SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Describe construction, principle and operation of
synchronous machine.
2. Explain type of synchronous machine.
3. Construct circuit and terminal designation.
4. Methods of starting synchronous machine.
4. Describe operating response in generator and motor
operation.
5. Describe modern application area.
6. Advantages & disadvantages synchronous machine.
Synchronous?
• Definition: Existing or occurring at the same time.
• Synchronous speed (Ns)?
= The speed of magnetic field rotation.
120𝑓
Ns=
𝑃
𝑓 = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑃 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Synchronous Motor Construction
Synchronous motor rotates on the constant speed that is
similar to the stator’s rotating field speed (Ns).
Synchronous Generator Construction
Also known as doubly feed machine because its rotor and
stator both are connected!
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Synchronous Generator Construction
Applications of Synchronous Generator
1. It mostly used in such a system where constant speed is required.
2. They also maintain the power factor of the system.
3. Almost all power generation plants use synchronous generators due to
constant frequency providing the capability.
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Synchronous Generator Construction
• Has many no of poles, > 4 poles,
• The windings of the rotor are
wound on these poles and at the corners,
windings are controlled by the pole shoe.
Non-Salient Pole Rotor Salient Pole Rotor
The rotor of the generator is an electromagnet, it is connected with the external DC
source. The external source produces a voltage in the rotor, the field of the rotor induced a
voltage in the stator.
Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Generator
Star Connection Per-phase
Delta Connection Vø= EA – jXsIA– RAIA
EA = Køw
In this equation, EA is internal generated voltage.
‘K’ is constant.
‘∅’ is flux.
‘w’ is speed of rotation of rotor.
Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator
! The power factor = 1 (unity) ! The power factor = lagging
To get specific Vø, & IA
• Need larger amount of internal generated voltage EA for the
inductive load (lagging) than the capacitive load (leading).
• So, we will have to provide a larger field current at the rotor in
case of inductive load (lagging p.f) than capacitive load
(leading p.f) to generates the same amount of the terminal
voltage (Vø).
! The power factor = leading
Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator
Per-phase
! The power factor = 1 (unity)
Vø= EA – jXsIA– RAIA
EA = Køw
Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator
Per-phase
! The power factor = lagging
Vø< EA
Vø= EA – jXsIA– RAIA To get specific Vø, & IA
EA = Køw • Need larger amount of internal generated voltage EA for the
inductive load (lagging).
• So, we will have to provide a larger field current at the rotor in
ø proportional to IF case of inductive load (lagging p.f).
Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator
Per-phase
! The power factor = leading
Vø > EA
To get specific Vø, & IA
Vø= EA – jXsIA– RAIA • Need larger amount of internal generated voltage EA for the
inductive load (lagging) than the capacitive load (leading).
EA = Køw • So, we will have to provide a larger field current at the rotor in
case of inductive load (lagging p.f) than capacitive load
(leading p.f) to generates the same amount of the terminal
ø proportional to IF
voltage (Vø).
Power and Torque in Synchronous Generator
•The mechanical power provided by the prime • The power provided by the prime mover to generator is,
mover to the synchronous generator does not Pin = Tappwm
transform into the electrical power completely.
•The mechanical power that does not converts • The input power converted to the electric is,
into electric energy is called loss power. Pcon = Tindwm
• The output power of the generator is,
Pout =√3 VTIL Cosø
Voltage Regulation of the Synchronous Generator
VR = [(Vnl – Vfl)/ Vfl] x 100%
•In this equation, Vnl is the no-load voltage of the generator and the Vfl is the
rated voltage of the generator.
• If the synchronous generator is connected with the inductive load its
voltage regulations are highly positive.
• If the load is resistive then the voltage regulation is less positive.
• If the load is capacitive then the voltage regulation is negative.
! To keep voltage, Vø constant. Changes the internal generated voltage is
necessary if the load is changing.
EA= Køw
Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generator
Advantage of Parallel Operation of Synchronous
Generator
•To connect more than one generator. Supply more power
to the larger load.
•More control and savings on generating costs: The total
amount of power supplied from several small generators
is equal to the power supplied by one large unit..
•Maintenance purposes.
•Expandability and flexibility: Several capacities of
generators can be parallel.
Conditions for Parallel Operation of Synchronous
Generator
1. The RMS voltage at busbar of Generator 1 and
Generator 2 must same.
2. The phase sequence/rotation of both of the generators
must same (R-R; Y-Y; B-B).
3. The frequency of both generators must same.
4. The voltage phase angle of both generators must be
matched.
Types of Synchronous Motor
1. Non- excited motors:
• Reluctance motors
• Hysteresis motors
• Permanent-magnet motor
• 2. DC excited motors.
PBL 1.
Briefly explain and classify type of synchronous motor.
Synchronous Motor Starting Methods
1. Damper winding
2. Externally coupled Pony
Motor/ IC Engine (internal
combustion engine). 1. Damper winding
3. Synchronous induction motor.
3. Synchronous Induction Motor
2. With pony motor
Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Motor
Vø= EA + jXSIA + RAIA
EA = Vø – jXS IA – RAIA
Synchronous Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic Curve
• Synchronous motor provides power to such loads that
operate at constant speed and system.
• Mostly this motor is connected with large power
systems so these power systems behaves like large
infinity bus bars for motor and the variation in motor
has no effect on these bus bars.
• That means how much power motor takes from the
power system there will be no effect on the frequency
and output voltage of system.
• The rotating speed of motor is interlocked with the
frequency of system due to this speed of motor
remains constant irrespective of load varied on motor.
•The speed regulation of motor is also zero.
SR =(nnl-nfl)nfl x 100%
SR = 0%
V-curve of a Synchronous Motor
• V curve is a plot of the stator current versus field
current for different constant loads.
• The V curves are useful in adjusting the field current.
• The power factor of the synchronous motor can be
controlled by varying the field current If
• The point at which the unity power factor occurs is at
the point where the armature current is minimum
• Increasing the field current If beyond the level for
minimum armature current results in leading power
factor.
• Similarly decreasing the field current below the
minimum armature current result results in lagging
power factor.
#hint
*The synchronous motor used in industries for power factor improvements and
high pullout torque has to operate in over-excited conditions.
*For this, over-excitation there is a need of a large amount of field current that
also generates heats in the motor’s rotor.
under-excitation over-excitation *So during over-excitation, we should set field current at such value that cannot
produce heating in the machine.
I also have written some related articles you can also read them are listed here.
V-curve of a Synchronous Motor
under-excitation over-excitation
Synchronous Motor Ratings
NEMA motor insulation classes
describes the ability of
motor insulation in the windings to
handle heat under full load operation.
What is temperature rise in motors?
Temperature rise is the change within a motor when operating There are four insulation classes in use
at full load. For example; if a motor in a 26°F room operates namely: A, B, F, and H. All four classes
continuously at full load, the winding temperature will rise. The identify the allowable temperature
difference between its starting temperature and its final rise from an ambient temperature of
elevated temperature is the motor's temperature rise. 40° C (104° F).
Inverted V-curve of a Synchronous Motor
• Inverted V-curve is a plot of the power factor and field
current at the different loads.
• It is clear from the above figure that, if the
synchronous motor at full load is operating at unity
power factor, then removal of the shaft load causes
the motor to operate at a leading power factor.
Inverted V-curve of a Synchronous Motor
Difference between Synchronous Motor
and Synchronous Generator
1. The synchronous generator is such a device
that transforms mechanical energy provided by
the prime mover to electrical power, but motor
transforms electrical into mechanical energy.
2. But these to the motor are similar in physical
structure.
3. Any synchronous machine either motor or a
generator can provide active power to or get
active power from a system connected and
provide reactive power to and get reactive
power from the system.
4. All these 4 possibilities of these machines are
shown in a given figure in the shape of the
phasor diagram.
PBL 2.
The synchronous motor using 150-kilowatt real
power so we have to find these three conditions.
1. If synchronous motor operating at 0.85 lagging
power factor then what the value of transmission
line?
2. If synchronous motor operating at 0.85 leading
power factor then the value of current will be?
3. If the power loss of transmission line is given.
PLL =3I2LRL
What will be effect of these losses on first two
conditions?
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PBL 3.
• List down 9 differences between synchronous and induction motor.
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PBL 4.
• List down 6 differences of synchronous motor applications.
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PBL 5.
• List down 5 advantages and disadvantages of synchronous motor.
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PBL 6.
• Is it possible to operate a 6O-Hz synchronous generator at 50 Hz?
and
• Is it possible to operate a 5O-Hz synchronous generator at 60 Hz?
• Justify your answer.
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