
- True Chordates: Subphylum
- capable of regeneration
Vertebrata
BIOLOGY
Cunanan, Savannah B. 12-Curie
Classes of Phylum Chordata - hatch from eggs in water and
(subgroups) they can live on land as an
adult
- Class Agnatha - young breathe through gills
- Class Chondricthyes
like fish while adults breathe
- Class Osteicthyes
air from lungs
- Class Amphibia - some have smooth and moist
- Class Reptilia
skin
- Class Aves - e.g Salamander, Great
- Class Mammalia Philippine frog (Limnonectes
Class Agnatha magnus), and Common toad
(Bufo bufo)
- jawless
- eg. Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus Class Reptilia
stoutii) and Sea lamprey
- can move at various speeds
(Petromyzon marinus) - lay their eggs on land
Class Chrondricthyes - dry scaly skin
- include animals as large as a
- jawed, cartilaginous skeleton, crocodile
placoid scales - body temperature varies with
- eg. Great white shark their environment
(Carcharodon carcharias), - live in hot, dry deserts and in
rays, and Chimaera warm, wet tropical rain forests
(Hydrolagus colliei) - e.g King cobra (Ophiophagus
Class Osteicthyes hannah), Asian water monitor
lizard (Varanus salvator), and
- largest group of vertebrates Philippine crocodile
- come in many sizes and shapes (Crocodylus mindorensis)
- many are covered with scales
that protects them Class Aves
- have fins that help them to - lay hard shelled eggs that
steer and balance in the water hatch in their nest
- cold blooded –varying body - there are about 9,000 types of
temp. with environment birds
- breathe through gills - have wings and they are
- e.g Lady sea dragon and covered with feathers, no other
Milkfish (Chanus chanus) animal has this feature
Class Amphibia - skeleton is very light in weight,
helps them to fly
- body temperature varies with - range in size from as small as
their surroundings your finger or as large as a
human
BIOLOGY
Cunanan, Savannah B. 12-Curie
- e.g Philippine honey buzzard
(Pernis steerei), Philippine
Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi),
and Red footed booby (Sula
sula)
Class Mammalia
- warm blooded – constant
blood temp
- covered in hair
- e.g duck-billed platypus