Computa(on of line parameters
• T/r line performance-R,L , C and conductance.
• Conductance due to leakage current in insulator is
always neglected
• Resistance of T/r line:
• Current density not uniform- en(re x sec(on- higher
at surface- Skin effect
• Stranded conductor length is more than composite
conductor- therefore R increases
• Inductance of Transmission line:
• L of solid conductor:
• Determined by calcula(ng flux linkage due to
current flowing.
Bundled conductors
Advantages and limita(on
• Reduced reactance- increase in SGMD.
• max,. Power transfer capability.
• Increase in surge impedance.
• Increase in capacitance of line.
• Reduces corona effect and RI
• Reduces voltage gradient at conductor surface.
• Current carrying capacity of line increases .
• Increases effec(ve surface area exposed to air, beMer
efficiency and efficient cooling.
• Reduced skin effect
• Limita(ons: Greater winding load
Stranded conductors
• Composed of strands of wire, electrically in
parallel, with alternate layers spiraled in
opposite direc(on to prevent unwinding.
• Aluminum- commonly employed, cheaper and
lighter.
• Limita(on: low density, low conduc(vity than
copper.
• ACSR- central strand steel-overhead t/r line.
• EHV t/r line- expanded ASCR conductor used.
• Paper b/w layers to increase overall
conductor dia-reduces electrical stress-
prevent corona.
Stranded Conductors
Flux linkage of an isolated current
carrying conductor
• T/r line considered infinitely long.
• Flux line –circular line concentric to the
conductor.
• Total flux- 2 parts:
– Flux Internal to the conductor-links less current-
inward to conductor.
– Flux external to the conductor- links total current
inside the conductor.
• Inductance of Solid conductor due to internal
flux:
• Consider r<R,
• Current enclosed by cylinder,
• Capacitor-electrical device- two conductor
separated by a dielectric medium , used for
storing electrosta(c energy.
• Capacitance- is the ra(o of the charge on one
of its conductor to the poten(al difference
between the conductor.
Electric field of long straight conductor
• Electric poten(al- amount of work done in bringing
unit +ve charge from infinity to that point.
• Electrical poten(al-capacitance –evula(on
• Magne(c field-inducatance
• Line of electric flux strts on +ve charge of one
conductor and terminate on –ve charge of other
conductor.
• Total elec(rc flux=no. coulambs of charge on
conductor.
• Electric flux density –electric flux/m
Poten(al difference between two
point due to charge
Electric field of long straight conductor
• Amount of charge required to bring a unit
posi(ve charge form infinity to that point-
electric poten(al.
• Electric poten(al important-capacitance.
• Magne(c field-inductance
• Lines of electric flux originates no posi(ve
charge of one conductor and terminates on
nega(ve charge of another conductor
• Total electric flux eman(ng=nega(ce chargs of
conductor.
• Electric flux density- elec(rc flux /square m.
Capacitance of single phase line
• Non uniformity of charge distribu(on –neglected-
overhead line-0.010% error, D/r=50.
• For stranded conductor- slight error.
• Electric flux at the surface of stranded conductor
is not same as the field at the surface of
cylindrical conductor.
• For calcula(ng capacitance outside radius id
used.
• With c
• capaci(ve reactance -obtained.
Capacitance of tree phase line with
equilateral spacing
Capacitance to neutral for
single-phase –same as
equilaterally spaced three
phase line.
Current –capacitance of t/r line-charging
current
Three phase ckt- charging current- product of v
to neutral and capaci(ve susceptance to
neutral.
Charging current not same as rms volatge along line varies.
Capacitance of three phase line with
Unsymmetrical spacing
Effect of earth on capacitance of
transmission line
• Capacitance affected-earth
• Electric field of line reduced.
Bundled conductors
Distance b/w bundled conductor -30cm and more
Long distance above 230K-V bundled conductor
Advantages of bundled conductor
• Low radio interference and corona loss
• Reduced voltage gradient st conductor surface
• Increase in capacitance
• Low reactance due to increase in self GMD
• Increase in surge impedance loading
Stranded conductor
Centrla wire surronded by layers of wire.
Layers-6,12,18
Total strand=7,13,19
Capacitance of three phase line with
more than one circuit
Skin effect
• Dc current-uniformly distributed
• AC current non uniform- current density
higher at surface-increases with frequency.
• Large power loss, effec(ve resistance is more.
• Effec(ve cross sec(onal area for current flow
decreases.
Skin effect
Factors –skin effect
1. Nature of material
2. Diameter of wire
3. Frequency of supply
4. Shape of wire
• Increased diameter, frequency-increases skin
effect
• With stranded conductor skin effect is less
Proximity effect
• Flux linking inner loop is least and increase outward.
• Inductance of inner loop is less, so current density I
higher at inner edges.
• Effec(ve conductor resistance increase.
• With reduced distance current distribu(on more non
uniform.
• Underground cable proximity effect is significant-
closely located.
• Overhead line this effect is negligible.
• Increase eddy current losses
• Current carrying capacity reduced
Proximity effect
Conductors carry current in same direc(on
Conductors carrying current in opposite direc(on
Telephone interference -reduc(on
• AC and DC harmonic filters and smoothening
reactors.
• Larger spacing b/w power and telephone lines.
• Parallel run of power and telephone line avoided.
• Telephone line-ground return-replace it metallic
return.
• Use of microwave or carrier communica(on
instead of telephone communica(on..
• Balanced by transposi(on
Methods of arrangement of
conductors
• [Link] phase circuits
[Link] phase double circuit
3. Three phase circuits
Single circuit
Three phase circuit
Double circuit