JNIESTRT’S

SMT. INDIRA GANDHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

GHANSOLI, NAVI MUMBAI – 400 701
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING (AI and ML) DEPARTMENT
ACADEMIC YEAR :- 2024-25 (Even Sem)

MODULE 1

Introduction to Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet. Instead of storing data or
running programs on a personal computer or local server, cloud computing allows users to access
resources like storage, servers, databases, and applications via the internet.

Overview of Cloud Computing

1. Definition
Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computing resources like servers, storage,
networking, and software, without requiring users to maintain physical hardware.
2. Key Features
o On-Demand Access – Resources are available whenever needed.
o Scalability – Can increase or decrease resources based on demand.
o Cost-Efficiency – No need to invest in expensive infrastructure.
o Accessibility – Can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection.
o Security & Reliability – Cloud providers ensure data protection and backups.
3. Types of Cloud Computing
o Public Cloud – Services are shared among multiple users (e.g., Google Drive, AWS).
o Private Cloud – Dedicated cloud resources for a single organization (e.g., Banking
sectors).
o Hybrid Cloud – A mix of both public and private clouds for flexibility.
4. Service Models

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale

 o IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) – Provides virtual machines, storage, and
networking (e.g., AWS EC2, Google Compute Engine).
o PaaS (Platform as a Service) – Provides a development platform to build
applications (e.g., Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure).
o SaaS (Software as a Service) – Provides ready-to-use software applications (e.g.,
Gmail, Dropbox, Netflix).
5. Real-Life Examples of Cloud Computing
o Google Drive & Dropbox – Storing and sharing files online instead of using a USB
drive.
o Netflix & YouTube – Streaming movies and videos without downloading them.
o Online Banking – Accessing banking services without visiting a bank.
o Social Media (Facebook, Instagram) – Storing photos and posts on cloud servers.
o E-commerce (Amazon, Flipkart) – Online shopping platforms use cloud
infrastructure to handle traffic.

Cloud computing has transformed the way businesses and individuals use technology, making it
more efficient, scalable, and cost-effective.

Origin of Cloud Computing

● The concept of cloud computing dates back to the 1960s when John McCarthy suggested
that computing services could be organized as a utility (like electricity).

● 1999: Salesforce introduced cloud-based CRM (first SaaS model).

● 2006: Amazon launched AWS, offering cloud-based infrastructure services (IaaS).

● 2010-Present: Companies like Google, Microsoft, and IBM expanded cloud services.

Example:
Before cloud computing, companies had to buy expensive servers for their websites. Now, they rent
cloud servers from AWS or Google Cloud, saving money and maintenance costs.

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale

Cloud Computing Models

Cloud computing follows three main service models:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

o Provides virtual machines, storage, and networking.
o Example: AWS EC2, Google Compute Engine, Microsoft Azure
o Real-Life Example: Renting a house (you get space, but need to manage furniture
and utilities).
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
o Provides tools and platforms for developing applications.
o Example: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Services
o Real-Life Example: Renting a fully furnished house (you just live in it without
worrying about setup).
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
o Provides ready-to-use applications over the internet.
o Example: Google Docs, Dropbox, Netflix
o Real-Life Example: Using a hotel (everything is provided, you just use it).

NIST Cloud Computing Model

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defined cloud computing with 5
essential characteristics, 3 service models, and 4 deployment models.

5 Essential Characteristics:

1. On-Demand Self-Service – Users can access resources as needed.

2. Broad Network Access – Accessible from anywhere via the internet.
3. Resource Pooling – Resources are shared among multiple users.
4. Rapid Elasticity – Resources can scale up or down based on demand.
5. Measured Service – Users pay only for what they use.

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale

4 Deployment Models:

1. Public Cloud – Services available to anyone (e.g., Google Drive).

2. Private Cloud – Used by a single organization (e.g., Bank's internal cloud).
3. Hybrid Cloud – A mix of public and private clouds (e.g., A company storing sensitive data
privately but using public cloud for collaboration).
4. Community Cloud – Shared between organizations with common needs (e.g., Government
agencies sharing cloud resources).

Cloud computing has evolved from basic computing concepts to a full-fledged technology
revolution. The NIST model provides a structured way to understand cloud computing, while
different models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) make it flexible for various users.

Real-Life Example Summary:

1. Google Drive → SaaS (store files online)

2. AWS → IaaS (rent virtual servers)

3. Google App Engine → PaaS (build and deploy apps)

1 Google Drive → SaaS (Software as a Service)

● What it does: Allows users to store, share, and edit files online without installing any
software.

● Why SaaS? It provides a fully managed application over the internet that users can access
from anywhere.

● Example: Instead of saving documents on a pen drive, you store them in Google Drive and
access them from any device.

2 AWS (Amazon Web Services) → IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

● What it does: Provides virtual machines, storage, and networking on demand.

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale

 ● Why IaaS? It offers the basic infrastructure required to run applications, removing the need
to buy physical servers.

● Example: A startup can rent AWS servers to host their website instead of buying expensive
hardware.

3 Google App Engine → PaaS (Platform as a Service)

● What it does: Offers a cloud-based platform for developers to build, test, and deploy
applications.

● Why PaaS? It provides the necessary environment, tools, and frameworks to develop
applications without managing the underlying infrastructure.

● Example: A developer can build a web application on Google App Engine without worrying
about server management.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing has several key characteristics that make it efficient and popular.

1. On-Demand Self-Service
o Users can access computing resources (storage, servers, applications) anytime without
human intervention.
o Example: Streaming a movie on Netflix anytime without waiting.
2. Broad Network Access
o Cloud services are accessible from anywhere via the internet on different devices (PC,
mobile, tablet).
o Example: Using Google Drive on a laptop, phone, or tablet to access stored files.
3. Resource Pooling
o The cloud provider shares resources among multiple users based on demand.
o Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) serves multiple businesses using the same
infrastructure.
4. Rapid Elasticity (Scalability)
o Resources can be scaled up or down automatically based on demand.

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale

 o Example: E-commerce websites (Amazon, Flipkart) increase server capacity
during sales events.
5. Measured Service (Pay-as-you-go)
o Users are billed based on the resources they use (storage, computing power, etc.).
o Example: Google Cloud and AWS charge based on storage and computing usage,
like an electricity bill.
6. Security & Reliability
o Cloud providers ensure data security, backups, and disaster recovery.
o Example: Banking apps store customer data securely in the cloud, preventing data
loss.

Cloud computing offers flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, making it a crucial part of
modern technology. It is used in various industries like entertainment (Netflix), storage (Google
Drive), and e-commerce (Amazon).

Cloud Computing Deployment & Service Models

1. Deployment Models (How Cloud is Used)

1. Public Cloud
o Cloud resources are shared and available to the public over the internet.
o Example: Google Drive, Dropbox, Gmail (Anyone can use them).
2. Private Cloud
o Used by a single organization for security and control.
o Example: Banks and Government Agencies using a private cloud for sensitive data.
3. Hybrid Cloud
o A mix of public and private clouds for flexibility.
o Example: A company stores confidential data in a private cloud but uses a public
cloud for customer interactions.
4. Community Cloud
o Shared by multiple organizations with similar needs.
o Example: Healthcare or Education sectors sharing a cloud for records.

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale

2. Service Models (What Cloud Provides)

1. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

o Provides virtual machines, storage, and networking.
o Example: AWS EC2, Google Compute Engine (Businesses rent virtual servers
instead of buying physical ones).
2. PaaS (Platform as a Service)
o Provides tools and platforms for application development.
o Example: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Services (Developers create
apps without managing infrastructure).
3. SaaS (Software as a Service)
o Ready-to-use software accessible via the internet.
o Example: Google Docs, Netflix, Zoom (Users access software without installation).

Summary with Real-Life Examples

Model What It Provides Real-Life Example

Public Cloud Shared cloud for all Gmail, Google Drive

Exclusive cloud for one

Private Cloud Banking systems
organization

Combination of public & Company storing internal data privately but using
Hybrid Cloud
private cloud public cloud for customer apps

Community Shared cloud for a specific

Government agencies sharing resources
Cloud group

Virtual infrastructure
IaaS AWS EC2 (Renting servers instead of buying)
(servers, storage)

Development platform & Google App Engine (Developing apps without

PaaS
tools managing servers)

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale

 Model What It Provides Real-Life Example

SaaS Ready-to-use software Netflix (Streaming movies without downloading)

Cloud computing provides flexible, scalable, and cost-effective solutions for businesses and
individuals.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

✅ Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Cost-Efficient
o No need to buy expensive hardware and software.
o Example: A startup can use AWS instead of buying its own servers.
2. Scalability & Flexibility
o Easily increase or decrease resources as needed.
o Example: E-commerce websites like Amazon scale up their servers during sales.
3. Accessibility & Mobility
o Access data and applications from anywhere using the internet.
o Example: Google Drive allows users to work on files from any device.
4. Automatic Updates & Maintenance
o Cloud providers handle updates, security, and maintenance.
o Example: Gmail updates automatically without user effort.
5. Data Backup & Recovery
o Data is backed up, reducing the risk of data loss.
o Example: iCloud automatically backs up phone data.

❌ Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

1. Internet Dependency

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale

 o Cloud services require a stable internet connection. Without it, access to data and
applications is restricted.
o Example: If the internet is down, users cannot access Google Docs or Dropbox.
2. Security & Privacy Risks
o Storing sensitive data on third-party servers increases the risk of data breaches and
cyberattacks.
o Example: If a cloud storage service is hacked, users' personal or business data can
be exposed.
3. Limited Control
o Cloud users have less control over infrastructure, updates, and configurations
managed by the provider.
o Example: If AWS servers experience downtime, businesses depending on AWS
suffer service disruptions.
4. Hidden & Unpredictable Costs
o While cloud computing seems cost-effective, excessive usage of resources can lead to
high bills.
o Example: A startup using AWS may find unexpected high costs due to data transfer
fees.
5. Downtime & Reliability Issues
o Cloud services can experience downtime, affecting business operations.
o Example: In 2020, a Google Cloud outage disrupted services like Gmail, YouTube,
and Google Drive.
6. Data Migration Challenges
o Moving data from one cloud provider to another can be difficult and expensive.
o Example: A company shifting from AWS to Azure may face compatibility and data
transfer issues.
7. Compliance & Legal Issues
o Different countries have different regulations on data storage and privacy.
o Example: GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) in Europe requires
companies to protect user data properly, which can be challenging in the cloud.

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale

While cloud computing offers many benefits like scalability, cost efficiency, and remote access, it
also comes with challenges such as security risks, hidden costs, and downtime. Businesses must
carefully plan their cloud strategy to maximize benefits and minimize risks.

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale

Prof. Vrushali Dharmale