NOTES

SOCIAL SCIENCE
(ECONOMICS)

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DEVELOPMENT

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REVISION NOTES
CHAPTERWISE &
TOPICWISE

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01 DEVELOPMENT
INDEX

Chapter 1: Development
Concepts Covered:
1. What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals
2. Income and other Goals
3. National Development
➢ Meaning

4. How to compare different Countries or State?

➢ Total income
➢ Average or per capita Income

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➢ World Development report
• Limitations of Average income

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5. Income and Other criteria
6. Public facilities

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➢ Importance of Public facilities
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7. Body mass Index
➢ Calculation of BMI
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8. Human Development Report

• Health, education and standard of living are also some important factors
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9. Sustainability of Development
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10. Mind Map

(Colourful & Interactive/ Complete All Concept Covered)
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Practice Questions (All Topics Available)

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01 DEVELOPMENT
WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS

WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT

GOALS
What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals

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DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF PERSONS

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Category of Person Developmental Goals/Aspirations

Landless rural labourers More days of work and better wages: local
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school is able to provide quality education for

their children; there is no social discrimination,
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and they too can become leaders in the village.

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Prosperous farmers from Punjab Assured a high family income through higher
support prices for their crops and through
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hardworking and cheap labourers; they should

be able to settle their children abroad.
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Farmers who depend only on rain for growing

crops
A rural woman from a land-owning family
Urban unemployed youth
A boy from a rich urban family
A girl from a rich urban family She gets as much freedom as her brother and
is able to decide what she wants to do in life.
She is able to pursue her studies abroad.
An Adivasi from Narmada valley

• Notion for development is different for different people.

• In fact, at times two person or groups may seek things which are conflicting.

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01 DEVELOPMENT
WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS

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A Demonstration meting against raising the height
of sardar Sarovar dam of Narmada River

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Conclusion

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There are two things to be noted: 82
1. Different persons can have different developmental
goals.
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2. What may be development for one may not be

development for the other. It may even be destructive
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for the other.

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01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

Income and other goals

There are goals other than income.

• Besides seeking more income, one-way or the other, people also seek things
like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others.
• Quality of our life depends on:- Material and non-material

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things.

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• It will be wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured
is not important.

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Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals
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01 DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Meaning
• It is defined as a country’s ability to enhance the living standards of its residents.
• For people, belief in nations' development is different.
• Improvement in people’s living standards, providing basic things to citizens like food,
education, social service, medical aid, etc, and increase in per capita income, is referred to as
National development.
• It is very important to keep in mind that different persons could have different as well as
conflicting notions of a country’s development.

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01 DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE?

HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE?

To compare countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
Countries with higher incomes are more developed than others with less income. As different
countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person
earns. So, we compare the average income of countries.

Total Income
Income of all the resident of the country = Total income

Average or per capita Income

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Average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. It is also

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called per capita income.
Total Income of Country

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Average Income =
Total Population of Country
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It is also known as per capita income.
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Therefore, comparison should be based on the average income.

World Development report

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• It is published by the World bank.

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• This report is used to compare countries on the basis of income.

• Countries with per capita income of US ₹ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are called rich
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countries and those with per capita income of US ₹ 2500 or less are called low-income
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countries.
• India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in
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2017 was just US ₹ 6700 per annum.

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• The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are
generally called developed countries.
Limitations of Average income

• Averages are useful for comparison, but they hide disparities.

• It does not tell how the income is distributed among the people.

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01 DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATE?

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01 DEVELOPMENT
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

To achieve a goal, people earn more and want respect from others, the security of their lives, and
freedom. If we consider per capita in the country’s development, then Goa is the most developed
and Bihar is the least developed state in India.
There are some other criteria which are also considered to measure the development of different
states: -
Net attendance ratio: It is defined as the total number of children, the age group from 14 years
attending the school from the total percentage of children in the same age group.
Literacy rate: It is the total number of people above 7 years who can write, read and understand. If

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the literacy rate is high, then the state is considered to be developed. Kerala has the highest literacy
rate of 96.2% and Andhra Pradesh has the lowest literacy rate of 66.4%.

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Infant mortality rate: It is the total number of children that die in one

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year of age as a proportion of 1000 births in a year. It shows how
efficient health facilities are in any country. Kerala has the lowest
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infant mortality rate, that is deaths per 1000 live births and Madhya
Pradesh has the highest mortality rate that is 48 per 1000 live births in
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India.
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Some comparative data on Punjab, Kerala, and Bihar:

State Infant Mortality Rate per Literacy Rate (%) Net Attendance Ratio for Class I-V
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1,000 (2003) (2001) (1995-96)

Punjab 49 70 81
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Kerala 11 91 91
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Bihar 60 47 41
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01 DEVELOPMENT
PUBLIC FACILITIES

PUBLIC FACILITIES
Facilities which are provided by the government are considered as public facilities like schools,
hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.

Importance of Public facilities

• As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala, but Kerala has
a low infant Mortality Rate because of better public system like, Public Distribution System
which provide Health and nutritional status to the state.
• Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
• We need public facilities because we are not able to purchase all things by money. We cannot

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be able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of money.
• We require cooperation of community as a whole.

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01 DEVELOPMENT
BODY MASS INDEX

BODY MASS INDEX

Body mass index (BMI) is calculated to measure the adults who are undernourished by calculating
the weight of the person (kg) divided by the square of the height. If the value is less than 18.5, the
person is undernourished and if it is more than 25, then the person is highly obese.

Calculation of BMI
One must have two parameters to measure the BMI: the height of a person in meter and his weight
in kg. Weight should be in pounds if the height of the person is given in inches. The BMI estimation
formula is given as,

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If the height and weight of the person is given in terms of inches and pounds,
then BMI can be calculated using the given below formula.

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Weight (in pounds)
BMI = × 703

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Height (In inches)2
Where 703 is a conversion factor.
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If the height and weight of the person is given in terms of meters and kilogram, then
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BMI can be calculated using the given below formula.

Weight (kg)
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BMI =
Height (m)2
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01 DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

Human Development Report
Income is an inadequate measure of the level of development.
Health, education and standard of living are also some important factors
UNDP (United Nation Development Programmes) Human Development Report
This report compares countries based on the educational levels of the
people, their health status and per capita income.

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HDI (Human Development Index)
There are other important aspects that should be considered in measuring human

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development.

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SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2019
Country Gross National Life Expectancy Mean Years of HDI Rank in the
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Income (GNI) per at birth Schooling of world (2018)
capita (2011 PPP $) people aged 25
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and above
Sri Lanka 12,707 77 10.6 73
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India 6,681 69.7 6.5 130

Myanmar 4,961 67.1 5.0 148
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Pakistan 5,005 67.3 5.2 154

Nepal 3,457 70.8 5.0 143
Bangladesh 4,976 72.6 6.2 134
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Source: Human Development Report, 2020, United Nations Development Programme.

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NOTE: -
1. HDI Stands for Human Development Index. HDI ranks in above table are out of 189 countries
in all.
2. Life Expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of
birth.
3. Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also
done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any
country.

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01 DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability of Development
Sustainable Development refers to development of human with at the same time sustaining the
ability of natural system. It is helpful to fulfil the needs of the human being without harming the
ability of the future generation.
For sustainable development, we have to use non-renewable resources like carbon based originally
designed fuel for the quantity how much we needed. Some renewable resources like groundwater
will take long time for replenished. So, we should encourage the use of such renewable resources.

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Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this issue
is no longer region or nation specific. Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is

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comparatively a new area of knowledge in which scientists, economists, philosophers, and other
social scientists are working together.

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01 DEVELOPMENT
MIND MAP

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