beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  350

beg Aa¨vq
m~PKxq I jMvwi`gxq dvskb

cvV m¤úwK©Z MyiæZ¡c~Y© welqvw`

ev¯Íe msL¨v : mKj gyj` msL¨v Ges Ag~j` (L) = am  n
msL¨v‡K ev¯Íe msL¨v ejv nq| ev¯Íe msL¨vi (M) (am)n = amn
†mU‡K R Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| (N) (ab)n = [Link]
g~j` msL¨v : p I q c~Y©msL¨v Ges q  0 n‡j (O)
AvKv‡ii msL¨v‡K g~j` msL¨v ejv nq| m~Î 7 : a < 0 Ges n  N, n > 1, n we‡Rvo n‡j,
Ag~j` msL¨v : †h msL¨v‡K AvKvi cÖKvk m~Î 8 : a > 0, m  Z Ges n  N, n >1 n‡j,
Kiv hvq bv, †hLv‡b p, q c~Y©msL¨v Ges q 0 m~Î 9 : hw` a > 0 Ges nq, †hLv‡b m, p  Z Ges
†m msL¨vK Ag~j` msL¨v e‡j| n, q  N, n > 1, q >1 Z‡e,
c~Y©msL¨v : k~b¨mn mKj abvZ¥K I Abywm×všÍ : hw` a > 0 Ges n, k  N, n >1 nq,
FYvZ¥K ALÊ msL¨vmg~n‡K c~Y©msL¨v ejv Z‡e
nq| c~Y©msL¨vi †mU‡K Z Øviv cÖKvk Kiv g~j` fMœvsk m~PK
nq| msÁv : a  R Ges n  N, n >1 n‡j, a = hLb a > 0
¯^vfvweK msL¨v : 1, 2, 3, 4 ............ BZ¨vw` A_ev
mvaviYZ MYbvg~jK msL¨v¸‡jv‡K ¯^vfvweK a < 0 Ges we‡Rvo|
msL¨v ejv nq| ¯^vfvweK msL¨v‡K abvZ¥K msÁv : a > 0, m  Z Ges n  N, n >1 n‡j (6) a = a
ALÊ msL¨v ejv nq| msÁv : a = = †hLv‡b, a > 0, m  Z, n  N, n > 1
¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU‡K N Øviv cÖKvk Kiv myZivs p  Z, q  Z, n > 1 hw` Ggb nq †h, nq,
nq| Z‡e m~Î-9 †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, a = a
m~PKxq ivwk : m~PK I wfwË m¤^wjZ m~Î 10 : a > 0, b > 0 Ges r, s  Q n‡j,
ivwk‡K m~PKxq ivwk ejv nq| (K) [Link] = ar + s (L) = ar s (M) (ar)s = ars
m~PK m¤úwK©Z m~Î (Laws of Exponent) : (N) (ab)r = arbr (O)
m~Î 1 : a  R Ges n  N n‡j, a1 = a, an + 1= an.a K‡qKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ :
m~Î 2 : a  R Ges m, n  N n‡j, am. an = am + n (i) hw` ax = 1 nq, †hLv‡b a > 0, Ges a  1, Zvn‡j x =
m~Î 3 : a  R, a  0 Ges m, n  N, m  n n‡j, 0
= (ii) hw` ax = 1 nq, †hLv‡b a > 0 Ges x  0, Zvn‡j a =
m~Î 4 : a  R Ges m, n  N n‡j, (a ) = a
m n mn
1
m~Î 5 : a, b  R Ges n  N n‡j, (a.b)n = [Link] (iii) hw` ax = ay nq, †hLv‡b a > 0 Ges a  1, Zvn‡j x =
m~Î 6 : a  0, b  0 Ges m, n  Z n‡j, y

(K) [Link] = am + n (iv) hw` ax = bx nq, †hLv‡b > 0 Ges x  0, Zvn‡j a =

b
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  351
Abykxjbxi cÖkœ I mgvavb
cÖkœ \ 1 \ cÖgvY Ki †h, = a; †hLv‡b m, p  Z = 
Ges n  N = 
=
mgvavb : = P
= = (Ans.)
= [(am)n = am n]
=a
M.
mgvavb :
 = = a (cÖgvwYZ)
= 
cÖkœ \ 2 \ cÖgvY Ki †h, = a, †hLv‡b m, n  = 
N, m  0, n  0 = 
mgvavb : g‡b Kwi, =x Ges =y =  = (Ans.)
∴ mx = 1 ∴ ny = 1 N. + +
GLb, = mgvavb :
=axy [∵ (am)n = amn] + +
=a =a [gvb ewm‡q] = + +
=a = + +
myZivs = a (cÖgvwYZ) = + +
= + +
cÖkœ \ 3 \ cÖgvY Ki †h, (ab) = ab; †hLv‡b m
= = 1 (Ans.)
 Z, n  N
O.  
mgvavb : g‡b Kwi, = x
mgvavb :  
GLb, evgcÿ = (ab) = (ab)x [ = x]
=  
= [Link]
=   = 1 (Ans.)
= a. b = Wvbcÿ
 (ab) = ab (cÖgvwYZ) P.
mgvavb :
cÖkœ \ 4 \ †`LvI †h, =
K. = a  b =
mgvavb : =
=
evgcÿ =
= =
= = 
=  = (Ans.)
=
 = a− b = a  b = Wvbcÿ cÖkœ \ 6 \ †`LvI †h,
K. hw` x = aq + r bp, y = ar + pbq, z = ap + q br nq, Z‡e xq r.
 = a  b (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) y r [Link] q = 1
L. = mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, x = aq + rbp
y = ar + pbq
mgvavb : evgcÿ = =
z = ap + qbr
=
= evgcÿ = xq [Link] [Link] q
= = (aq + [Link])q r.(ar + [Link])r p.(ap + [Link])p q
= a + a  1 = Wvbcÿ = a(q + r)(q r)bpq pr.a(r + p)(r p).bqr pq.a(p + q)(p  q).bpr qr
= aq2r2.ar2p2.ap2[Link] [Link] [Link] qr
 = (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
= aq2r2+ r2p2+ p2[Link] pr + qr pq + pr qr
cÖkœ \ 5 \ mij Ki : = a0b0 = 1.1 = 1 = Wvbcÿ
K.  xq r. y r [Link] q = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
mgvavb : L. hw` ap = b, bq = c Ges cr = a nq, Z‡e pqr = 1
==
mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, ap = b, bq = c Ges cr = a
= x= x1 = x (Ans.)
L.  GLv‡b, ap = b
mgvavb :  =  ev, (cr)p = b
= 
ev, cpr = b
=  ev, (bq)pr = b
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  352
ev, bpqr = b1 N. hw` a2 + 2 = + Ges, a  0 nq, Z‡e †`LvI
 pqr = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) †h,
M. hw` a = p, a = q Ges a = nq, Z‡e xyz = 1
x y 2 z 3a3 + 9a = 8
mgvavb : mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q, ax = p, ay = q Ges a2 = z †`Iqv Av‡Q, a2 + 2 = +
GLv‡b, a2 = (pyqx)z ev, (a2 + 2)3 = [ Dfqcÿ‡K Nb K‡i]
ev, a =
2 z ev, + 3 2 + 3.a .2 + 2 =
3 2 2 2 3

+ + 3. .
ev, a =
2 z

ev, a 6
+ 6a 4
+ 12a 2
+ 8 = 3 2
+ 3 2
+ (a2
+ 2)
ev, a2 = a2xyz
ev, a6 + 6a4 + 12a2 + 8 = 9 + + 3(a2 + 2)
ev, 2 = 2xyz
ev, a6 + 6a4 + 12a2 + 8 = 9 + + 3a2 + 6
 xyz = 1(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, a6 + 6a4 + 9a2 = 7 +
cÖkœ \ 7 \ K. hw` x + y + z = 0 Ges a2 = bc
ev, (a3)2 + 2.a3.3a + (3a)2 =
nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, ax3 + by3 + cz3 = 3axyz
ev, (a3 + 3a)2 =
mgvavb :
ev, a3 + 3a = [Dfqcÿ‡K eM©g~j K‡i]
†`Iqv Av‡Q, x + y + z = 0
[ a  0 †m‡nZz ïay abvZ¥K gvb wb‡q]
ev, x + y=  z
 3a3 + 9a = 8 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, = [Dfqcÿ‡K Nb K‡i]
O. hw` a2 = b3 nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, + = +
ev, +
+ 3.x.y=  z3c mgvavb :
ev, x3a + y3b + 3xy =  z3c †`Iqv Av‡Q, a2 = b3
ev, x3a + y3b  3xyz =  z3c evgcÿ = + = +
= + = + [ b3 = a2]
ev, x3a + y3b + z3c = 3xyz
= + = +
ev, ax3 + by3 + cz3 = 3xyz [ a2 = bc]
= + = Wvbcÿ
ev, ax3 + by3 + cz3 = 3axyz
A_©vr + = + (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 ax3 + by3 + cz3 = 3axyz (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
P. hw` b = 1 + + nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, b3  3b2  6b  4
L. hw` x = + Ges a2  b2 = c3 nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, =0
x3  3cx  2a = 0
mgvavb :
mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q, b = 1 + +
†`Iqv Av‡Q, x = +
ev, (b  1)3 = [ Dfqcÿ‡K Nb K‡i]
ev, x3 = [Dfqcÿ‡K Nb K‡i]
ev, b3  3b2 + 3b  1 = + + 3..
ev, x3 = + + 3
ev, b3  3b2 + 3b  1 = 32 + 3 + .(b1)
ev, b3  3b2 + 3b  1 = 9 + 3 + 3 (b  1)
ev, x3 = a + b + a  b + 3 x
ev, b3  3b2 + 3b  1 = 12 + 9 (b  1)
ev, x3 = 2a + 3x
ev, b3  3b2 + 3b  1 = 12 + 9b  9
ev, x3 = 2a + 3x [ a2  b2 = c3]
 b3  3b2  6b  4 = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, x3 = 2a + 3x.c
ev, x3 = 2a + 3cx [we: `ª: cvV¨ eB‡qi cÖ‡kœ Gi ¯’‡j n‡e]
 x3  3cx  2a = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) Q. hw` a + b + c = 0 nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h,
M. hw` a = + nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, 2a3  6a = 5
+ + =1
mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, a = +
mgvavb :
ev, a3 = [Dfqcÿ‡K Nb K‡i]
evgcÿ = + +
ev, a = + + 3..
3
= + +
ev, a3 = 2 + 2 + 3.. .a [ a + b + c = 0  b + c = a]
ev, a3 = 2 + + 3.1.a = + +
ev, a3 = = + +
= + +
ev, a3 = 5 + 6a = + +
 2a3  6a = 5 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) = = = 1 = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  353
cÖkœ \ 8 \ K. hw` ax = b, by = c Ges cz = 1 nq, Z‡e GLv‡b Aev¯Íe| myZivs GwU MÖnY‡hvM¨
xyz = KZ ? bq|
mgvavb : wb‡Y©q mgvavb x = 0
†`Iqv Av‡Q, a = b, b = c Ges c = 1
x y z
(L) 5x + 3y = 8
GLv‡b, cz = 1 5x1 + 3y1 = 2
ev, (by)z = 1 [ by = c] mgvavb : 5 + 3 = 8........... (i)
ev, { } = 1
y z x
[ a = b] 5 + 3 = 2....... (ii)
(ii) bs mgxKiY †_‡K cvB,
ev, {axy}z = 1
5.5 + 3.3 = 2
ev, axyz = a
ev, + = 2
 xyz = 0 (Ans.)
ev, = 2
L. hw` xa = yb = zc Ges xyz = 1 nq, Z‡e ab + bc + ca =
ev, 3.5 + 5.3y = 30 ........ (iii)
KZ ?
(iii)  1  (i)  3 n‡Z cvB,
mgvavb :
2.3 = 6
†`Iqv Av‡Q, xa = yb ev, 3 = 3
x=
y=1
Avevi, zc = yb y Gi gvb (i) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB,
z=
5 + 3= 8
GLb, xyz = 1 ev, 5 = 8  3
ev, .y. = 1 ev, 5 = 5
ev, = 1 x=1
ev, y= y wb‡Y©q mgvavb : x = 1, y = 1
ev, = 0
(M) 4 = 16; 3 = 9
 bc + ac + ab = 0 (Ans.)
M. hw` 9x = (27)y nq, Zv n‡j Gi gvb KZ? mgvavb : 43y2 =16x + y............ (i)
3x + 2y = 92x + 1.......... (ii)
mgvavb :
(i) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
†`Iqv Av‡Q, 9x = (27)y 4 3y2
= (42)x + y
ev, (32)x = (33)y ev, 4 = 4
ev, 32x = 33y ev, 3y  2 = 2x + 2y
ev, 2x = 3y ev, 2x  y + 2 = 0.......... (iii)
 (Ans.)
(ii) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
cÖkœ \ 9 \ mgvavb Ki : 3 = (32)
(K) 32x + 2 + 27x + 1 = 36 ev, 3x + 2y = 34x + 2
mgvavb : ev, x + 2y = 4x + 2
32x + 2 + 27x + 1 = 36
ev, 3x2y + 2 = 0 ........... (iv)
ev, 32x + 2 + 33x + 3 = 36 (iii)  2  (iv)  1 n‡Z cvB,
ev, 32x.32 + 33x.33  36 = 0 x+2=0
ev, (3x)2.32 + (3x)3.33 36 = 0  x = 2
ev, a2.9 + a3.27  36 = 0 [3x = a a‡i] x Gi gvb (iii) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB,
ev, 27a3 + 9a2  36 = 0 2(2)  y + 2 = 0
ev, 9(3a3 + a2  4) = 0 ev, 4y + 2 = 0
ev, 3a3  3 + a2 1 = 0 ev, y = 2
 y = 2
ev, 3(a3  1) + a2 1 = 0
wb‡Y©q mgvavb : x =  2, y =  2
ev, 3(a  1) (a2 + a + 1) + (a  1) (a + 1) = 0
ev, (a  1) (3a2 + 3a + 3 + a + 1) = 0 (N) 22x + 1.23y + 1 = 8
ev, (a  1) (3a2 + 4a + 4) = 0 2x + 2.2y + 2 = 16

nq, a  1 = 0 A_ev, 3a2 + 4a + 4 = 0 mgvavb :

22x + 1.23y + 1 = 8 ...........(i)
ev, a = 1 a=
2x + 2.2y + 2 = 16........... (ii)
ev, 3 = 3 [gvb ewm‡q] =
x 0
(i) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
x=0 =
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  354
22x + 1 + 3y + 1 = 23 (iv) Gi gvb (iii) bs-G ewm‡q cvB,
ev, 2x + 3y + 2 = 3 2x + 3(x) = 1
ev, 2x + 3y = 32 ev, 2x 3x = 1
 2x + 3y =1 ....... (iii) ev, x =1
(ii) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB, x=1
2x + 2 + y + 2 = 24 x Gi gvb (iv) bs-G ewm‡q,
ev, x + y + 4 = 4 y = (1)
ev, x + y = 0 y=1
 y =  x .............. (iv) wb‡Y©q mgvavb : x =  1, y = 1

¸iæZ¡c~Y© enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

1. Gi gvb KZ? 7. k~‡b¨i m~PK k~b¨ n‡j Zvi gvb KZ?
K 3  3 M3 N 3 K 0 L 1 M Amxg 
e¨vL¨v : = =
AmsÁvwqZ
= =3 =3
2. Gi mij gvb †KvbwU? 8. a  1 n‡j ax = am n‡e, hw` Ges †Kej hw`
K x15 L x  x N 1 wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
3. a = b, b = c, c = a n‡j, lmn Gi gvb KZ?
l m n K a=x L a=m  x=m N x=±m

K abc L  lwb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 9 I 10 bs cÖ‡kœi

N l
4. a = b, b = c Ges c = a n‡j, xyz = KZ?
x y z DËi `vI :
K 1 L 0  1 N 2 + + ......... GKwU Amxg aviv|
5. hw` x, y, z  0, p = q = r nq Z‡e, wb‡Pi 9. wb‡Pi †Kvb k‡Z© avivwUi AmxgZK
x y z

†KvbwU mwVK? mgwó _vK‡e?

 q=r L r=q Mq=r N p=q K |r| <  1  |r| < 1 M |r| > 1 N |r| >  1
6. a > 0, m  Z, n  N Ges n > 1 n‡j- 10. z-Gi †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ avivwUi AmxgZK
i. = ii. = mgwó wbY©q Kiv hvq?
iii. =
K z <  2 Ges z < 0 L z <  2 Ges z > 0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  z <  2 Ges z > 0 N z >  2 Ges z < 0
 i L ii M iii N i, ii I iii

91 : g~j` I Ag~j` m~PK 15. Gi †ÿ‡ÎÑ

i. wfwË ii. gvb
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi iii. m~PK 4
11. mKj g~j` I Ag~j` msL¨vi †mU wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
†KvbwU? (mnR) K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K  M ℤ N Q 16. ev¯Íe msL¨vi †ÿ‡ÎÑ
12. ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU wb‡`©k K‡i i. mKj c~Y© msL¨vi †mU
†KvbwU? (mnR) ii. mKj g~j` msL¨vi †mU
K N L R M Q N Z iii. mKj ev¯Íe msLvi †mU
e¨vL¨v : mKj ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU N| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU R| mKj gyj` (mnR)
msL¨vi †mU, Q| K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N ii I iii
13. ()7 m~PKxq ivwki wfwË KZ? (mnR) 17. †mU cÖKv‡ki ixwZ AbyhvqxÑ
K 7 L  3 N
i. Z n‡jv c~Y© msL¨vi †mU
14. a  0 Ges n abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v n‡j an
ii. R n‡jv ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU
Kx wb‡`©k K‡i? (ga¨g)
iii. Q n‡jv g~j` msL¨vi †mU
K a †K n evi †hvM L a †K n evi we‡qvM
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
 a †K n evi ¸Y N a †K n evi fvM
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
92 : m~PK m¤úwK©Z m~Î
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  355

 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi Ges x  0 n‡j x = a

iii. ax = bx

18. am cÖZxKwU‡Z a †K Kx ejv nq?(mnR) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (KwVb)

 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 wfwË L m~PK M kw³ N AbycvZ
19. mKj ¯^vfvweK msL¨v ev abvZ¥K 33. a = b = c n‡jÑ
x y z

i. a = b
c~Y© msL¨vi †mU wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
ii. b = c
(mnR) iii. c = b
K R L Z M Q  N wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
20. a n‡j, a1 = KZ? (mnR) K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
 a L 0 M N a1
34. i. a †K a Gi m NvZ ev kw³ e‡j
m

21. a Ges n n‡j, a n+1

= KZ? (mnR)
ii. am †K a NvZ m cov nq
n
K a +a L a an
 a .an
N
iii. n GKwU ev¯Íe msL¨v
22. a Ges m, nIN n‡j, [Link] = KZ? (mnR)
 a m+n
L a -(m + n)
M a m n
N
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
23. †KvbwU m~P‡Ki †gŠwjK m~Î?
(mnR) 35. i. mKj ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU
1
K a =a  am + n = [Link] ii. mKj g~j` msL¨vi †mU Q
M a =1o
N (ab)n = [Link] iii. mKj c~Y© msL¨vi †mU Z
24. hw` a, bN Ges nN nq Z‡e (a. b)n = KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
(mnR) K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii

 a .b n n
L a. n
M a +bn n
N a b
n n
36. a  R Ges a  0 n‡j Ñ
25. aR Ges m, nN n‡j, (am)n = KZ? (mnR) i. a−n. an = 1
 amn L a m n M am + an N ii. a0 = 0
−n
26. nN, n > 1 Ges aR n‡j, x †K a Gi nZg g~j ejv n‡e iii. a =

hw`Ñ (mnR) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)

K a = n nq
x
L n = 1 nq
n K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

 x = n nq
n
N a = 1 nq
n
 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
27. 2 Ges  2 DfqB 16 Gi KZZg g~j? (mnR) cÖ‡kœvËi
K 32 Zg g~j L 16 Zg g~jM 4 Zg g~j
ax = by = cz Ges b2 = ac nq|
 4 Zg g~j
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 37Ñ39 bs cÖ‡kœi
28. 27 Gi Nbg~j wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
DËi `vI :
K 9 L 3  3 N 9
29. 0 Gi nZg g~j KZ? (mnR) 37. a = KZ? (ga¨g)
K n   0N 1 M K a=y L a = by M a=b  a=b

30. cÖ‡Z¨K abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨v a Gi 38. c = KZ? (ga¨g)

 c=b L c=b M c=b N c = byz
GKwU Abb¨ abvZ¥K n Zg g~j i‡q‡Q|
39. b2 = ac n‡j b2 = wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (KwVb)
G‡K wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖZxKwU Øviv
K b2 = b L b2 = b  b2 = b N b2 = b
cÖKvk Kiv nq? (mnR)
 L M N an 93 : g~j Gi e¨vL¨v
31. a FYvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨v Ges n we‡Rvo
 mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
¯^vfvweK msL¨v n‡j, a Gi GKwU
Abb¨ FYvZ¥K nZg g~j i‡q‡Q| G‡K Kx 40. a > o n‡j, wb‡Pi †Kvb m¤úK©wU
cÖZxK Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq? (mnR) mwVK †hLv‡b a ? (ga¨g)
K >0 L <0  >0 N 0
K L M   
41. a < o Ges n , n>1, n we‡Rvo n‡j, KZ ?
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK
(ga¨g)
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi   L M  N
32. a, b > o n‡jÑ 42. a > o Ges a  1 n‡j, a = a n‡e hw` I †Kej
x y

i. ax = 1 Ges x  0 n‡j a = 1 hw`Ñ (ga¨g)

ii. ax = ay Ges a  1 n‡j x = y K n  y nq  x = y nq M n > y nq N x = o nq
y
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  356
43. a > o, b > o Ges x  o n‡j, ax = bx n‡e hw` I a = b = c = k Ges abc = 1
†Kej hw`Ñ (ga¨g) Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 55Ñ 57bs cÖ‡kœi
 a = b nq L a = o nq M a  b < 0 nqN a  b nq
b
DËi `vI :
44. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 55. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(ga¨g) (mnR)
K  M N
 a=b L c=k M a=b N abc = k
45. hw` a > 0 Ges nq †hLv‡b m, pZ Ges n,
56. abc wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mgvb?
qN, n > 1, q > 1 Z‡e wb‡Pi †KvbwU
(ga¨g)
mwVK? (KwVb) K ab = c2 L k+3  kx + y + z N k
K 
57. x + y + z = KZ? (mnR)
M N
K 1  0 M k2 + 1 N
46. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
a < 0 Ges n  , n > 1
(KwVb)
 5 = 11.665 L =2
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 58 I 59bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
M 5 = 12.089 N =3 `vI|
47. a > o n‡j, mKj x R Gi Rb¨ wb‡Pi 58. n we‡Rvo msL¨v n‡j g~jwU †Kgb
†KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) n‡e? (mnR)
x
K a <o x
 a >o M a o
x x
N a =o K abvZ¥K  FYvZ¥KM eM©g~j
48. hw` x < y nq Zvn‡j a > 1 Gi Rb¨ wb‡Pi N g~j`
†KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 59. n †Rvo msL¨v n‡j a Gi n Zg g~j
 ax < ay L ax > ay M ax = ay N axy = ay KqwU? (ga¨g)
49. hw` x < y nq, Zvn‡j o < a < 1 Gi Rb¨ wb‡Pi  1 L 16 M 26 N
†KvbwU mZ¨? (KwVb)
 ax > ay L ax < ay M ax  ay N ax  ay
94 : g~j` fMœvsk m~PK
50. hw` a = b = c Ges abc = 1 nq Zvn‡j x + y + z = KZ?  mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
(KwVb)
60. hw` ab = ba nq Zvn‡j Gi gvb KZ?(KwVb)
K 3 L 2 M 1  0
 L M N 1
51. a > 0 n‡j †KvbwU mwVK?
61. a = p, a = q Ges a = (p q ) n‡j xyz Gi gvb KZ?
x y 2 y x z

(mnR)
(ga¨g)
 >0 L <0 M 0 N 0
K 0 L  1 N 2
52. 3 Zg g~j‡K Kx ejv nq? (mnR)
62. = KZ? (mnR)
K eM© L eM©g~j  Nbg~jN  L M N
wØNvZ 63. hw` ax = by = cz Ges b2 = ac nq Z‡e wb‡Pi
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK †KvbwU Gi gvb? (KwVb)
K  M N
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
64. = KZ? (mnR)
53. mKj a  Gi Rb¨ K ab 9 5
L ab8 3
 ab 3 5
N ab5 3

i. a1 = 0
e¨vL¨v : = {(a3b5)3}
ii. a1 = a
= {(a3)3 (b5)3}
n
iii. a = [n , n>1] = (a9b15)
= a. b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
= a3b5
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
65. hw` (16)x = (64)y n‡j = KZ? (KwVb)
54. i. a Gi ciggvb |a| K L  N 0
ii. a < 0 n‡j, |a| = a 66. (16) = (64) n‡j = KZ? (KwVb)
iii. a < 0 n‡j, |a| = a  L M N 0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 67. = a Ges a = 3b n‡j b = KZ? (mnR)
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K 1  M 4 N 9
68. ()5 m~PKxq ivwki wbavb ev wfwË
 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
KZ? (ga¨g)
cÖ‡kœvËi
K 5 L M  3
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  357
69. {1  (1  x3)1}1 = KZ? (KwVb)  enyc`x mgvwßm~PK
K +1  1 M N enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
70. -8 Gi Nbg~j KZ? (ga¨g)
 2 L 1 M2 N 4
85. i. ; †hLv‡b a > o, n
71. = KZ? †hLv‡b, m, p Ges n (mnR) ii. ; †hLv‡b a, b , b> 0 Ges n

 a L a M a N a iii. ; †hLv‡b a Ges n

72. Gi mijgvb KZ? (ga¨g) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
K a 12
L a 4
 a N 1  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
e¨vL¨v : == 86. i. 2 Zg g~j‡K eM©g~j e‡j
= === =a
ii. 27 Gi Nbg~j 3
73. a < o Ges n , n >1 Ges we‡Rvo n‡j a = KZ?
iii. 0 Gi n Zg g~j 0
(ga¨g)
 |a| L M |a| N
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
74. 92m = 3x + 1 n‡j x = KZ? (ga¨g) K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

K  M 3 N  87. i. = a hLb a > 0

75. Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU ii. = a hLb a < 0
(mnR) iii. =  2
K L  N 1 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
76. Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K am L amn M 0  1 88. i. hw` ax = 1 nq, †hLv‡b a > 0 Ges a  1 Zvn‡j
77.  Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) x=0
K 9 L 3  3 N 9 ii. hw` ax = 1
nq, †hLv‡b a > 0 x  0, Zvn‡j a = 1
78. hw` a = b b a
nq Zvn‡j Gi gvb wb‡Pi iii. hw` a = ay nq, †hLv‡b a > 0 Ges a  1,
x

†KvbwU? (KwVb) Zvn‡j x = y

K L M  wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
79. ab = ba n‡q Z‡e KZ? K i I ii L i I iii
a L b M a N a M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
80. Gi gvb KZ?
 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
K L   − N −
cÖ‡kœvËi
81. x= (x )x n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ?
K L  N 4x  3.2x + 2 + 25 = 0 GKwU m~PKxq mgxKiY Ges
e¨vL¨v : x = x
(x ) x
2x = y
ev, (xx) = x= x Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 89 Ñ 91 bs cÖ‡kœi
ev, (xx) = (xx)
DËi `vI :
ev, =
∴x= 89. y2  12y = KZ? (KwVb)
82. Gi gvb †KvbwU?  32 L 36

Ka+b  a−b M N (a−b) M 48 N  52

e¨vL¨v : 90. y-Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)

=
=−
K 3, 2 L 1, 4  4, 8 N 2, 0
=a−b
91. x = KZ? (ga¨g)
83. (a2b3)5 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?  2, 3 L 1, 9 M 3, 4 N 2, 
 a10.b15 L a25b125 M (ab)30 N a3b2
x = (x )x
e¨vL¨v : a, b  R GwU nN n‡j (a, b)n = [Link]
 (a2b3)5 = (a2)5. (b3)5
Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 92 I 93bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
= a2  5.b3  5 `vI :
= a10.b15
92. Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
84.  = KZ? K  M  N
K L M a −b 
93. x Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
e¨vL¨v : 
= (KwVb)
K− L  N

94. hw` ()x + 5 = ()2x + 5 Gi gvb KZ? 95. y = (y)y nq n‡e y Gi gvb wb‡Pi
K 25  5 M N †KvbwU?
K L M 
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  358
96. Gi gvb †KvbwU? i. a = 1
K  ii. an = a
M N
iii. (am)n = amn
97. x = (xx n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 4 L M 
K i I ii L ii I iii
98. 3mx 1 = 3amx  2 ; a > 0, a  3 I m  0 n‡j, x Gi gvb  i I iii N i, ii I iii
KZ? 104. am  an = am + n
n‡j,
K 
m wb‡Pi †Kvb k‡Z© GwU mwVK?
M 2m N 2
i. a  R. a = 0
99. (2  x) 2 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ?
ii. m, n  N, m > n
K 6  6
iii. a  R, m, n  N
M 0 N 7 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
100. cÖ‡Z¨K abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨v a Gi K i I ii  ii I iii
GKwU Abb¨ abvZ¥K x Zg g~j i‡q‡Q| M i I iii N i, ii I iii
G‡K wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖZxK Øviv cÖKvk hw` xn = a nq Z‡e
Kiv hvq? Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 105 I 106 bs cÖ‡kœi
 L
M N ax
DËi `vI :
101. a R Gi x  N n‡j a x + 1 = 105. n = 5 nq n‡j, wb‡Pi
KZ? †KvbwU mwVK?
K ax + a L ax  a Kx = a5 L x=
x
 a.a N
 x= N =a
102. Gi mij gvb KZ? 106. DÏxcKwU wb‡Pi
K a12 L a
†Kvb k‡Z© mwVK n‡e?
 N 1
K a  R, n R  a  R, n  N
103. a ,a0 n‡j,
M n  N, n  1 N a  R, n < 1

¸iæZ¡c~Y© m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

cÖkœ-1 î ax = by = cz, †hLv‡b a  b  c. ev, b =

K. hw` p = nq, Z‡e p Gi gvb wbY©q GLb, c2 = ab = .
Ki| 2 ev, c2 = .
L. hw` ab = c nq, Z‡e cÖgvY Ki †h, 4
2
ev, 2 =
M. abc = 1 n‡j, cÖgvY Ki †h, = 4 ev, z = 2
îí 1bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí  + = (cÖgvwYZ)
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ax = by = cz
K. kZ©g‡Z, =
awi ax = by = cz = k
ev, =
 ax = k ev, a =
ev, =
ax = k ev, b =
ev, = p z
c =k ev, c =
ev, =
GLb, abc = 1
ev, =
ev, , , = k
ev, =
 p = (Ans.)
ev, = k
L. †h‡nZz ax = cz ev, + + = 0
ev, a = ev, = 0
Avevi, by = cz ev, + +  = 0
 + + = (cÖgvwYZ)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  359
cÖkœ-2  a  R Ges m, n  N n‡j, (am)n = amn
myZivs n = 1 Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨|
K. n = 1 Gi Rb¨ evK¨wUi mZ¨Zv L. ÔK' n‡Z m = n = 1 Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨|
hvPvB Ki| 2 myZivs m = n = k Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡e
L. MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z †`LvI  [Link] = ak + k
†h, (a ) = a
m n mn
4 = a 2k ............. (i)
M. a  0 Ges m  N I n  Z n‡j, †`LvI †h, (am)n m = n = k + 1 Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨ n‡e hw` I

= amn 4 †Kej hw`

ak + 1. ak + 1 = ak + 1 + k + 1
 2bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  = a2k + 2
= a2(k+1) ......................(ii)
K. †K wbw`©ó K‡i Ges n †K PjK a‡i
m  N
(i) I (ii) n‡Z †`Lv hvq k Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU
†Lvjv evK¨ (am)n = amn ........... (i) we‡ePbv Kwi|
mZ¨ n‡j k + 1 Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨|
(i) G n = 1 ewm‡q †`Lv hvq,
myZivs m, n  N Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨|
evgcÿ = (am)l = am
 n = 1 Gi Rb¨ (i) mZ¨
Wvbcÿ = am . 1 = am
GLb awi, n = k Gi Rb¨ (i) mZ¨|
 n = 1 Gi Rb¨ (i) mZ¨|
A_©vr am. ak = am + k ......... (ii)
L. n = 1 Gi Rb¨ (i) mZ¨| [ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB]
Zvn‡j, [Link] + 1 = am(ak . a) [ m~Î 1]
awi, n = k Gi Rb¨ (i) mZ¨
= (am. ak) a [¸‡Yi mn‡hvRb]
A_©vr (am)k = amk........................(ii)
= am + k.a [Av‡ivn Kíbv]
GLb, (am)k +1 = (am)k . (am) [ an+ 1 = an. a]
= am+ k + 1 [1bs m~Î]
= [Link] [(ii) bs n‡Z]
A_©vr n = k + 1, Gi Rb¨ (i) mZ¨|
= amk+ m = am(k +1)
myZivs MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ
 n = k + 1 Gi Rb¨I (i) mZ¨|
Abyhvqx mKj n N Gi Rb¨ (i) mZ¨|
myZivs MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ
 †h‡Kv‡bv m, n  N Gi Rb¨ am. an = am+n
Abymv‡i mKj n  N Gi Rb¨ (i) mZ¨|
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
M. (i) m > 0 Ges n < 0
M. ÔLÕ †_‡K cvB, (am)n = amn ................ (i)
awi, n = k †hLv‡b k  N
GLv‡b, a  0 Ges m  N I n Z
Ges m  N
cÖ_‡g g‡b Kwi, n > 0 G‡ÿ‡Î L †_‡K (i) Gi
am. an = am.ak [cÖwZ¯’vcb]
mZ¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
=a .[a =]
m n

GLb g‡b Kwi, n = 0 G‡ÿ‡Î (am)n = (am) = a= 1 = = amk

Ges a = a = 1
mn 0
wKš‘, = a  (k  m) = am k [ an = ]
 (i) bs mZ¨|  mKj †ÿ‡ÎB am. an = am  k = am + ( k)
Avevi g‡b Kwi, n < 0 Ges n =  k †hLv‡b k N = am + n [gvb ewm‡q]
G‡ÿ‡Î (a ) = (a ) = = = a = a = a
m n m k mk m(k) mn
(mZ¨Zv hvPvB Kiv n‡jv)
 a  0 Ges m  N I n  Z Gi Rb¨ (am)n = amn ii) m < 0 Ges n < 0
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) awi, m =  p, n =  q †hLv‡b p, q  N
cÖkœ-3  a  0 Ges m, n  Z Gi Rb¨ am. an = am + n
am. an = a p. a q
K. n = 1 Gi Rb¨ evK¨wUi mZ¨Zv =  [ a n = ]
hvPvB Ki| 2 = [ a  an = am + n]
m

= a (p + q) = a  p  q = a  p + ( q)
L. MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z †`LvI
[ gvb ewm‡q ] (mZ¨Zv
= a m + n

†h, m, nN Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨| 4

hvPvB Kiv n‡jv)
M. (i) m > 0 Ges n < 0 (ii) m < 0 Ges n < 0
Gi Rb¨ evK¨wUi mZ¨Zv hvPvB cÖkœ-4  KwZcq m~PK mgwš^Z ivwk ay
1 p
, by 1  q, cy 1  r Ges ay 1 p = by1q = cy 1  r = x|
Ki| 4
 3bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  K. a, b I c Gi gvb x, y Gi gva¨‡g
cÖKvk Ki| 2
K. n‡j,
n =1
L. a  b  c Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
qr rp pq

evgcÿ = [Link] = [Link] = am.a = am +1

M. †`LvI †h, 
Wvbcÿ = am + n = am + 1
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  360
4
 = aq  r  b r  p  cp  q M. 1 ivwk  2q ivwk  [x  {x1 + (a1 
 4bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  x)1}1] Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ay1  p = by 1  q = cy1 r = x  5bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
 ay 1 p = x K. = =
ev, a = = = =
 a = xy p 1
= = (a12) = a
Avevi, by1  q = x wb‡Y©q mij gvb a
ev, b = = xyq 1 L. ÔKÕ †_‡K cvB, = a
Ges cy1  r = x Zvn‡j evgcÿ = 1g ivwk  2q ivwk
ev, c = = xyr 1 =  [1  1 {1  (1  x3)1}1]1
 a = xyp 1, b = xyq1, c = xyr 1 = a  [1  1 {1  (1  x3)1}1]1
=a
L. ÔKÕ †_‡K cvB, a = xyp  1, b = xyq  1 Ges c = xyr  1
=a
 aq  [Link]  [Link]  q = (xyp  1)q  r.(xyq1)r  p.(xyr  1)p  q
=a
= xq  ry(p  1)(q  r).xr  py(q  1) (r  p).xp  qy(r 1)(p  q)
=a
= xq  r + r  p + p  q.y pq  pr  q + r + qr  pq  r + p + pr  qr  p + q
=a=a
= x0.y0
= a  = ax3 = Wvbcÿ
= 1  1 = 1 (Ans.)
M. ÔLÕ n‡Z cvB, Wvbcÿ = aqr  br  p  cp  q = 1  1g ivwg  2q ivwk = ax3 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
evgcÿ = a + ab + b  b + bc + c  c + ca + a
2 2 2 2 2 2 M. GLv‡b, 1g ivwk  2q ivwk  [x  {x1 + (a1 
=p p
(ab) (a2 + ab + b2) (bc) (b2 + bc + c2)
 p(c  a) (c2 + ca + a2) x)1}1]
= pa3  b3  pb3  c3  pc3  a3 = ax3  [ÔLÕ †_‡K]
= pa3  b3 + b3 c3 + c3  a3 = ax3 
= p0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ = ax3 
 a2 + ab + b2  b2 + bc + c2  c2 + ca + a2 = ax3 
= ax3 
= aqr  br  p  cp  q (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
= ax3  [x {x  ax2}]
cÖkœ-5  , [1  1 {1  (1  x3)1}]1 `yBwU ivwk| = ax3  [x  x + ax2]
= ax3  ax2
K. cÖ_g ivwki mij gvb KZ? 2
= = x (Ans.)
L. †`LvI †h, 1g ivwk  2q ivwk = ax3 4

cÖkœ-6  , Ges wZbwU m~PKxq ivwk| =+ +

K. Z…Zxq ivwkwUi mij Ki| 2 = + +
[∵ a + b + c = 0, ∵ a + b = − c]
L. ivwk wZbwUi †hvMdj wbY©q
= + +
Ki| 4 = + +
M. †`LvI †h, (a + b + c) = 0 n‡j ivwk =
wZbwUi †hvMdj 1. 4 =1
a+b+c=0 n‡j cÖ`Ë ivwk wZbwUi †hvMdj 1.
 6bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
K. = = = (Ans.)
cÖkœ-7  a, b  N Ges an, n N n‡j MvwYwZK
L. ivwk wZbwUi †hvMdj
Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z †`LvI †h,
= + +
= + + K. (am)n = amn 2
= + + L. (a.b)n = anbn 4
= + + (Ans.) M. †hLv‡b, a > 0 4
M. †h‡nZz, a + b + c = 0  7bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
ev, b + c = − a K. GLv‡b, (am)n = amn
ivwk wZbwUi †hvMdj cÖ_g avc : (i) bs G n = 1 ewm‡q cvB,
= + + evgcÿ = (am)1 = am
= + + Wvbcÿ = am.1 = am
= + +
 n = 1 Gi Rb¨ (i) bs evK¨wU mZ¨|
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  361
wØZxq avc : awi, n = k Gi Rb¨ (i)bs Ges Z…Zxq As‡ki mij gvb =
evK¨wU mZ¨| cÖ`Ë ivwk,
am)k = amk + +
GLb, (a ) m k+1 m k
= (a ) a m = ++
am(k +1) = amk + m = am(k + 1) = = 1 (Ans.)
 n = k + 1 Gi Rb¨ (i) bs evK¨wU mZ¨| M. ÔLÕ n‡Z cvB cÖ`Ë ivwki mij gvb 1.
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ Abymv‡i mKj
GLb,  
n Gi Rb¨ (am)n = amn (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
= b+c  c+a  a+b
L. GLv‡b, (a.b)n = [Link] .................. (i) = xb2c2  xc2a2  xa2b2
= xb2c2 + c2a2 + a2b2
cÖ_g avc : n = 1 n‡j (i) ev‡K¨i evgcÿ = (a.b)1 =
a.b hv cÖ`Ë ivwki mij gv‡bi mgvb|
= x0 = 1

Wvbcÿ = a1.b1 = a.b (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

 n = 1 Gi Rb¨ (i) evK¨wU mZ¨| cÖkœ-9  ax = by = cz; †hLv‡b a  b  c.
wØZxq avc : awi, n = k Gi Rb¨ (i) evK¨wU K. b = z Ges c = y n‡j †`LvI †h, 2
mZ¨| L. a, b Ges c ci¯úi wZbwU abvZ¥K
A_©vr, (a.b)k = [Link] .................... (ii) ALÊ msL¨v n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, 4
GLb, (a.b) = (a.b) .(a.b)
k+1 k 1
M. abc = 1 n‡j †`LvI †h, Ges
= [Link].a1.b1 + + = 4
k+1 k+1
=a .b
 n = k + 1 Gi Rb¨ (i) evK¨wU mZ¨|
 9bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn wewa Abymv‡i mKj K. b = z Ges c = y n‡j
n Gi Rb¨ (a.b)n = [Link] (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) cÖ`Ë kZ©g‡Z, zy = yz .............. (i)
Zvn‡j, = = = =
M. GLv‡b, ............ (i)
 = y (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
cÖ_g avc : n = 1 Gi Rb¨ (i) Gi evgcÿ =
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ax = by = cz
Wvbcÿ =
g‡b Kwi, ax = by = cz = k
 n = 1 Gi Rb¨ (i) evK¨wU mZ¨|
Zvn‡j, a = k ...................... (i)
wØZxq avc : awi, n = k Gi Rb¨ (i) evK¨wU
b = k ...................... (ii)
mZ¨| c = k ...................... (iii)
A_©vr, GLb †h‡nZz a, b Ges c wZbwU abvZ¥K ALÊ
GLb, n = k + 1 n‡j, msL¨v
= = =
 b2 = ac

ev, =.
 n = k + 1 Gi
Rb¨ (i) evK¨wU mZ¨|
 ev, =
 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ Abymv‡i mKj
 ev,
n Gi Rb¨ myZivs (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 (cÖgvwYZ)
cÖkœ-8 
K. cÖ`Ë ivwki cÖ_g As‡ki mijxKiY M. cÖ`Ë kZ©, abc = 1
Ki| 2  ev,.. = 1
L. cÖ`Ë ivwki mij gvb †ei Ki| 4  ev, = k0
M. †`LvI †h, cÖ`Ë ivwki mij gvb   = 0 (cÖgvwYZ)
 Gi mij gv‡bi mgvb| 4 Avevi, = 0
 8bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ev,
ev, [Nb K‡i]
K. cÖ`Ë ivwki cÖ_g Ask =
=
ev,
= ev,
= (Ans.) ev,
L. ÔK' n‡Z cvB,  (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
cÖ`Ë ivwki cÖ_g As‡ki mij gvb = cÖkœ-10  x + y + z = 0 Ges a2 = bc.
Abyiƒcfv‡e wØZxq As‡ki mij gvb =
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  362
K. a  0 Ges x + y + z = 0 n‡j †`LvI †h, = 2 K. a0 = a11
L. †`LvI †h, ax3 + by3 + cz3 = 3axyz 4 = a1.a1 [m~P‡Ki †gŠwjK m~Î am + n = [Link]]
M. a = 2 + 2 Ges xyz = 1 n‡j †`LvI †h, 6 = 4 = a.= = 1
 10bs cª‡kœi mgvavb   a0 =1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, x + y + z = 0 ........ (i) L. †`Iqv Av‡Q,

Ges x + y + z = 0 ........... (ii) x = (a + b) + (a  b) ............... (i)
(ii) bs mgxKiY †_‡K cvB, x =  (y + z) ev, x3 = {(a + b) + (a  b)}3 [Nb K‡i]
(i) bs mgxKi‡Y x Gi gvb ewm‡q cvB, ev, x3 = (a + b) + (a  b) + 3(a + b)(a  b){(a + b) + (a  b)}
 (y + z) + y + z = 0 ev, x3 = 2a + 3(a2  b2).x [(i) †_‡K]
ev,  y  z + y + z = 0 ev, x3 = 2a + 3x(c3) [ a2  b2 = c3]
ev, y  y = z  z ev, x3 = 2a + 3x.c
ev, y(  ) = z(  )  x3  3cx  2a = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 = (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) M. evgcÿ = = +
= +
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q,
= + [ a2 = b3]
x+y+z=0
= + =a+b
ev, (x + y) = z .................... (i)
Wvbcÿ
=a+ = =
ev, (x + y)3 = (z)3 [Nb K‡i]
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ (cÖgvwYZ)
ev, x3a + y3b + 3xy (x + y) = z3c
ev, x3a + y3b + z3c + 3xy (z) = 0 [(i) †_‡K] cÖkœ-12  GKwU m~PKxq ivwk
ev, x3a + y3b + z3c + 3xyz () = 0 we‡ePbv Ki,
ev, ax3 + by3 + cz3  3xyz = 0 ; a, b > 0

ev, ax3 + by3 + cz3  3xyz K. ivwkwUi mv‡_ b †hvM K‡i

 ax3 + by3 + cz3 = 3axyz (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) mijxKiY Ki| 2
L. ÔKÕ †_‡K cÖvß mijgvbwUi eM©
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q,
a = 2 + 2 ................ (i)
mgvb 2 + 3 + 3 n‡j †`LvI †h, 3a3 + 9a
ev, a3 = (2 + 2)3 [Nb K‡i] 8=0 4
ev, a3 = (2)3 + (2)3 + 3.2.2 (2 + 2) M. ÔKÕ †_‡K cÖvß mijgvbwU 1 + 3 +
3 Gi mgvb n‡j †`LvI †h, a3  3a2  6a 
ev, a3 = 2 + 21 + 3.20.a [(i) †_‡K]
4=0 4
ev, a3 = 2 + + 3a
ev, 2a3 = 4 + 1 + 6a  12bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
ev, 2a3 = 5 + 6a K. cÖ`Ë ivwkwUi mv‡_ b †hvM Ki‡j `uvovq,
ev, 6a = 2a3  5 (a  b) (a + a.b + b) + b
= (a  b) {(a)2 + a.b + (b)2} + b
a=
= (a)3  (b)3 + b
ÔLÕ bs †_‡K cvB, =ab+b
ax3 + by3 + cz3 = 3axyz = a (Ans.)
ev, ax3 + by3 + cz3 = 3a.1 [ xyz = 1] L. ÔKÕ †_‡K cÖvß gvb a
ev, by3 + cz3 = 3a  ax3 a2 = 2 + 3 + 3
ev, by3 + cz3 = a (3  x3) ev, a2 = 2 + 2  2.3.3
ev, by3 + cz3 = (3  x3) ev, a2 = 2
 6(by3 + cz3) = (2a3  5)(3  x3) (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) ev, a = 3  3 [eM©g~j K‡i]
cÖkœ-11  a > 0 Ges a  0, x = (a + b) + (a  b) Ges a2 ev, a3 = 3 [Nb K‡i]
= b3 ev, a3 = 3  3  3.3.3
K. †`LvI †h, a0 = 1 2 ev, a3 = 3   3.a [ a = 3  3]
L. hw` a  b = c nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, x  3cx
2 2 3 3
ev, 3a3 = 9  1  9a
 2a = 0 4  3a3 + 9a  8 = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, + = 4 M. ÔKÕ †_‡K cÖvß gvb a
 11bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  a=1+3+3
ev, (a  1)3 = 3 [cÿvšÍi Kivi ci Nb K‡i]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  363
ev, a313a2 + 3a = 3 + 3 + 3.3.3. ev, 6 = 2
ev, a  3a + 3a  1 = 3 + 3 + 3.3 .(a  1)
3 2 2 1 1
[ a  1 = 3 + 3] ev, = 3
ev, a  3a + 3a  1 = 9 + 3 + 9a  9
3 2
ev, ()2 = 9
 a3  3a2  6a  4 = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) ev, y 9 = 9
 y = 18
cÖkœ-13  = Ges  =1, `yBwU mgxKiY
ev, 2x2 + 5x = 18 [y Gi gvb ewm‡q]
K. 1g mgxKiYwU‡K am = an AvKv‡ii
ev, 2x2 + 5x 18 = 0
cÖKvk Ki| 2
ev, 2x2 + 9x  4x  18 = 0
L. 2q mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki| 4
ev, x(2x + 9) 2(2x + 9) = 0
M. mgxKiY؇qi †Kv‡bv mvaviY g~j
ev, (2x + 9) (x 2) = 0
Av‡Q wKbv Zv wba©viY Ki| 4
ev, 2x =  9 A_ev x  2 = 0
 13bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ev, x = ev, x = 2
K. = wb‡Y©q mgvavb x = 2 ,
ev, 4x + 7 = 2x + 7 M. ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, 4= 4
ev, 4=4 ev, =
 am = an AvKv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| ev, 44x + 77 = 30x + 105
L. =1 ev, 44x  30x = 105  77
ev,  = 1 [2x2 + 5x = y a‡i] ev, 14x = 28
ev, = 1 + x=
ev, ()2 = (1 + )2 [eM© K‡i] =2

ev, y  2 = 1 + 2.1 + y 9 wb‡Y©q mgvavb x = 2

ev, y 2 y + 9 1 = 2  mgxKiY؇qi g‡a¨ GKwU mvaviY g~j
Av‡Q Ges Zv n‡”Q x = 2

cÖkœ-14  ev, z = k ...............(3)

K. hw` ax = b, by = c Ges cz = 1 nq, Z‡e (1)  (2)  (3) n‡Z cvB
xyz = KZ? 2 xyz = k. k. k
L. hw` x = y = z Ges xyz = 1 nq, Z‡e
x b c ev, 1 = k + +

ab+bc+ca = KZ? 4 ev, k = k

M. hw` 9 = (27) nq, Zvn‡j Gi gvb
x y ev, 0 =
 ab + bc + ca = 0
KZ? 4
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, 9x = (27)y
îí 14bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
ev, (32)x = (33)y
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ax = b ........................(1) ev, 32x = 33y
by = b ........................(2)
cz = 1 .........................(3)
ev, 2x = 3y
 =
(i) n‡Z cvB, ax = b
ev, (ax)y = (b)y cÖkœ-15 î GKwU m~PKxq ivwk we‡ePbv
ev, (ax)y = (b)y Kwi,
ev, axy = c [(2) n‡Z] K. ivwkwU‡K mijxKiY Ki| 2
ev, axy = cz L. cÖ`Ë ivwkwU 2 + 2 n‡j Z‡e †`LvI
ev, axyz = a †h, 2x3  6x = 58. 4
 xyz = 0 M. cÖ`Ë ivwkwU (a + b) + (a  b) Ges a  2

L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, xa = yb = zc Ges xyz = 1 b2 = c3 Z‡e †`LvI †h, 2x3  6cx = 4a Ges
awi, xa = bb = zc = k a I c Gi †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ L I M †_‡K
 xa = k cÖvß mgxKiY GKB mgxKiY
x = k ...............(1)
wb‡`©k K‡i| 4
yb = k
ev, y = k ...............(2) îí 15bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
zc = k K. DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë ivwkwU n‡jv,
=
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  364
= ev, y2x = 2x2
= x (Ans.)
ev, (yx)2 = 2x2
L. cÖ`Ë ivwkwU, x = 2 + 2; †`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, 2x3 
ev, (4)2 = 2x2 [(iii) bs n‡Z yx Gi gvb ewm‡q]
6x = 5
ev, 16 = 2x2
Abykxjbx 9.1 Gi 7(M) cÖ‡kœvËi `ªóe¨|
ev, 2x2 = 24
M. cÖ`Ë ivwk, x = (a + b) + (a  b) Ges a2  b2 = c3,
ev, x2 = 4 [am = an n‡j m = n]
†`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, 2x  6cx = 4a
3
x=2
Gici : Abykxjbx 9.1 Gi 7(L) cÖ‡kœvËi (iii) bs G x Gi gvb ewm‡q cvB,
`ªóe¨| hLb, x = 2, ZLb y2 = 4
ÔLÕ n‡Z cÖvß mgxKiY 2x3  6x = 5 I 2x3  6cx = 4a y=2
mgxKiY GKB n‡e hw` c = 1 Ges 4a = 5 ev, a = Avevi hLb, x = 2 ZLb
nq| (Ans). y2 = 4

cÖkœ-16  Ges , y  1 `yBwU `yB PjKwewkó

ev, = 4
m~PKxq mgxKiY| ev, y2 =
y=
K. m~PK mgxKiY Kv‡K e‡j? 2
wb‡Y©q mgvavb (x, y) = (2, 2), (2, 2),
L. cÖ_g mgxKiY †Rv‡Ui mgvavb
myZivs, wØZxq mgxKiY †Rv‡Ui mgvavb
wbY©q Ki| 4
cÖ_g mgxKiY †Rv‡Ui mgvav‡bi mgvb|
M. †`LvI †h, wØZxq mgxKiY †Rv‡Ui
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
mgvavb cÖ_g mgxKiY †Rv‡Ui
mgvav‡bi mgvb| 4 cÖkœ-17  a = 2 + 2 Ges b2 + 2 = 3 + 3, b  0.
 16bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  K. wØZxq mgxKiY †_‡K †`LvI †h, b
K. m~PK mgxKiY : m~PK I wfwË m¤^wjZ = 3  3. 2
mgxKiY‡K m~PK mgxKiY e‡j| †hgb : , y  1 L. cÖgvY Ki †h, 3b + 9b = 8
3
4
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, cÖ_g mgxKiY †RvU, M. cÖ_g mgxKiY †_‡K †`LvI †h, 2a 
3

yx = x2 .................... (i) 6a = 5. 4
x2x = y4 ................... (ii)  17bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
(ii) bs n‡Z cvB,
K. wØZxq mgxKiY, b2 + 2 = 3 + 3.
x2x = y4
ev, (x2)x = y4 ev, b2 = 3 + 3  2
ev, (yx)x = y4 [(i) bs n‡Z x2 Gi gvb ewm‡q] = +  2.3 . 3
ev, yx2 = y4 =
ev, x2 = 4 [ am = an n‡j m = n] b=33 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
x=2
L. ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, b = 3  3 [ b  0 †h‡nZz abvZ¥K
hLb, x = 2
gvb wb‡q]
ZLb y2 = 22
ev, b3 = [Dfqcÿ‡K Nb K‡i]
ev, y2 = 4
y=2 ev, b =   3.3.3
3

Avevi, hLb, x = 2 [ (a  b)3 = a3  b3  3ab (a  b)]

ZLb, y2 = (2)2 ev, b3 = 331  3.30.b [(a  b)3 = a3  b3  3ab (a  b)]
ev, = 4 [am = ] ev, b3 = 3   3b
ev, y2 =
y=
ev, b3 + 3b =
wb‡Y©q mgvavb (x, y) = (2, 2), (2,  2),  3b3 + 9b = 8 (cÖgvwYZ)
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, wØZxq mgxKiY †RvU, M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, a = 2 + 2
yx = 4 ...................... (iii)
ev, a3 = [Dfqcÿ‡K Nb K‡i]
y2 = 2x .................... (iv)
(iv) bs n‡Z cvB, ev, a = + + 3.2.2
3

2 x
y =2 [ (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)]
ev, (y2)x = (2x)x [Dfqc‡ÿi NvZ x G DbœxZ K‡i] ev, a3 = 21 + 21 + 320a
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  365
1g ivwk =
ev, a3 = 2 + + 3a = (pa  b)a2 + ab + b2
ev, a3 = = p(a  b) (a2 + ab + b2)
ev, 2a3 = 4 + 1 + 6a = Pa3 b3 (Ans.)
 2a3  6a = 5 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) Ges 4_© ivwk = =
cÖkœ-18  a = xy p  1
, b = xy q  1
Ges c = xy r  1
nq, = p(x2 + 2xy  xy + y2) (x y)
Zvn‡jÑ = p (x2 + xy + y2) (x  y)

K. p + q + r = 3 n‡j †`LvI †h, = x 2 = px3  y3 (Ans.)

L. †`LvI †h, a . b .c = x hLb p + q + r = 34
qr1 rp1 pq1 3 L.  
M. p + q + r = 3, pq + qr + rp = 3 n‡j Gi gvb = (pa  b)(a2 + ab + b2)  (p b  c)(b2 + bc + c2)
 (pc  a)(c2 + ca + a2)
wbY©q Ki| 4
(a  b) (a2 + ab + b2) (b  c) (b2 + bc + c2) (c  a) (c2 + ca + a2)
=p p p
=p a3  b3
p b3  c3
p c3  a3
 18bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
= pa3  b3 + b3  c3 + c3  a3
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, a = xyp1, b = xyq  1
= p0
Ges c = xyr  1
= 1 (Ans.)
 abc = xyp 1. xyq  1. xyr  1
= x1 + 1 + 1. yP + q + r  1  1  1 M. ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, = px3  y3
= x3.y(p + q + r)  3 Abyiƒcfv‡e, = py3  z3
= x3. y3  3 [p + q + r = 3]
= x3.y0 Ges = pz3  x3
= x3.1  
= x3
= px3  y3  py3  z3  pz3  x3
ev, abc = x3
= px3  y3 + y3  z3 + z3  x3 = p0 = 1
 = x (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
A_©vr = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
L. evgcÿ = aq  r  1. br  p  [Link]  q  1
= (xyp  1)q  r  1. (xyq  1)r  p  1. (xyr1)pq1 cÖkœ-20  hw` ax = by = c2, †hgb a  b  c Ges
= xq  r  1. y(p  1) (q  r  1). xr  p  1. y(q  1)(r  p  1). xp  q  1. y(r  1) (p  q  1) 92R = 3R + 1 n‡j,
= xq  r  1 + r  p 1 + p  q  1. y(p  1) (q  r  1) + (q  1) (r  p  1) + (r  1) (p  q  1)
K. R Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2
= x[Link]  pr  p  q + r + 1 + qr  pq  q  r + p + 1 + pr  qr  r  p + q + 1
= x3.y3(p + q + r) [ p + q + r = 3] L. x = 2 Ges y = 3 nq Z‡e †`LvI †h, + = + 4
= x3.y3  3 = x3.y0 M. abc = 1 n‡j †`LvI †h, x1 + y1 + z1 = 0
= x3 = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) Ges x3 + y3 + z3 = (3xyz)1 4
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, p + q + r = 3  20bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
pq + qr + rp = 3
cÖ`Ë ivwk = K. GLv‡b, 92R = 3R + 1
= ev, (32)2R = 3R + 1
= ev, 34R = 3R + 1
= x2  2 2  p  1  q  1  r  1y2p + 2  2q + 2  2r + 2  p2 + 1  q2 + 1  r2 + 1 ev, 4R = R + 1
= x9  (p + q + r)  y9  2(p + q + r)  (p2 + q2 + r2)
ev, 3R = 1
= x93  y9  2.3  {(p + q + r)2  2(pq + qr + rp)} [ p + q + r = 3]
 R = (Ans.)
= x12  y9  6  {(3)2  2.3} [ p + q + r = 3 Ges pq + r + rp = 3]
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ax = by = cx
= x12 . y3  (9  6)
= x12.y0 GLv‡b, x = 2, y = 3 n‡j cvB, a2 = b3
= x12  a = b3/2, b = a2/3
 = x12 (Ans.) evgcÿ = + = + [gvb ewm‡q]
= + =a+
cÖkœ-19  , , ,
= = Wvbcÿ
K. 1g I 4_© ivwki gvb wbY©q Ki| 2
 + = + (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
L.  
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ax = by = cz †hLv‡b, a  b  c
Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
awi, ax = by = cz = k
M. †`LvI †h, . . = 1 4
 ax = k by = k cz = k
 19bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  a=k b=k c=k
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, GLb, abc = 1
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  366
ev, k  k  k = 1 [gvb ewm‡q] ev, 34x = 3x + 1
ev, k + + = k0 ev, 4x = x + 1
ev, + + = 0 ev, 4x  x = 1
ev, x + y + z = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q)
1 1 1
ev, 3x = 1
Avevi, = 0  x = (Ans.)
ev, L. Aby-9 Gi D`vniY 11 bs `ªóe¨| c„ôv-184|
ev, + + 3 = [Nb K‡i] M. awi, ax = by = cz = k
ev, =  [ ] GLv‡b, ax = k
ev, =  a = k Abyiƒcfv‡e, b = k Ges c = k
 abc = k  k  k
 x3 + y3 + z3 = 3(xyz)1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, 1 = k + + [ abc = 1]
[[cÖkœ-21  ax = bx = cz, †hLv‡b, a, b I c abvZ¥K I
ev, k0 = k + +
ci¯úi Amgvb Ges x, y, z  N.
 (†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q)
K. 92x = 3x + 1 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? 2
GLb,
L. b2 = ac n‡j, cÖgvY Ki †h, x1 + z1 = 2y14
ev,
M. abc = 1 n‡j, †`LvI †h, Ges = 4
ev, = [Nb K‡i]
 21bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
ev, =  [(i) e¨envi K‡i]
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, 92x = 3x + 1 ev,
ev, (32)2x = 3x + 1  (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK DËimn

cÖkœ-22  a = 2 + 2 Ges b2 + 2 = 3 + 3, b > 0 DËi : K. abc = x3; L. x6

K. wØZxq mgxKiY †_‡K †`LvI †h, b = 3  3, b > 0 cÖkœ-26  y = 2x Ges 4x  3.2 x + 2 + 25 = 0 n‡j
2 K. cÖgvY Ki y2  12y + 32 = 0 2
L. cÖgvb Ki †h, 3b2 + 9b = 8 4 L. x I y -Gi gvb †ei Ki| 4
M. cÖ_g mgxKiY †_‡K †`LvI †h, 2a  6a = 5 4 3
M. 4a  3a = 3a 22a1 n‡j, †`LvI †h, a = A_ev a = 4
cÖkœ-23  (i) 3x  9y (ii) 5x+y+1 = 25xy (iii) 8yx  y2x = 16, 2x = y2
DËi : L. (x, y) = (3, 8), (2, 4)
K. (i) n‡Z x †K y Gi gva¨‡g †`LvI| 2
L. (i) I (i) n‡Z (x, y) wbY©q Ki| 4 cÖkœ-27  a = 2 + 2 Ges a2 + 2 + 3 = 3, b > 0
M. (iii) bs †K mgvavb K‡i wØPjK wØNvZ K. wØZxq kZ© †_‡K †`LvI †h, b = 3  3 2
wKbv Zv eywS‡q `vI| 4 L. cÖgvY Ki †h, 3b + 9b = 8 3
4
DËi : K. x = 2y ; M. cÖ_g kZ© †_‡K †`LvI †h, 2a3  6a = 5 4
L. (2, 1), ;
cÖkœ-28  a .a = Ges m, n  0
m n n

M. , , wØPjK wØNvZ|
K. †`LvI †h, m + n  mn = 0 2
cÖkœ-24  : x.y > 0 GKwU m~PKxq ivwk| Gi
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, m(n  2) + n(m  2) = 0 4
mvnv‡h¨ wb‡Pi mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavb Ki|
K. ivwkwUi mv‡_ y †hvM Ki‡j mij dj KZ n‡e? M. †`LvI †h, m(n  2) + n(m  2) = 0 mgxKiYwU
2 wm× n‡e hw` I †Kej hw` m = n = 2 nq| 4
L. ÔKÕ n‡Z cÖvß mij gvbwUi eM© mgvb 3  cÖkœ-29  ab = ba, ap = b, bq = c Ges cr = a
3 2 n‡j †`LvI †h, 3x3 + 9x = 8 4 K. ab = ba n‡j †`LvI †h, = a 2
M. ÔKÕ n‡Z cÖvß mij gvbwU 1 + 3 + 3 n‡j †`LvI †h, x3  3x2  L. cÖgvY Ki †h, pqr = 1 4
6x = 4. 4 M. ax = p, ay = q Ges az = (pyqx)z nq Z‡e xyz = 1 cÖgvY
DËi : K. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 14 Gi Abyiƒc| Ki| 4
cÖkœ-25  a = xyp1; b = xyq1; c = xyr 1 cÖkœ-30  a = xyp1, b = xyq1, c = xyr  1 Ges z2 + 2 = 3 +
K. p + q + r = 3 n‡j abc = KZ? 2 3 †hLv‡b, z  0|
L. †`LvI †h, aq[Link][Link]q = 1 4 K. p + q + r = 3 n‡j abc = KZ? 2
M. p + q + r = 3, pq + qr + rp = 3 n‡j, ap + [Link] + [Link] + 1 = KZ? 4 L. †`LvI †h, aq  r. br  p. cp  q = 1. 4
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  367
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, 3z3 + 9z  8 = 0 4 DËi : K. x3

cvV m¤úwK©Z MyiæZ¡c~Y© welqvw`

 jMvwi`g : Logos Ges arithmas bvgK `ywU wMÖK kã n‡Z jMvwi`g kãwUi DrcwË| Logos A_©
Av‡jvPbv Ges arithmas A_© msL¨v A_©vr, we‡kl msL¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv|
msÁv : hw` ax = b nq, †hLv‡b a > 0 Ges a  1, Z‡e x †K ejv nq b Gi a wfwËK jMvwi`g, A_©vr, x
= logab
AZGe, ax = b  x = logab
wecixZµ‡g, hw` x = logab  ax = b n‡e|
G‡ÿ‡Î b msL¨vwU‡K wfwË a Gi mv‡c‡ÿ x Gi cÖwZjM (anti-log arithm) e‡j Ges Avgiv wjwL b = anti
loga x
hw` loga = n nq, Z‡e a †K n Gi cÖwZjM ejv nq A_©vr, loga = n n‡j a = anti log n.
 jMvwi`‡gi m~Îvewj
1. logaa = 1 Ges loga1 = 0 2. loga(M  N) = logaM + logaN 5. logaM = logbM  logab
3. loga(M) = N loga M
N
4. loga = logaM  logaN
 ciggvb : GKwU ivwk abvZ¥K A_ev FYvZ¥K hvB †nvK bv †Kb abvZ¥K wPýhy³ gvb‡K H
ivwki ciggvb ejv nq| †hgb : †h †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v x Gi gvb k~b¨, abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K
wKš‘ x Gi ciggvb memgqB k~b¨ ev abvZ¥K| x Gi ciggvb‡K |x|Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| ciggvb
wbgœwjwLZfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq|
|x|=
†hgb: |0| = 0, |3| = 3, |3| = (3) = 3
ciggvb dvskb : hw` xR nq, Z‡e
=
y = (x) = |x| †K ciggvb dvskb ejv nq|
 †Wv‡gb = R Ges †iÄ R = [0, ]
dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q :
†h‡nZz cÖ‡Z¨K dvskb GKwU Aš^q| myZivs dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb Ges †iÄ ej‡Z Aš^‡qi
†Wv‡gb Ges †ićKB †evSv‡e|
AZGe y = (x) dvsk‡bi (x,y) µ‡gv‡Rvo¸‡jvi x Gi Gi gb‡K †Wv‡gb Ges y Gi gvb‡K †iÄ e‡j|
weKí c×wZ‡Z dvsk‡bi †iÄ wbY©q :
mvaviYfv‡e †Wv‡gb wbY©q AwaKZi mnR| †Kv‡bv dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ h_vµ‡g wecixZ
dvsk‡bi †iÄ I †Wv‡gb|
A_©vr, g~j dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb = wecixZ dvsk‡bi †iÄ
Avevi, g~j dvsk‡bi †iÄ = wecixZ dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb|
Abykxjbxi cÖkœ I mgvavb
1. Gi mijgvb †KvbwU? iii. x = y
K 0 L 1 M a  x Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU
2. hw` a, b, p > 0 Ges a  1, b  1 nq, Z‡eÑ mwVK?
K i I ii L ii I iii  i I iii N i, ii I iii
i. logaP = logbP  logab
ii. loga  logb  logc Gi gvb 2
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  368
3 - 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI hLb x, y, z  0 Ges ev, logkb = p(c  a)
ax = by = cz  b logkb = pb(c  a) [Dfqcÿ‡K b Øviv ¸Y K‡i]
3. †KvbwU mwVK? ev, logkbb = p(bc  ab) .................... (ii)
Ka=b L a=c a=c N a logkc = p(a  b)
e¨vL¨v : ax = cz a=c
 c logkc = pc(a  b) [Dfqcÿ‡K c Øviv ¸Y K‡i]
†bvU : a  m¤úKwUI mZ¨; KviY, a, Gi mgvb bq|
ev, logkcc = p(ac  bc) ...................... (iii)
4. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ac Gi mgvb?
 b.b L b.b M b N b
GLb, (i) + (ii) + (iii) n‡Z cvB,
5. b2 = ac n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ev, logkaa + logkbb + logkcc = p(ab  ca + bc  ab + ca  bc)
 L ev, logkaabbcc = 0
M N  aabbcc = k0 = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
cÖkœ \ 6 \ †`LvI †h,
(L)hw` nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h,
(K) logk + logk + logk = 0
mgvavb : 1. ay + zbz + xcx + y = 1
evgcÿ = logk + logk + logk mgvavb :
= logk g‡b Kwi, = p
= logk = 0 = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
1 Zvn‡j, = p
ev, logka = p(y  z)
(L) logk(ab)logk + logk(bc)logk + logk(ca)logk = 0
ev, (y + z) logka = p(y  z)(y + z)
mgvavb :
ev, logkay + z = p(y2  z2)   (i)
evgcÿ = logk(ab)logk + logk(bc)logk + logk(ca)logk
= +
Avevi, = p
+ ev, logkb = p(z  x)
ev, (z + x) logkb = p (z  x) (z + x)
=  +  ev, logkbz + x = p(z2  x2) ............... (ii)
+ 
Ges = p
= 0 = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, logkc = p(x  y)
(M) logb  logc  loga = 8
ev, (x + y) logkc = p (x  y) (x + y)
mgvavb :
ev, logkcx + y = p(x2  y2) ............... (iii)
evgcÿ = logb  logc  loga
GLb, (i) + (ii) + (iii) n‡Z cvB,
= log  log  log
= 2 log  2 log  2 log ev, logkay + z logkbz + x logkcx + y = p(y2  z2 + z2  x2 + x2  y2)
= 8 log  ev, logk(ay + z. bz + x . cx -y) = p.0
= 8 log  log ev, logk(ay + z. bz + x . cx + y) = 0
= 8 log
ev, logk(ay + z. bz + x. cx + y) = logk1
= 8.1 [ logaa = 1]
 ay + z bz + x cx + y = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
= 8 = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

(N) loga loga loga = b

2. ay2 + yz + z2. b z2 + zx + x2. cx2 + xy + y2 = 1
mgvavb : mgvavb :
evgcÿ = loga loga loga g‡b Kwi, = p
= loga loga logaa [ loga xr = r logax] Zvn‡j, = p
= loga(ab) logaa  1 [ logaa = 1]
ev, logka = p(y  z)
= b logaa  1 ev, (y2 + yz + z2) logka = p(y  z)(y2 + yz + z2)
=b1 ev, logka y2 + yz + z2 = p(y3  z3) ................ (i)
=b Avevi, = p
= Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, logkb = p(z  x)
cÖkœ \ 7 \ (K) hw` nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, a b c = 1 a b c
ev, (z2 + zx + x2) logkb = p(z  x)(z2 + zx + x2)
mgvavb : ev, logkbz2 + zx + x2 = p (z3  x3) .............. (ii)
g‡b Kwi, = p Ges = p
 logka = p(b  c) ev, logkc = p(x  y)
ev, a logka = pa(b  c) [Dfqcÿ‡K a Øviv ¸Y K‡i] ev, (x2 + xy + y2) logkc = p (x  y) (x2 + xy + y2)
ev, logka = p (ab  ac) ...... (i)
a
 log kc x2 + xy + y2 = p (x3  y3) ............... (iii)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  369
GLb, (i) + (ii) + (iii) n‡Z cvB, (P) hw` xya - 1 = p, xyb - 1 = q Ges xyc - 1 = r nq, Z‡e
logka y2 + yz + z2 + logkb z2 + zx + x2 + logkc x2 + xy + y2 †`LvI †h, (b  c) logkp + (c  a) logkq + (a  b) logkr = 0
= p(y3  z3) + p(z3  x3) + p(x3  y3) mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, xya -1 = p
ev, logk (a y2 +yz+z2 .b z2 +zx+x2 .c x2 +zy+y2 ) = p(y3  z3 + z3  x3 + x3 y3) ev, logkxya -1 = logkp [Dfq cv‡k logk wb‡q]
ev, logk (a y2 + yz + z2. b z2 + zx + x2. c x2 + xy + y2) = p.0 = 0 ev, logkx + logkya-1 = logkp
ev, logk (a y2 + yz + z2. b z2 + zx + x2. c x2 + xy + y2) = logk1  logkx + (a  1) logky = logkp ......... (i)
 ay2 + yz + z2. b z2 + zx + x2.c x2 + xy + y2 = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) Avevi, xyb -1 = q
(M) hw` = 2 nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, x = ev, logkxyb -1 = logkq
mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, = 2 ev, logkx + logkyb-1 = logkq
ev, logk(1 + x) = 2 logkx ev, logkx + (b  1) logky = logkq ............ (ii)
ev, logk(1 + x) = logkx 2 Ges, xyc - 1 = r
ev, 1 + x = x2 ev, logkxyc - 1 = logkr
ev, x2  x = 1 ev, logkx + logkyc - 1 = logkr
ev, (x)2  2.x. = 1  logkx + (c  1) logky = logkr ........... (iii)
ev, GLb, evgcÿ = (b  c)logkp + (c  a)logkq + (a  b)logkr
= (b  c) {logkx + (a 1) logky} + (c  a) {logkx +
ev,
(b 1) logky} + (a  b) {logkx + (c 1) logky}
ev, = (bc) logkx + (b  c)(a1) logky + (c  a) logkx
ev, + (c  a)(b 1) logky + (a  b) logkx + (a  b)(c1) logky
ev, = (bc)log k x + (ca)logkx + (ab)logkx +
(bc)(a1)logky + (ca)(b1)logky + (ab)(c1)logky
ev,
= (b  c + c  a + a  b)logkx + (ab  b  ac + c +
ev, A_ev, bc  c  ab + a + ac  a  bc + b) logky
GLv‡b x = MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY x Gi = 0  logkx + 0  logky
FYvZ¥K gv‡bi Rb¨ logx Gi †Kv‡bv gvb †bB| =0
 x = (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

(N) †`LvI †h, log = = 2log (x  (Q) hw` = = nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, aa = bb = cc
mgvavb : mgvavb : = = = p (awi)
evgcÿ = log Zvn‡j, = p
= log ev, ab logk(ab) = p(a + b)
[je I ni‡K (x − Øviv ¸Y K‡i] ev, logk(ab) =
= log  logka + logkb = .......... (i)
= log
Abyiƒcfv‡e, logkb + logkc = .................. (ii)
= log
= 2log Abyiƒcfv‡e, logkc + logka = ................... (iii)
= Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) GLb (i) + (ii) + (iii) K‡i cvB,
logka + logkb + logkb + logkc + logkc + logka
(O) hw` a3 xb5x = a5  xb3x nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, xlogk =
= logka
ev, 2(logka + logkb + logkc)
mgvavb : =
†`Iqv Av‡Q, a3 -xb5x = a5 xb3x ev, 2(logka + logkb + logkc) =
ev,
ev, b5x -3x = a5 + x -3 + x ev, 2(logka + logkb + logkc) =
ev, b2x = a 2 + 2x ev, 2(logka + logkb + logkc) =
ev, b2x = a2.a2x ev, logka + logkb + logkc = ... (iv)
ev, GLb,(iv) bs †_‡K (i) we‡qvM K‡i cvB,
ev, logka + logkb + logkc  logka  logkb =
ev, logk [Dfq cv‡k logk wb‡q]
ev, 2xlogk ev, logkc =
 xlogk (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, logkc =
ev, logkc =
ev, logkc =
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  370
ev, clogkc = p ev, xyyx = yzzy = zxxz (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 logkcc = p ................ (v) [we: `ª: cvV¨eB‡q xyyz Gi cwie‡Z© xyyx
Avevi, (iv) bs †_‡K (ii) bs we‡qvM K‡i n‡e]
Abyiƒcfv‡e cvB,
cÖkœ \ 8 \ ÔjM mviwYÕ (gva¨wgK
 logkaa = p ..................... (vi)
Avevi, (iv) bs †_‡K (iii) bs we‡qvM K‡i exRMwYZ `ªóe¨) e¨envi K‡i P Gi Avmbœ
Abyiƒcfv‡e cvB, gvb wbY©q Ki †hLv‡b,
 logkb = p ................. (vii)
b (K) P = 2 †hLv‡b   3.1416, g = 981 Ges l = 25.5
GLb (v), (vi) I (vii) bs mgxKiY Zzjbv K‡i cvB, mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = 2
c a
logkc = logka = logkb b
ev, p = 2  3.1416 
 a = b = c (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
a b c
ev, p = 6.2832 
(R) hw` nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, xyyz = yzzy = zxxz ev, log p = log
mgvavb : ev, log p = log 6.2832 
g‡b Kwi, = p ev, log p = log 6.2832  (log 25.5  log 981) .. (i)
Zvn‡j, GLb, log mviwY n‡Z cvB,
log p = 0.79818 + (1.40654  2.99167)
ev, x(y + z  x) = p logkx
ev, log p = 0.79818 + 0.70327  1.495835
ev, y + z  x = ....................... (i)
ev, log p = 1.50145  1.495835
Avevi, = p
ev, log p = 0.005615
ev, (z + x  y) = .................... (ii)
ev, p = anti log 0.005615
Ges = p
 P = 1.01302
ev, x + y  z = .................... (iii) myZivs P = 1.01302 (cÖvq) (Ans.)
GLb, (i) + (ii) + (iii) †_‡K cvB, (L) p = 10000  e0.05t †hLv‡b e = 2.718 Ges t = 13.86
y+zx+z+xy+x+yz=
mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = 10000  e0.05t
ev, x + y + z = ...(iv)
ev, p = 10000  (2.718)0.05  13.86
GLb (iv) bs †_‡K (i) bs we‡qvM K‡i cvB,
ev, log p = log {10000  (2.718)0.05  13.86
(x + y + z)  (y + z  x) =
ev, x + y + z  y  z + x = ev, log p = log 10000 + log (2.718)0.05  13.86
ev, 2x = ev, log p = log 10000 + (0.05  13.86) log 2.718
ev, 2xyz = p logkyz + p logkzy ev, log p = 4 + 0.693  0.4342495 [log mviwY n‡Z]
ev, 2xyz = p(logkyz + logkzy) ev, log p = 4 + 0.300934903
ev, = logkyz + logkzy ev, log p = 4.300934903
 = logk([Link]) ............ (v) ev, p = antilog 4.300934903
Avevi, (iv)-(ii) †_‡K cvB, myZivs p = 19995.62 (cÖvq) [atilog mviwY n‡Z]
x + y + z  z  x + y= (Ans.)
ev, 2y = cÖkœ \ 9 \ lnP  2.3026  logP m~Î e¨envi K‡i
ev, 2y = lnP Gi Avmbœ gvb wbY©q Ki, hLb  (K) P
ev, 2xyz = p(logkxz + logkzx) = 10000; (L) P = 0.00le2 (M) P = 10100 
ev, = logkxz + logkzx
(K) p = 10000
 = logk([Link]) .................. (vi)
mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = 10000
Avevi, (iv) - (iii) bs †_‡K cvB,
x + y + z  xy + z = ev, log p = log 10000
ev, 2z = ev, log p = 4 [log mviwY n‡Z]
ev, 2z = GLb, lnp = 2.3026  4 = 9.2104 (cÖvq) (Ans.)
ev, 2xyz = p (L) p = 0.00le2
ev, = logkxy + logkyx mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = 0.00le2
 = logk .................. (vii) ev, log p = log 0.001e2
GLb, (v), (vi) I (vii) bs Zzjbv K‡i cvB, ev, log p = log 0.001 + 2log 2.718 [ e 2.718]
logk = logk = logk
ev, log p =  3 + 2  0.434249452 [log mviwY
ev, [Link] = [Link] = xyyx
n‡Z]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  371
ev, log p = 3 + 0.868498904
 log p = 2.131501095 y 0.33 1 3 9
 lnp = 2.3026  (2.131501095)
=  4.90799 (cÖvq) (Ans.) QK KvM‡Ri XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges YOY eivei
y Aÿ AuvwK| x Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i
(M) p = 10100  cuvP evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK Ges y Aÿ eivei
mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = 10100  ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i wZb evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK
ev, log p = log (10100  ) a‡i (1, 0.33), (0, 1), (1, 3), (2,  9) we›`y¸‡jv QK
ev, log p = log 10100 + log KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges mvejxjfv‡e †hvM
ev, log p = 100 log 10 + log e K‡i dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kwi|
ev, log p = 100 log 10 + log e
ev, log p = 100 log 10 + log 2.718
ev, log p = 100  1 +  0.434249452 [log mviwY
n‡Z]
ev, log p = 100 + 0.217124726
 log p = 100.217124726
 ln p = 2.3026  100.217124726
= 230.76 (cÖvq) (Ans.)

cÖkœ \ 10 \ †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki :

(K) y = 3x
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë dvskb y = 3x
cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x Ges y Gi
gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi : (M) y = 3x + 1
x 2 1 0 1 2 mgvavb : cÖ`Ë dvskb y = 3x + 1
y 0.11 0.33 1 3 9 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x I y Gi
gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi :
QK KvM‡Ri XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges YOY eivei
x 2 1 0 1 2
y Aÿ AuvwK| x Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i
y 0.33 1 3 9 27
cuvP evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK Ges y Aÿ eivei
QK KvM‡R XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges YOY eivei y
¶z`ªZg e‡M©i wZb evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK
Aÿ AuvwK| x Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i cuvP
a‡i (2, 0.11), (1, 0.33), (0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 9) we›`y¸‡jv
evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK Ges y Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZg
QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges mvejxjfv‡e
e‡M©i cÖwZevûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i (2,
†hvM K‡i †jLwPÎ A¼b Kwi|
0.33), (1, 1), (0, 3), (1, 9) I (2, 27) we›`y¸‡jv QK
KvM‡R ¯’vcb K‡i mvejxjfv‡e †hvM K‡i
dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kwi|

(L) y =  3x
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë dvskb y =  3x
cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x Ges y Gi
gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi : (N) y =  3x + 1

x 1 0 1 2 mgvavb : cÖ`Ë dvskb y =  3x + 1

 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  372
cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x I y Gi (P) y = 3x1
gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi : mgvavb : cÖ`Ë dvskb y = 3x1
x 2 1 0 1 2 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x I y Gi
y 0.33 1 3 9 27 gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi :
QK KvM‡Ri XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges YOY eivei x 1 0 1 2
y Aÿ AuvwK| x Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i y 0.11 0.33 1 3
cuvP N‡ii ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK Ges y Aÿ eivei QK KvM‡Ri XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges YOY eivei
¶z`ªZg e‡M©i cÖwZ evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK y Aÿ AuvwK| QK KvM‡Ri ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i `k
a‡i (2, 0.33), (1, 1), (0, 3), (1, 9), (2, 27) evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i (1, 0.11), (0, 0.33), (1, 1),
we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges (2, 3) we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges
mvejxjfv‡e †hvM K‡i dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ mvejxjfv‡e †hvM K‡i dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ
A¼b Kwi| A¼b Kwi|

(O) y = 3x + 1 cÖkœ \ 11 \ wb‡Pi dvsk‡bi wecixZ

mgvavb : cÖ`Ë dvskb y = 3 x + 1 dvskb †jL Ges †jLwPÎ A¼b K‡i †Wv‡gb I
cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x I y Gi †iÄ wbY©q Ki|
gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi : (K) y = 1  2x
x 2 1 0 1 2 mgvavb : cÖ`Ë dvskb, y = 1 2x
y 27 9 3 1 0.33 ev, 2x = 1  y
QK KvM‡Ri XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges YOY eivei ev, 1  y = 2x
y Aÿ AuvwK| x Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i ev, log2(1  y) = x
cuvP evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK Ges y Aÿ eivei ev, x = log2(1  y)
cÖwZ evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i (2, 27), (1, 9), ev, x = log2(1  y)
(0, 3), (1, 1), (2, 0.33) we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ev, x = log21 + log2(1  y) [ log21 = 0]
¯’vcb Kwi Ges mvejxjfv‡e †jLwPÎ A¼b ev, x = log2 (11  y) = log2 (1  y)
Kwi| ev, -1(y) = log2(1  y)
 -1(x) = log2 (1  x)
†jLwPÎ A¼b : y = 1  2x Gi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi
Rb¨ x I y Gi gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi :
x 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 075 05 0 1 3 3, 7
QK KvM‡Ri XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges YOY eivei y
Aÿ Ges 0 g~jwe›`y| QK KvM‡Ri ¶z`ªZg
e‡M©i Pvi evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i (2, 075),
(1, 05), (0, 0), (1, 7), (2, 3)(3, 7) we›`y¸‡jv QK
KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges mvejxjfv‡e †hvM
K‡i dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kwi| †jLwPÎ
†_‡K †`Lv hvq †h,
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  373
†h‡nZz jMvwi`g ïay abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨vi
Rb¨ msÁvwqZ nq Ges k~b¨‡Z
AmsÁvwqZ|
 †Wv‡gb, D = (0, )
Avevi, †jLwPÎ n‡Z †`Lv hvq,
hLb, x  0 ZLb y  
hLb, x   ZLb y  
 †iÄ, R = ( + )

(M) y = x2, x > 0

mgvavb : cÖ`Ë dvskb, y = x2, x > 0
awi, y = (x) = x2
ev, x = ; [x >0 nIqvq FYvZ¥K gvb MÖnY‡hvM¨
bq|]
ev, 1(y) =
hLb x = 0 ZLb y = 1  20 = 1  1 = 0, Kv‡RB †jL
ev, 1(x) =
†iLvwU (0, 0) we›`yMvgx|
†jLwPÎ A¼b : cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ
hLb x   ZLb y  1
A¼‡bi Rb¨ x Ges y Gi gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv
hLb, x   ZLb y  
ˆZwi Kwi :
 †Wv‡gb, D = (,  )

x 1 2 3 4
I †iÄ, R = (1  ) (Ans.)
y 1 4 9 16
(L) y = log10x
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë dvskb, y = log10x
 x = 10y
ev, f-1(y) = 10y
 f-1(x) = 10x
†jLwPÎ A¼b : cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ
A¼‡bi Rb¨ x I y Gi gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi
Kwi :
x 0.5 1 2 3 4 5
y 0.3 0 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7

g‡b Kwi, QK KvM‡Ri XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges

YOY eivei y Aÿ AuvwK Ges 0 g~jwe›`y| x
Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i cuvP evûi
ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK Ges y Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZg
e‡M©i cÖwZ evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i (1, 1),
(2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16) we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb
Kwi Ges mvejxjfv‡e †hvM K‡i dvskbwUi
†jLwPÎ A¼b Kwi|
g‡b Kwi, QK KvM‡Ri XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges †h‡nZz y = x2, x > 0 †m‡nZz 0 e¨ZxZ mKj
YOY eivei y Aÿ AuvwK Ges 0 g~jwe›`y| ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ dvskbwU msÁvwqZ|
QK KvM‡Ri x Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i  †Wv‡gb D = (0, + ) Ges
cÖwZ cuvP evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK Ges y Aÿ †iÄ R = (0, + )
eivei cÖwZ `k evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i (0.5, cÖkœ \ 12 \ (x) = ln (x  2) dvskbwUi D I R
0.3), (1, 0), (2, 0.3), (3, 0.5), (4, 0.6), (5, 0.7) we›`y¸‡jv wbY©q Ki :
QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges mvejxjfv‡e mgvavb :
†hvM K‡i dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kwi|
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  374
Avgiv Rvwb, jMvwi`g ïay abvZ¥K ev¯Íe dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb n‡jv D = [5, 5]
msL¨vi Rb¨ msÁvwqZ| †iÄ : 5  x  5 mxgvi g‡a¨ x Gi abvZ¥K ev
 (x) = ln (x  2) Gi gvb ev¯Íe n‡e hw` FYvZ¥K Dfq gv‡bi Rb¨ (x) abvZ¥K, Avi x =
x2>0 0 n‡j (0) = 0
ev, x > 2 nq| myZivs dvsk‡bi †iÄ, R = [0, 5]
 †Wv‡gb, D = {x : x > 2} = (2, ) (Ans.) (x) = |x| Gi †jLwPÎ A¼b :
Avevi, awi, y = (x) = ln(x  2) g‡b Kwi, y = (x) = |x|
ev, ey = x  2 −5 †_‡K 5 Gi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q mswkøó y Gi gvb
ev, x  2 = ey wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv Ñ
x −3 0 3
ev, x = e + 2
y

y 3 0 3
y Gi mKj ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ ey ev¯Íe|
d‡j, x = ey + 2 ev¯Íe| GLb QK KvM‡R myweavgZ X Aÿ XOX Ges
Y Aÿ YOY AuvwK| X Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZi 2
 †iÄ, R = R (Ans.)
cÖkœ \ 13 \ (x) = ln dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb eM©Ni = 1 GKK Ges Y Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZi 5
Ges †iÄ wbY©q Ki| eM©Ni = 1 GKK a‡i (x, y) we›`y¸‡jv cvZb
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, jMvwi`g ïay Kwi| we›`y¸‡jv‡K mnRfv‡e eµ‡iLvq hy³
abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨vi Rb¨ msÁvwqZ nq| K‡i y =(x) Gi †jL cvIqv hvq|
 > 0 hw`
(i) 1  x > 0 Ges 1 + x > 0 nq|
A_ev, (ii) 1  x < 0 Ges 1 + x < 0 nq|
ev, 1 > x Ges x > 1
ev, x < 1 Ges x > 1
ev, x >1 Ges x < 1
 †Wv‡gb = {x : x >  1}  {x : x < 1}
= {  1, }  {  , 1} = (  1, 1)
ev, 1 < x Ges x <  1
(ii)
ev, x <  1 Ges x > 1
 †Wv‡gb = {x : x <  1}  {x : x > 1} = 
 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb, D = (i) I (ii) †ÿ‡Î L. (x) = x + | x | hLb 2  x  2
cÖvß †Wv‡g‡bi ms‡hvM = (1, 1)   = (1, 1) mgvavb : GLv‡b, 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 mxgvi g‡a¨ x
†iÄ, y = ln Gi cÖwZwU ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ (x)
ev, ey = cÖwZ”Qwe i‡q‡Q|
ev, 1  x = e + xe
y y
 dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb, D = [2, 2]
ev, xey + ey = 1  x hLb x = 0 ZLb (0) = 0 + | 0 | = 0
ev, xey + x = 1  ey hLb x = 2 ZLb (2) = 2 + |2| = 2 + 2 = 0
ev, x = hLb x = 2 ZLb (2) = 2 + | 2 | = 2 + 2 = 4
y Gi mKj ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ x Gi gvb ev¯Íe myZivs dvsk‡bi †iÄ, R = [0, 4]
nq| †jLwPÎ A¼b :
 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †iÄ, R = R. cÖ`Ë dvskb (x) = x + |x| hLb 2  x  2
cÖkœ \ 14 \ †Wv‡gb, †iÄ D‡jøLmn †jLwPÎ cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x Ges y Gi
A¼b Ki| gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi :
K. (x) = |x| hLb 5  x  5 x 2 1 0 1 2
mgvavb : y 0 0 0 2 4

(x) = |x| hLb 5  x  5 QK KvM‡R XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges YOY eivei y

= Aÿ Ges 0 g~jwe›`y| ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i Pvi
†Wv‡gb : GLv‡b 5  x  5 mxgvi g‡a¨ x Gi evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i (2, 0), (1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 2),
cÖwZwU ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ (x) Gi (2, 4) we›`y¸‡jv ¯’vcb K‡i dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ
cÖwZ”Qwe i‡q‡Q| A¼b Kwi|
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  375
K. (i) I (ii) †K x I y PjKwewkó mij mgxKi‡Y
cwiYZ Ki|
L. mgxKiYØq mgvavb K‡i ï×Zv hvPvB Ki|
M. x I y gvb hw` †Kv‡bv PZzf©y‡Ri
mwbœwnZ evûi ˆ`N©¨ nq †hLv‡b
evû؇qi AšÍf©y³ †KvY 90| Z‡e
PZzf©yRwU AvqZ bv eM© D‡jøL Ki Ges
Gi †ÿÎdj I K‡Y©i ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb :
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, 22x.2y-1 = 64 ............ (i)
(M) (x) = Ges 6x. = 72 ................... (ii)
(i) n‡Z cvB, 22x + y 1 = 26
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë dvskb (x) =
GLv‡b, x Gi cÖwZwU ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ (x) ev, 2x + y  1 = 6
Gi cÖwZ”Qwe i‡q‡Q e‡j dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb ev, 2x + y = 6 + 1
n‡jv ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU R  2x + y = 7
 †Wv‡gb, D = R (ii) n‡Z cvB, 6x + y 2 = 72  3

hLb, x = 0 ZLb (x) = 0 ev, 6x + y 2 = 216

hLb, x > 0 ZLb (x) = ev, 6x + y 2 = 63
hLb, x < 0 ZLb (x) = ev, x + y  2 = 3
myZivs dvsk‡bi †iÄ n‡jv, R = { 1, 0, 1} x+y=5
†hLv‡b †Kej wZbwU Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q|  mijxK…Z mgxKiYØq n‡jv, 2x + y = 7
†jLwPÎ A¼b : x+y=5
awi, y = (x) = L. ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, 2x + y = 7 ............. (iii)
x + y = 5 ............. (iv)
cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x Ges y Gi
(iii) n‡Z (iv) we‡qvM K‡i cvB, 2x + y  x  y = 7  5
gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi|
x=2
x 2 1 0 1 2
x Gi gvb (iv) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB,
y 1 1 0 1 1
2+y=5
QK KvM‡R XOX eivei x Aÿ Ges YOY y Aÿ y = 3
Ges 0 g~jwe›`y| ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i wZb evûi wb‡Y©q mgvavb, (x, y) = (2, 3)
ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK awi, (2, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), ïw× cixÿv :
(2, 1) we›`y¸‡jv ¯’vcb K‡i dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ x = 2, y = 3 n‡j (iii) bs mgxKi‡Yi evgcÿ = 2  2 +
A¼b Kwi| 3=7
= Wvbcÿ
Avevi, x = 2, y = 3 n‡j (iv) mgxKi‡Yi evgcÿ = 2 + 3 = 5
= Wvbcÿ
 cÖvß mgvavb mwVK|
M.

GLv‡b, ABCD PZzf‚‡R©i `yBwU

mwbœwnZ evû
AB = y = 3
cÖkœ \ 15 \ †`Iqv Av‡Q, AD = x = 2
22x.2y - 1 = 64 ............................... (i) †h‡nZz AB  AD Ges AB = DC, AD = BC
Ges 6x. = 72 ..................... (ii) myZivs ABCD PZzfz©RwU GKwU AvqZ|
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  376
 †ÿÎdj = xy = 2  3 eM© GKK = 6 eM© GKK QK KvM‡R ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i cuvP evûi
(Ans.) ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i, (1.618, 0) Ges (0.618, 0)
Ges e‡M©i ˆ`N©¨ = GKK we›`y w`‡q y A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj K‡i †jL‡iLv
= GKK `yBwU A¼b Kwi|
= GKK = GKK (Ans.)

cÖkœ \ 16 \ †`Iqv Av‡Q, = 2

K. cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwU‡K x PjK msewjZ GKwU
wØNvZ mgxKi‡Y cwiYZ Ki|
L. cÖvß mgxKiYwU‡K mgvavb Ki Ges †`LvI
†h, x Gi †Kej GKwU exR mgxKiYwU‡K
wm× K‡i|
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, g~j؇qi cÖwZwUi eM© Zvi
¯^xq gvb A‡cÿv 1 (GK) †ewk Ges Zv‡`i
†jL n‡Z †`Lv hvq †iLvØq ci¯úi mgvšÍivj|
†jLwPÎ ci¯úi mgvšÍivj|
cÖkœ \ 17 \ †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = 2x
mgvavb : K. cÖ`Ë dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb Ges †iÄ wbY©q
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, = 2 Ki|
ev, 2 logx = log(1 + x) L. dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki Ges Gi ˆewk󨸇jv
ev, logx2 = log(1 + x) †jL|
ev, x2 = 1 + x M. dvskbwUi wecixZ dvskb wbY©q K‡i GwU
 x2  x  1 = 0 GK-GK wKbv Zv wba©viY Ki Ges wecixZ
wb‡Y©q wØZxq mgxKiY, x2  x  1 = 0 dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ AuvK|
L. ÔKÕ †_‡K cvB, x2  x  1 = 0
mgvavb :
ev, x = =
x= K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = 2x hLb x = 0 ZLb y = 20 = 1
ïw× cixÿv : x = n‡j, Avevi, x Gi FYvZ¥K †h †Kv‡bv gv‡bi Rb¨ y
evgcÿ = = = Gi gvb †Kv‡bv mgq (0) k~‡b¨i LyeB
= 2 (K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi K‡i] KvQvKvwQ †cuŠQvq wKš‘ k~b¨ nq bv|
= Wvbcÿ A_©vr x  , y  0 +
GKBfv‡e, x Gi †h †Kv‡bv abvZ¥K gv‡bi
Avevi, x = n‡j, Rb¨ y Gi gvb µgvš^‡q Wvbw`‡K (Dc‡i)
evgcÿ = = e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡e ev  w`‡K avweZ n‡e|
Gi ev¯Íe gvb cvIqv m¤¢e bq| KviY A_©vr, x  , y  
FYvZ¥K| myZivs †Wv‡gb, D = (, )
Avevi FYvZ¥K msL¨vi jMvwi`‡gi m¤¢e Ges †iÄ R = (0, )
gvb †bB| myZivs x Gi gvb †Kej GKwU gvb L. y = 2x Gi †jLwPÎ A¼b :
mgxKiYwU‡K wm× K‡i| (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) cÖ`Ë dvskb y = 2x
M. ÔLÕ n‡Z cvB, g~jØq h_vµ‡g, cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x Ges y Gi
x1 = Ges x2 = ......... (i) gvb¸‡jvi wbgœiƒc ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi|
 x12 = = (1 + 5 + 2) x 3 2 1 0 1 2
= (6 + 2) = =1+ y 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4
 x12 = + 1 = x1 + 1
Avevi, x22 = = (1  2 QK KvM‡R XOX eivei x Aÿ I YOY eivei y Aÿ
= (6  2 = Ges g~jwe›`y O| ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i cÖwZ Pvi
=1+ =1+ evûi ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i (3, 0.125), ( 2, 0.25), (2,
 x22 = 1 + x2 0.5), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 4) we›`y¸‡jv ¯’vcb K‡i
myZivs g~j؇qi cÖwZwUi eM© Zvi ¯^xq gvb mvejxjfv‡e †hvM K‡i, y = 2x Gi †jLwPÎ A¼b
A‡cÿv 1 †ewk (cÖgvwYZ) Kiv n‡jv|
GLb, x1 = = 1.618 Ges x2 = = 0.618
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  377
ev, log2x1 = log2x2
ev, x1 = x2
 wecixZ dvskbwU GK-GK|
wecixZ dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z n‡e
A_©vr y = log2x Gi †jLwPÎ A¼b KivB h‡_ó|
†h‡nZz y = log2x n‡j y = 2x Gi wecixZ dvskb|
y = x †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ m~PK dvsk‡bi cÖwZdjb
jMvwi`wgK dvskb wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv y
y = 2x Gi ˆewk󨸇jv wbgœiƒc : = x †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ m`„k|

(i) †jLwPÎwU (0, 1) we›`yMvgx Avevi, 20 = 1 Kv‡RB y = log21 = 0

(ii) †jLwPÎwU EaŸ©Mvgx; x Gi gvb evovi myZivs †iLvwU (1, 0) we›`yMvgx|
mv‡_ mv‡_ 2x Gi gvbI evo‡e| hLb x   ZLb y  0
(iii) x   n‡j y = 2x  0+  y = log2x †iLvwU e„w×cÖvß|
(iv) x Gi †h †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ y abvZ¥K| wb‡P †iLvwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiv n‡jv|
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = 2x
ev, x = log2y
Avgiv Rvwb, y = (x) n‡j, -1(y) = x
 -1(y) = log2y
 -1(x) = log2x
 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi wecixZ dvskb, (x) = log2x
awi, x1R Ges x2R
Zvn‡j, -1(x1) = log2x1
Ges -1(x2) = log2x2
GLb, -1(x1) = -1(x2)

¸iæZ¡c~Y© enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

1. log16 = KZ? 7. log42 + log6 = KZ?

K2 L 4 M 8  9 K  1 M N 2
2. M = 1 + logp qr n‡j, p = KZ? M
8. p = logab + logcc nq Z‡e 1 + p = KZ?
K p + qr L 1 + qr  pqr N qr K 1 L 1 + bc
3. ax = y n‡j, wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  loga abc N abc loga1
K loga x = y L log y = x  loga y = x N x log a = y 9. hw` ax = b nq, hLb a > 0, n  N; ZLb
4. log5 Gi gvb KZ? i. logab = x ii. logaab = b
K 5 L 5 M 2  2 iii. loga b = log5b loga5
5. hw` a, b, p > 0 Ges a  1, b  1 nq Z‡e- wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. log = log  log ii. logb = K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
iii. loga  logb  log = 10. 400 Gi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. gvb (2)4 Gi mgvb ii. jM 4 n‡j wfwË 2
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. 2 wfwËK jM 4
6. loga loga loga (a ) Gi gvb KZ?
a a
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 0  1 M a N 1
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii

96 : jMvwi`g  mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  378
11. abvZ¥K msL¨vi N Gi mvaviY 24. log16256 Gi gvb †KvbwU?
jMvwi`g‡K KqwU As‡ki mgwó w`‡q (KwVb)
cÖKvk Kiv hvq? (mnR) K 1  2 M 3 N 4

K GKwU  `yBwU M wZbwU N PviwU

e¨vL¨v : log 256 = log 16 = 2log 16 = 21 = 2 16 16
2
16

12. a > 0 Ges a 1 hw` ax = y nq Z‡e x †K ejv 25. 4 = 16 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ?
x

(mnR)
nq y Gi a wfwËKÑ (mnR)
K 1  2 M 4 N 8
 jMvwi`g L m~PK M NvZN AskK
13. a > 0 Ges a1 Ges y > 0 n‡j y Gi Abb¨ a  enyc`x mgvwßm~PK
wfwËK jMvwi`g‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU Øviv enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖKvk Kiv nq? (mnR) 26. a, m, n, x PjK n‡j
K loga L logya  logay N logey
i. = am  n n‡e, hw` m < n nq
14. logay = x hw` I †Kej hw`Ñ (mnR) ii. x ( R, a ( 0 n‡j, a(n =
 a = y nq L a = x nq M a = x nq N a = y nq
x o y
iii. logx = 1 n‡j, x = 4
15. log5 Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
K 0 L 1  2 N 3
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii ˜ i, ii I iii
16. log64256 Gi gvb KZ? (KwVb)
 L M N
27. i. e wfwËK jMvwi`g n‡jv ¯^vfvweK
17. log101000 Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g) jMvwi`g
K 2  3 M 4 N 1.001 ii. e¨envwiK MwY‡Z mvaviYZ e wfwËK
18. ¯^vfvweK jMvwi`g logey †K wb‡Pi jMvwi`g e¨eüZ nq
†Kvb cÖZxK Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq? iii. weªMwmqvb jMvwi`g 10 wfwËK
(mnR) jMvwi`g
 ln y L y ln y M ly N log y wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
19. cÖ‡Z¨K abvZ¥K msL¨vi jMvwi`‡gi (mnR)
KqwU Ask _v‡K? (mnR) K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 `yBwU L wZbwU M PviwU N cuvPwU
 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
20. log3 = Gi gvb †KvbwU? cÖ‡kœvËi
(KwVb)
K −1 L −2 M −3  −4 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 28Ñ31 bs cÖ‡kœi
e¨vL¨v : log3 = log3 −4 3
= log33 = − 4log3 = 41 = −4 DËi `vI :
21. b = anti log3 x wK wb‡`©k K‡i? (ga¨g) =k
 b msL¨vwU‡K wfwË a‡i a Gi mv‡c‡ÿ x Gi 28. logax Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
cÖwZjM  k(xy  zx) L k(zx  xy)
M k(yz  zx) N k(xy  yz)
L a msL¨vwU‡K wfwË a‡i x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ b Gi
29. logax + logby + logcz = KZ? (ga¨g)
cÖwZjM
 0 L xyz M 1 N logaabc
M x msL¨vwU‡K wfwË a‡i b Gi mv‡c‡ÿ a Gi
30. [Link] = KZ? (ga¨g)
cÖwZjM K 0 L 2  1 N k
N x msL¨vwU‡K wfwË a‡i a Gi mv‡c‡ÿ b Gi
31. x = a, y = b Ges z = c n‡j logax + logby + logcz =
cÖwZjM KZ? (mnR)
22. a > 0, a  1 n‡j, ax = b Gi †ÿ‡Î x †K Kx ejv K 1  0 M 1 N
nq? (ga¨g) AmsÁvwqZ
 b Gi a wfwËK jMvwi`g L a Gi b wfwËK

jMvwi`g 97 : jMvwi`‡gi m~Îvejx

M a Gi n wfwËK jMvwi`g N b Gi e wfwËK  mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
jMvwi`g
32. hw` a 1 nq, Z‡e a1 = a Zvn‡j, logaa = KZ?
e¨vL¨v : ax = b †hLv‡b a > 0 Ges a  1 nq, Z‡e x †K
(mnR)
ejv nq b Gi a wfwËK jMvwi`g ax = bev x = logab
 1 L 0 M 3 N
23. logab = x n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨?(mnR)
33. logab  logba = 1 n‡j, logap = KZ? (KwVb)
 ax = b L a = b M xa = b N x = b
 L logp(ab) M logbp N loga
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  379
34. logap  logpq  logqr  logrb = KZ? (KwVb) wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 45 Ñ 47 bs cÖ‡kœi
K loga L logb  logab N logba DËi `vI :
35. †hLv‡b 10x = y Ges y > 0 n‡j, y Gi mvaviY GKwU dvskb (x) = Øviv msÁvwqZ Ges x
jMvwi`g wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 45. (0) = KZ? (mnR)
(mnR) K 0 L 1  AmsÁvwqZ N
K x = log L x = log10x
46. (x) Gi †Wv‡gb KZ?
M x = logky  x = log10y
(ga¨g)
36. mvaviY jMvwi`g log10y †K mPivPi
K L  M = {1}   {0}
wfwË 10 Dn¨ †i‡L wb‡Pi †KvbwU 47. (x) Gi †iÄ KZ? (KwVb)
cÖKvk Kiv nq? (mnR) K {1} L {1}  {1, 1} N 
K log L log M log x  log y
37. hw` log a = n nq Z‡e a †K n Gi Kx ejv nq? wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 48 Ñ 50 bs cÖ‡kœi
(mnR) DËi `vI :
logaabc = x,logbabc = y, logcabc = z
K jM ZvwjKv L cÖwZjM M Anti log
48. = KZ? (ga¨g)
 L + M
K 0 L 1 M 
38. logk + logk + logk Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
49. hw` xyz = 1 nq, Z‡e xy + yz + zx = KZ?(KwVb)
K 1  0 M 1 N 2
K 0  1 M logaabc N abc
39. loga loga loga Gi gvb KZ? (KwVb)
50. = KZ? (ga¨g)
K a  b M 1 N aab
K 1 + logabc L logabc M 0  logaa2bc
40. logx = 3 n‡j x Gi gvb †KvbwU? (KwVb)
K 2 L 8 M 16  32 97 : m~PKxq, jMvwi`gxq I ciggvb
e¨vL¨v : logx = 3 =
ev, x = ()= = 25 = 32 dvskb
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK  mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 51. loga loga loga Gi gvb KZ? (KwVb)
K a  b M 1 N aab
41. i. log28 = 3
ii. log381 = 4 52. log2 400 = x n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? (KwVb)
iii. log416 = 2 K 1 L 1 M 2  4

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) 53. logarithm kãwU G‡m‡Q †Kvb kã †_‡K?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii (mnR)
42. hw` a > 0 Ges a  1 nq, Z‡eÑ j¨vwUb L cZ©ywMR
K  wMÖK N
i. loga1 = 0 divwm
ii. logaa = 1 54. log264 = KZ? (ga¨g)
iii. loga1 = 1 K 2  6 M 8 N 64
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) 55. log864 = KZ? (ga¨g)
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  2 L 4 M 8 N 16
43. i. log25 + log27 + log23 = log235 56. loga(M  N) = KZ? (mnR)
ii. log564 = 6log52  logaM + logaN L logMa + logaN
iii. log764 = log74 M loga N logaM  logaN
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 57. y = 2 GB dvsk‡bi †iÄ KZ?
x
(ga¨g)
K i I ii  ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii  (0, ) L (, )
M (, 0) N R
44. a > 0, a  1 n‡jÑ
r
i. logaM = rlogaM 58. y = 2x †iLvwUÑ (ga¨g)
ii. logaMN = logaM + logaN K g~jwe›`yMvgx  (0, 1) we›`yMvgx
iii. logaM = logbM  logaN M (0, 2) we›`yMvgx N (0, 3) we›`yMvgx
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) 59. wb‡Pi †KvbwU jMvwi`wgK dvskb?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii (mnR)
K y = 2x L y = x2 + 3x + 2
 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
 y = ln N y = 22x
cÖ‡kœvËi
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  380
60. y = 3x Gi †Wv‡gb KZ? 79. a > 0 nIqvq mKj x Gi Rb¨ ax > 0 Ges y 
(ga¨g) 0 n‡jÑ
K (, 0) L (0, ) i. y Gi a wfwËK †Kv‡bv jMvwi`g †bB
M [0, )  (, )
ii. y Gi a wfwËK jMvwi`g Av‡Q
61. y = 3x Gi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb KZ?
iii. a Gi y wfwËK jMvwi`g †bB
K (, )  (0, ) M (0, ] N (0, 1]
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
62. (x) = GKwUÑ (mnR)
 i L ii M i I iii N i I iii
 dvskb L m~PK dvskb
80. logay = x hw` I †Kej hw` a = y nqÑ
x

M jMvwi`wgK dvskb N wecixZ dvskb

i. loga(ax) = x
63. (x) = Gi †Wv‡gb KZ? ii. alogay = y
(ga¨g) iii. alogay = xy
K L  204   {0} N (, 0] wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
64. (x) = Gi †iÄ KZ? (ga¨g) K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K L  {0} M {1, 1}  {1, 1}
81. x > 0, y > 0 Ges a  1 n‡j, x = y n‡e hw`Ñ
65. y = ln dvskbwUi †iÄ KZ? (KwVb) i. logax > 0
K  {a} L   {a} N ii. logax = logay
66. (x) = e; 2 < x < 0 GB dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb KZ? iii. logay > 0
(ga¨g) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (KwVb)
K (1, 0) L (1, 0]  (2, 0) N (2, 0) K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
67. y = ax, a > 1 Z‡e Gi †Wv‡gb KZ? (ga¨g) 82. P = logabc n‡j 1  p = KZ?
K (, ] L (, 0] M (0, )  (, ) i. 1  logabc
68. logxx = KZ? (ga¨g) ii. logaa  logabc
K L M  iii. loga
69. x = 10 n‡j, x = KZ? (ga¨g) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
 32 L 23 M N K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
70. ciggvb dvskb (x) = |x| Gi †Wv‡gb KZ? 83. i. logaPQ = logaP + logaQ
(mnR) ii. logaPQ = [Link]
 L  M {0} N (0, ) iii. loga = logaP + loga
71. ciggvb dvskb (x) = |x| Gi †iÄ KZ? (ga¨g) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
K (, ) L (0, ) M (, 0)  [0, ) K i I ii L ii I iii  i I iii N i, ii I iii
72. y = ln dvskbwU‡Z x5 n‡j, y Gi gvb KZ? 84. i. log512 = 2log52
(mnR) ii. log53 log35 = 1
K 0   M 1 N 10 iii. x = y
73. wb‡Pi †KvbwU x- †K b Gi a wfwËK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
jMvwi`g ejv nq?  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K b = log ax L b = log xb 85. y = (x) = e ; 2 < e < 3
-x

˜ x = log ab N b = log ba
i. G‡ÿ‡Î x   n‡j, y  0 + nq
74. y = 3x Gi †iÄ KZ?
ii. GwU (0, 1) we›`yMvgx
K (, 0) (0, () M (0, (()N (((, ()
˜
iii. x   n‡j, y   nq
75. y = 3 Gi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †iÄ KZ?
x
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
K (0 ) L (,
0)  (, ) N (1. 1) K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
76. y = 1n dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb KZ? 86. a, b > 0 Ges a  b n‡jÑ
K (1, 1) L (, )  (a a) N (a, a)
i. (ap)qr = a n‡j, pqr = 1
77. f(x) = x + |x| hLb 2  x  2 Gi †Wv‡gb KZ?
ii. (axy)(axy)z = a2 n‡j, xyz = 1
2

 (2, 2) L (0, 2) M (0 2) N (0. 3)

iii. logk + logk + logk = 0
78. f(x) = x + |x| hLb  2  x  2 Gi †iÄ KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (KwVb)
K (2, 2) L (0, 2) M (0, 3) ˜ (0, 4) K i I ii L ii I iii  i I iii N i, ii I iii
 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK 87. (x) = 2 n‡jÑ
x

enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi i. (x) Gi †Wv‡gb = (, )

ii. (x) Gi †iÄ = (0, )
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  381
= log2x
iii. -1(x) 90. dvskbwU GKwUÑ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) (mnR
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii  i, ii I iii K jMvwi`wgK dvskb  ciggvb dvskb
M m~PK dvskb N wecixZ dvskb
 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
cÖ‡kœvËi 91. cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb KZ? (ga¨g)
K (2, 2) L [2, 2] M (2, 2]  [2, 2)
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 88 I 89 bs cÖ‡kœi 92. cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †iÄ KZ?
DËi `vI : (ga¨g)
y = x2; x > 0 K (0,4) L (0, 4] M {0, 4}  (0, 4)
88. dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb KZ?
(ga¨g)
K  (0, ) M  {0} N
Dc‡ii ivwk n‡Z 93 Ñ 95 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
89. dvskbwUi †iÄ KZ? `vI :
(ga¨g) 93. axbycz = KZ? (ga¨g)
K 0 L xyz  1 N
 (0, ) L  {0} M  {2} N (, 9[
94. a y2 + yz + z2
.a z2 + zx + x2
.a x2 + xy + y2
= KZ? (KwVb)
(x) = x + |x| hLb 2  x < 2 K 0  1 M logka N 
Dc‡ii eY©bv n‡Z 90 Ñ 92 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 95. ay + [Link] + [Link] + y = KZ? (KwVb)
`vI : K 0 L zx M y z 2 2
 1

96. y = 1n (x  2) n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. loga(MN) = logaM + logaN

K (x  2)c = y ˜ ey = x  2 iii. loga
M ex  2 = y N ey = x  2 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
97. log 0 Gi gvb KZ? ˜ i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K 0 ˜ bvB M  N 1 106. f(x) = 2x
98. F(x) = 2x G x   n‡j y = F(x) Gi gv‡bi †ÿ‡Î i. f(x) Gi †Wv‡gb ( , )
†KvbwU mwVK? ii. f (x) Gi †iÄ (0, )
˜ y L y0 M y=0 N y iii. f1(x) = lgo2x
99. y = 1  3x wecixZ dvskb †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K log3 (1  y) ˜ log3 K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii ˜ i, ii I iii
M 1  3x N 3x  1
107. f(x) = 3x
100. hw` a > 1 Ges 0 < x < 1 i. GKwU m~PK dvskb
nq Z‡eÑ ii. GKwU GK-GK dvskb
˜ logax < 0 L logax > 0
iii. Gi wecixZ dvskb log3x
M loga x = 0 N loga a = 0
101. f(x) = dvsk‡bi †iÄ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Ki L ii
KZ?
I ii ˜ i, ii I iii
Mi
˜ {1, 1} L {0, 1} M {0, 1} N {0, 0}
102. f(x) = Ges x ev¯Íe wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 108  111 bs
msL¨v n‡j, f(0) = KZ? cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
(x) = 3x2 GKwU m~PKxq dvskb, †hLv‡b x  R
K 0 L 1 ˜ AmsÁvwqZ N 1
103. = 2 n‡j Gi wØNvZ
108. 1(3) = KZ?
K 0 ˜ 1 M 3 N 9
mgxKiY wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
109. Dc‡iv³ dvskbwUi
K x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 L x2  3x + 1 = 0
M x2 + 3x  1 = 0 ˜ x2  3x  1 = 0 †Wv‡gb KZ?
˜ [0, ] L [, 0] M N N R
104. log10 (999 + x) = 3 n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ?
K 0 ˜ 1 M 2 N 3 110. dvskbwUi wecixZ
105. a > 0, a  1 n‡jÑ dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb KZ?
i. logaMr = rlogaM ˜ [0, ] L [0, ] M [, ] N d
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  382
111. dvskbwUi †iÄ nq? K [, 0] L [, ] M R ˜ R+

 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK 117. a > 0, a  1 n‡j

enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi i. logaMr = r logaM ii. logaMN = logaM + logaN
iii. logaM =
112. wb‡Pi mgxKiY¸‡jv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
jÿ Ki : K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
i. 16x = 4x+2
118. i. x  0, a > 0, b > 0 Ges ax =
ii. 2x = 8
iii. = bx n‡j a = b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) ii. am = an Ges a  0 n‡j m = n
 i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
iiilogba  logab = 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
113. i. 3x = 3 n‡j x = ± 2
2 4

K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii

ii. 2 = 9 n‡j, y = ± 3
2

119. i. = a n‡j pqr = 0

iii. 2.3y = 18 n‡j, y = 2
ii. {(a ) (a )} = a n‡j xyz = 1
xy xy z 2
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. + logk + logk = 0
(ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (KwVb)
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
114. i. [Link] = am+n
ii. = amn  Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb
iii. (a†hLv‡b a  0
m)n mn
=a cÖ‡kœvËi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K 120 I 121 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii `vI:
115. i. a  0 n‡j a = 1 a3x b5x = a5+x b3x
n
ii. a =
1
iii. a = 120. = KZ?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) (ga¨g)
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K a a 2
M N
116. i. logaa = 1, a > 0, a  1 121. logka Gi gvb wb‡Pi
ii. = †KvbwU (KwVb)
iii. loga1 = 0, a > 0, a  1 K logk L logk
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) M x logk  x logk
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
¸iæZ¡c~Y© m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

cÖkœ-1  p = xya  1, q = xyb  1, z = xyc  1 = (a + b)log + (b + c)log + (c + a)log

= (a + b)log + (b + c)log + (c + a)log
K. a = b n‡j †`LvI †h, = b
b a
2
= (a + b)log + (b + c)log + (c + a)log
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, (b + a) log +(c + b) log + = (a + b)log ya  1  b + 1 + (b + c)log yb  1  c + 1
(a + c) log = 0 4 + (c + a)log yc  1  a + 1
M. (b  c) logp + (c  a) log q + (a  b) log r Gi gvb = (a + b)log y + (b + c) log y + (c + a) log yc  a
ab bc

= (a + b) (a  b)log y + (b + c)(b  c)log y + (c + a) (c  a)log y

wbY©q Ki| 4
= (a2  b2)log y + (b2  c2)log y + (c2  a2)log y
 1bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  = (a2  b2 + b2  c2 + c2  a2)log y
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, ab = ba = 0  log y = 0 = (Wvbcÿ)
†`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, = a  (b + a) log + (c + b) log + (a + c) log = 0

evgcÿ = = = = [ ab = ba ]
(cÖgvwYZ)
= = a = (Wvbcÿ)
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = xya  1, q = xyb  1, r = xyc  1
(b  c)log p + (c  a)log q + (a  b)log r Gi gvb wbY©q
 = a = (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = xya  1, q = xyb  1, r = xyc  1 Ki‡Z n‡e|
evgcÿ = (b + a)log + (c + b)log + (a + c)log cÖ`Ë ivwk = (b  c)log p + (c  a)log q + (a  b) log r
= (b  c)log (xya1) + (c  a)log (xyb1)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  383
+ (a  b) (xyc1) = 0  logx + {(b  c) (a  1)
= (b  c)log x + (b  c)logy + (c  a)logx
a1
+ (c  a) (b  1) + (a  b)(c  1)} logy
+ (ca)logyb1 + (a  b)logx + (a  b)logc1 = 0 + {(ab  ca  b + c) + (bc  ab  c + a)
= (b  c)logx + (b  c) (a  1) logy + (c  a)logx + (c  a) + (ca  bc  a + b)}logy
(b  1) logy + (a  1) logx + (a  b) (c  1) logy = (ab  ca  b + c + bc  ab  c + a + ca  bc  a + b)logy
= (b  c + c  a + a  b)logx + {(b  c) (a  1) = 0  log y = 0
+ (c  a) (b  1) + (a  b)(c  1)} logy wb‡Y©q gvb 0

cÖkœ-2  hw` nq, Z‡eÑ M. †`LvI †h, ax  3. by  3. cz  3 = 1 4

K. AbycvZ¸‡jvi gvb k a‡i, logaa Gi  3bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
gvb wbY©q Ki| 2 K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, x = 1 + logabc
L. a .b .c Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
a b c
4 ev, x = logaa + logabc
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, a b + bc + c
b c + ca + a
ca + ab + b
2
= 2 2 2 2 2
ev, x = logaabc
a b c .
a b c
4 ev, ax = abc
 2bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  a = (abc) (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
K. awi, = = = k L. ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, a = (abc) ............. (i)
 loga = k (b  c) Abyiƒcfv‡e, b = (abc) ............ (ii)
ev, a log a = ka (b  c); [Dfq cÿ‡K a Øviv ¸Y K‡i] Ges c = (abc) .............. (iii)
 logaa = ka (b  c) .............. (i) (i), (ii) I (iii) ¸Y K‡i cvB,
L. GLb, log b = k (c  a) abc = (abc) .(abc) .(abc)
ev, b log a = kb (c  a); [Dfq cÿ‡K b Øviv ¸Y K‡i] ev, (abc)1 = (abc) + +

ev, logbb = kb (c  a) .............. (ii) ev, 1 = + +

Ges log c = k (a  b) ev,
ev, c log c = kc (a  b) .............. (iii)  xyz = zy + yz + zx (cÖgvwYZ)
GLb, (i), (ii) I (iii) †hvM K‡i cvB, M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, x = 1 + logabc
logaa + logbb + logcc = k (ab  ac + bc  ab + ac  bc) ev, x  1 = logabc
ev, log (aabbcc) = k 0 = 0 ev, ax  1 = bc ................ (i)
 aabbcc = 1 (Ans.) Avevi, y = 1 + logbca
M. ÔKÕ †_‡K cvB, loga = k (b  c)
ev, y  1 = logbca
ev, (b2 + bc + c2) loga = k (b  c) (b2 + bc + ca)
ev, by  1 = ca ............... (ii)
ev, log ab + bc + c = k (b3  c3) ....................... (i)
2 2
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cz  1 = ab .......... (iii)
ÔLÕ †_‡K cvB, logb = k(c  a)
(i), (ii) I (iii) ¸Y K‡i cvB,
ev, (c2 + ca + a2) logb = k(c  a) (c2 + ca + a2) ax 1. by  1. cz  1 = bc. ca. ab
ev, logbc + ca + a = k(c3  a3) .................... (ii)
2 2
ev, ax  1. by  1. cz  1 = a2.b2.c2
Ges, logc = k (a  b) ev, = 1
ev, (a2 + ab + b2) log c = k 9a  b) (a2 + ab + b2) ev, ax  1  2. by  1  2. cz  1  2 = 1
ev, logca + ab + b = k (a3  b3) ................... (iii)
2 2
 ax  3. by  3. cz  3 = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
mgxKiY (i), (ii) I (iii) †hvM K‡i cvB,
cÖkœ-4  wb‡Pi QKwU jÿ Ki :
loga b2 + bc + c2 + logb c2 + ca + a2 + logc a2 + ab + b2 = k (b3  c3) + k (c3 
a3) + k(a3  b3) x 2 1 0 1 2
y 1 5 25
ev, log (a b + bc + c  b c + ca + a  c a + ab + b ) = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

ev, log (a b + bc + c  b c + ca + a . c a + ab + b = log1

2 2 2 2 2 2
K. QKwU †Kvb dvskb Øviv eY©bv
ev, a b + bc + c . b c + ca + a  c a + ab + b = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
Kiv hvq| 2
 a b + bc + c  b c + ca + a  c a + ab + b = [Link] [ÔLÕ n‡Z]
2 2 2 2 2 2
L. dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki| 4
(cÖgvwYZ) M. dvskbwUi cÖK…wZ eY©bv Ki
cÖkœ-3  hw` x = 1 + logabc, y = 1 + logbca Ges z = 1 Ges †Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q Ki| 4
+ logcab nq, Z‡eÑ  4bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
K. †`LvI †h, a = (abc) 2
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, xyz = xy + yz + zx 4
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  384
K. QKwU‡Z ewY©Z (x, y) µg‡Rv‡oi gvb¸‡jv y = Ki| 4
5 dvskb Øviv eY©bv Kiv hvq, †hLv‡b x-
x
 5bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
ev¯Íe msL¨v|
K. awi, y = (x) = 2x
L. QK KvM‡R myweavgZ x-Aÿ eivei XOX Ges
x Gi 3 †_‡K 3 Gi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q
y-Aÿ eivei YOY AuvwK| x-Aÿ eivei 5 eM©
mswkøó y Gi gvb wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Lv‡bv
Ni = 1 GKK Ges y-Aÿ eivei 2 eM© Ni = 1
n‡jvÑ
GKK we‡ePbv K‡i (x, y) we›`y¸‡jv QK x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi| we›`y¸‡jv mvejxjfv‡e y 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125
eµ‡iLvq hy³ K‡i dvskbwUi †jL cvIqv hvq| L. QK KvM‡Ri myweavgZ x-Aÿ XOX Ges YOY
hv wb‡¤œ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv : AuvwK| x- Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 5 eM© Ni = 1
GKK Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 5 eM© Ni = 1
GKK a‡i (x, y) we›`y¸‡jv cvZb Kwi|
we›`y¸‡jv‡K mvejxjfv‡e eµ‡iLvq hy³ K‡i y
= (x) Gi †jLv cvIqv hvq| hv wb‡¤œ
†`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ

M. †jLwPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, hLb x = 0

ZLb y = 5 = 1 Kv‡RB †jLwU (0, 1) we›`yMvgx|
Avevi x G‡i FYvZ¥K gv‡bi Rb¨ y Gi gvb
M. †jLwPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, x Gi abvZ¥K gvb
µgvš^‡q k~‡b¨i LyeB KvQvKvwQ
e„w×i Rb¨ dvskwUi gvb µgk: k~‡b¨i
†cuŠQvq wKš‘ 0 nq bv A_©vr x   , y  0+.
KvQvKvwQ †cuŠQvq wKš‘ k~b¨ nq bv| x =
x Gi †h‡Kv‡bv abvZ¥K gv‡bi Rb¨
0 n‡j dvskbwUi gvb, y = 20 = = = 1 Kv‡RB
dvskbwUi gvb Amx‡gi KvQvKvwQ A_©vr
dvskbwU (0, 1) we›`yMvgx| Avevi, x Gi
x  , y  .
Avevi, dvskbwU (x) = ax AvKv‡ii †hLv‡b a > 0 D”PZi FYvZ¥K gv‡bi Rb¨ dvskbwUi gvb
Ges a  0| myZivs y = 5x GKwU m~PKxq e„w× cvq| myZivs cÖ`Ë mxgvi g‡a¨
dvskb| dvskwUi †Wv‡gb = [3, 3] Ges dvskbwUi †iÄ =
myZivs dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb mKj ev¯Íe wecixZ dvskb wbY©q :
y =  (x) = 2x
msL¨vi †mU A_©vr (, ) Ges dvskbwUi †iÄ
GLb, y = 2x
mKj abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU A_©vr (0, )|
ev, log2y = x
cÖkœ-5  y = 2x GKwU dvskb †hLv‡b 3  x  ev, x =  log2y
3
ev, x = log2y1
K. cÖ`Ë mxgvi g‡a¨ dvskbwUi  x = log2
K‡qKwU gv‡bi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|2 wecixZ dvskb, f1 : y  x hLb x = log2
L. dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki| 4 ev, f1 : y  log2
M. dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q Ki y Gi ¯’‡j x ¯’vcb K‡i cvB,
Ges wecixZ dvskbwUI wbY©q f1 : x  log2
 f1 (x) = log2
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  385
cÖkœ-6 î y = GKwU dvskb| cÖkœ-7 î y = ln GKwU jMvwi`g dvskb|
K. cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi K. dvskbwU †h k‡Z©i Rb¨
R‡b¨ x I y Gi gv‡bi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z AmsÁvwqZ †mme kZ© wbY©q
Ki| 2 Ki| 2
L. dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki Ges L. dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb wbY©q Ki| 4
†Wv‡gb wbY©q Ki| 4 M. dvskbwUi †iÄ wbY©q Ges
M. dvskbwUi wecixZ dvskb wecixZ dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ †ei
wbY©q Ki| 4 Ki| 4
îí 6bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí îí 7bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
K. awi, y = (x) = K. x = 5 Gi Rb¨ dvskbwU AmsÁvwqZ| Avevi,
cÖ`Ë dvskb (x) Gi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x Ges jMvwi`g dvskb FYvZ¥K gv‡bi Rb¨I
y Gi gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kwi| AmsÁvwqZ| ZvB < 0 dvskbwU
x 2 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 AmsÁvwqZ|
y 1 0.5 1 4 AmsÁv 8 5 35 3 275
L. awi, y = (x) = ln
wqZ †h‡nZz jMvwi`g dvskb ïaygvÎ abvZ¥K
L. ÔKÕ Gi cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ev¯Íe msL¨vi Rb¨ msÁvwqZ nq|
myweavgZ x-Aÿ XOX Ges y-Aÿ YOY  > 0 hw` (i) 5 + x > 0 Ges 5  x > 0 nq
AuvwK| x-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 5 eM© Ni = 1 A_ev, (ii) 5 + x < 0 Ges 5  x < 0 nq|
GKK Ges y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 2 eM© Ni = 1 (i) bs n‡Z cvB, x > 5 Ges  x >  5
GKK a‡i ev, x > 5 Ges x < 5
(x, y) we›`y¸‡jv cvZb Kwi| we›`y¸‡jv‡K  †Wv‡gb = {x : 5 < x} Ges {x : x < 5}
mvejxjfv‡e eµ‡iLvq hy³ K‡i y = (x) Gi †jL = (5, )  ( , 5) = (5, 5)
cvIqv hvq| (ii) bs n‡Z cvB, x < 5 Ges x < 5
ev, x <  5 Ges x > 5
 †Wv‡gb = {x : x < 5}  (x : x > 5} = 
 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb,
D = (i) I (ii) G cÖvß †Wv‡g‡bi ms‡hvM = (5, 5)
  = (5, 5)
M. awi, y = (x) = ln
ev, ey =
ev, 5 + x = 5ey  xey
ev, x(1 + ey) = 5(ey  1)
x =
y Gi mKj ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ x Gi gvb ev¯Íe
nq|
 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †iÄ R =
dvskbwU x = 1 Gi Rb¨ AmsÁvwqZ wecixZ dvskb 1 : y  x †hLv‡b, x =
†Wv‡gb D =  {1} ev, 1 : y 
M. awi, y = (x) = y Gi cwie‡Z© x ewm‡q cvB,
GLb, y = 1 : x 
 1(x) =
ev, y(x  1) = 2x + 1
myZivs, wecixZ dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb n‡e
ev, yx  2x + y + 1
dvskbwU †iÄ Ges †iÄ n‡e dvskbwUi
ev, x(y  2) = y + 1
x= †Wv‡gb|
wecixZ dvskb 1 : y  x †hLv‡b, x =  D1 = Ges R1 = (5, 5) (Ans.)

ev, 1 : y 
y Gi ¯’‡j x ¯’vcb K‡i cvB, 1 : x  cÖkœ-8 î (x) = ex GKwU dvskb|
 1 (x) = ; x  2
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  386
K. cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨
GKwU mviwY ˆZwi Ki| 2
L. dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki| 4
M. dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q
Ki Ges wecixZ dvskb wbY©q Ki|
4
îí 8bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
K. awi, y = (x) = ex
x Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q mswkøó y Gi gvb
wb‡gœi Q‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 01 03 1 27 74 2008 546
4 6 1
L. GLb, ÔKÕ G cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R
myweavgZ X-Aÿ XOX Ges Y-Aÿ YOY
AuvwK| X-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 5 eM© Ni = 1
GKK Ges Y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 1 eM© Ni = 1 M. x Gi mKj ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë dvskb (x)
GKK a‡i (x, y) we›`y¸‡jv cvZb Kwi| msÁvwqZ|
we›`y¸‡jv‡K mvejxj eµ‡iLvi hy³ K‡i y = (x)  dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb D =
Gi †jL cvIqv hvq| Ges x hLb +  Gi KvQvKvwQ nq ZLb (x) Gi
hv wb‡¤œ †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ gvb k~‡b¨i KvQvKvwQ nq Ges x Gi gvb
n«v‡mi mv‡_ mv‡_ (x) Gi gvb Amx‡gi
w`‡K e„w× cvq|
 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †iÄ R = (0, )
ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, y = ex
ev, logey = x
ev, x = logey
ev, x = logey1
ev, x = loge
wecixZ dvskb 1 : y  x †hLv‡b, x = loge
ev, 1 : y  loge
y Gi cwie‡Z© x ewm‡q cvB,
1 : x  loge
 1(x) = loge
cÖkœ-9  L. mgxKiY (i), (ii) I (iii) †K h_vµ‡g (y + z), (z + x) I (x +
K. cÖgvY Ki †h, pqr = 1 2 y) Øviv ¸Y Kivi ci †hvM K‡i cvB,
L. py + [Link] + [Link] + y = 1 4 (y + z)logkp + (z + x)logkq + (x + y)logkr =
c {(y + z)(y  z) + (z + x)(z  x) + (x + y)(x  y)}
M. py2 + yz + z2.qz2 + zx + x2.rx2 + xy + y2 = 1 4
ev, logkp(y+z) + logkq(z+x) + logkr(x+y) =
 9bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  c{y2  z2 + z2  x2 + x2  y2}
K. awi, = c ev, logk(p .q .r ) = c.0 = 0 = logk1
y+z z+x x+y

 logkp = c(y  z) ..........(i)  py + [Link] + [Link] + y = 1 (cÖgvwYZ)

logkq = c(z  x) ........... (ii)
logkr = c(x  y) ........... (iii) M. mgxKiY (i), (ii) I (iii) †K h_vµ‡g (y2 + yz + z2), (z2 + zx
(i), (ii) I (iii) bs †hvM K‡i cvB, + x2) I (x2 + xy + y2) Øviv ¸Y Kivi ci †hvM K‡i
logkp + logkq + logkr = c(y  z + z  x + x  y) cvB,
ev, logkpqr = c.0 = 0 = logk1 (y2 + yz + z2)logkp + (z2 + zx + x2)logkq +
 pqr = 1 (cÖgvwYZ) (x2 + xy + y2)logkr = c {(y z)(y2 + yz + z2) +
(z  x)(z2 + zx + x2) + (x  y)(x2 + xy + y2)}
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  387
ev, logkp(y2 + yz + z2) + logkq(z2 + zx + x2) + logkr(x2 + xy + y2) ˆewkó¨ :
= c{y  z + z  x + x  y }
3 3 3 3 3 3
1. †iLvwU g~jwe›`yMvgx|
ev, log k(p y2 + yz + z2 z2 + zx + x2 z2 + xy + y2
.q .r ) = c.0 = 0 = logk1 2. dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb D =
p y2 + yz + z2 z2 + zx + x2 z2 + xy + y2
.q .r = 1 (cÖgvwYZ) 3. dvskbwUi †iÄ R = (,1)
M. wecixZ dvskb wbY©q :
cÖkœ-10  †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = 1  2  x
GLv‡b, y = 1  2x = (x) (awi)
K. cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ
ev, 2x = 1  y
wbY©q Ki| 2
ev,  x = log2(1  y)
L. dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki Ges Gi
ev, x = log2
ˆewk󨸇jv †jL| 4
y = (x) n‡j 1(y) = x
M. dvskbwUi wecixZ dvskb
 1(y) = log2
wbY©q K‡i Zv GK-GK wKbv Zv ev, 1(x) = log2
wba©viY Ki| 4 wb‡Y©q wecixZ dvskb 1(x) = log2
 10bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  x1 , x2
 1(x1) = log2
K. GLv‡b, y = 1  2x
Ges 1(x2) = log2
x Gi mKj ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ dvskbwU
GLb, 1 (x1) = 1(x2)
msÁvwqZ|
ev, log2
 †Wv‡gb D =
ev,
†iÄ : y = 1  2x
ev, 1  x1 = 1  x2
ev, 2x = 1  y
ev,  x1 = x2
ev,  x = log2(1  y)
 x1 = x2
ev, x = log2(1  y)1
†h‡nZz 1(x1) = 1(x2) Gi Rb¨ x1 = x2 nq|
 x = log2
 1(x) = log2 dvskbwU GKwU GK-GK dvskb|
ïaygvÎ abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨vi Rb¨ jMvwi`g
cÖkœ-11  a, b, c  ; †hLv‡b b = (1 + 3 + 3) Ges
msÁvwqZ nq|
= =
 > 0 hw` 1  y > 0 nq|
K. †`LvI †h, logalogaloga = b 2
ev, 1 > y
L. †`LvI †h, b3  3b2  6b  4 = 0 4
y<1
 †iÄ R = ( , 1)
M. [Link] Gi gvb †ei Ki| 4
 11bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
L. †jLwPÎ A¼b : cÖ`Ë dvskb, y = 1  2x
cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x I y Gi K. evgcÿ = logalogalogaa = logalogaa logaa
aab ab

ab b
= logalogaa .1 = logaa logaa
gv‡bi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kwi :
= logaab.1 = blogaa = b.1 = b = Wvbcÿ
x 3 2 1 0 1 2
A_©vr logalogaloga = b (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
y 7 3 1 0 0.5 0.75
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, b = 1 + 3 + 3
QK KvM‡R gvb¸‡jv ¯’vcb Ki‡j wbgœiƒc †jLwPÎ
ev, b  1 = 3 + 3 .................. (i)
cvIqv hvq|
ev, (b  1)3 = [Nb K‡i]
x-Aÿ : cÖwZ 4 eM© = 1 GKK a‡i
ev, b3 1 3b2 + 3b = + 3.3.3
y-Aÿ : cÖwZ 4 eM© = 1 GKK a‡i
ev, b313b2 + 3b = 3 + 32 + 3.31.(b 1) [(i) †_‡K]
ev, b3  3b2 + 3b  1 = 12 + 9b  9
ev, b3  3b2 + 3b  1  12  9b + 9 = 0
 b3  3b2  6b  4 = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

M. = p (awi)
Zvn‡j, logka = p(b  c) .......... (i)
logkb = p(c  a) .......... (ii)
logkc = p(a  b) .......... (iii)
(i)  a + (ii)  b + (iii)  c K‡i cvB,
a logka + b logkb + c logkc = p{a(b  c) + b(c  a) + c(a  b)}
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  388
ev, logkaa + logkbb + logkcc = p (ab  ca + bc  ab + ca  bc) (i)-G y = 2 emv‡j x Gi gvb AmsÁvwqZ nq|
ev, logk = p.0 = 0 = logk1  †iÄ  =  {2}
 [Link] = 1 (Ans.) †Wv‡gb  =  {1}, †iÄ  =  {2} (Ans.)
cÖkœ-12  a, b, c > 0 Ges a, b, c  1 L. msÁvbymv‡i, (1(x)) = x
K. loga(abc) = x n‡j, a = KZ? 2 (y) = x .......... (i) [†h‡nZz 1(x) = y]
L. †`LvI †h, = 1 4 †`Iqv Av‡Q, (x) =
M. hw` p = loga(bc), q = logb(ca) Ges r = ev, (y) =
logc(ab) nq Z‡e †`LvI †h, = 1 4 ev, x =
 12bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ev, 2y + 1 = xy  x
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, loga(abc) = x ev, 2y  xy = 1 x
ev, ax = abc ev, y (2  x) = (1 + x)
ev, = bc ev, y =
ev, ax  1 = bc ev, y =
 a = (bc)  1(x) =
x  2 = 0 ev, x = 2 emv‡j dvskbwU AmsÁvwqZ
L. ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, a = (abc)
nq|
awi, logb(abc) = y Ges logc(abc) = z
 †Wv‡gb 1 =  {2} (Ans.)
ev, b = (abc) Ges c = (abc)
Avevi awi, y =
 abc = (abc).(abc).(abc)
ev, (abc)1 = (abc) ev, xy  2y = x + 1
ev, = 1 ev, xy  x = 2y + 1
 = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, x(y  1) = 2y + 1
x=
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = loga(bc), q = logb(ca) Ges r = logc(ab) y = 1 emv‡j x Gi gvb AmsÁvwqZ nq|
 1 + p = logaa + loga(bc) = loga(abc)  †iÄ 1 =  {1} (Ans.)
1 + q = logbb + logb(ca) = logb(abc)
1 + r = logcc + logc(ab) = logc(abc)
M. †h‡nZz jMvwi`g ïaygvÎ abvZ¥K ev¯Íe
Avevi, ÔLÕ n‡Z cvB, msL¨vi Rb¨ msÁvwqZ  > 0
=1 hw` (i) 5 + x > 0 Ges 5  x >0 nq
 = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) A_ev, (ii) 5 + x<0 Ges 5  x<0 nq|
n‡Z x > 5 Ges 5 > x
cÖkœ-13  (x) = ev, 5 < x Ges x < 5
K. cÖ`Ë dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ  †Wv‡gb = {x : 5 < x}  {x : x < 5}
wbY©q Ki| 2 = {5, }  {, 5}
L. dvskbwUi wecixZ dvskb = {5, 5}

wbY©q Ki Ges wecixZ dvsk‡bi (ii) n‡Z x < 5

Ges 5 < x
†Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q Ki| 4 ev, x < 5 Ges x > 5
M. hw` y = ln nq, Z‡e dvskbwUi  †Wv‡gb = {x : x < 5} {x : x < 5}
=
†Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q Ki| 4
 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb D= (i) I (ii) †ÿ‡Î cÖvß
 13bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  †Wv‡g‡bi ms‡hvM
K. cÖ`Ë dvskb, (x) = G = {5, 5}  
x  1 = 0 ev, x = 1 emv‡j dvskbwU = {5, 5}
AmsÁvwqZ nq| †iÄ : y = ln
 †Wv‡gb  =  {1} ev, ey =
Avevi awi, y = ev, xey + x = 5ey  5
x=
ev, 2x + 1 = xy  y
yGi mKj ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ x Gi gvb ev¯Íe
ev, 2x  xy = 1  y
nq|
ev, x(2  y) = (1 + y)
 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †iÄ R =
ev, x =
 x = ............... (i) cÖkœ-14  = 2
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  389
K. cÖgvY Ki †h, x2  x  1 = 0 2 ev, xlogkb = (1 + x) logka
L. †`LvI †h, x = 4  (1 + x)logka = xlogkb (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
M. x = Ges log Gi wfwË 2 a‡i DcwiD³ M. ÔLÕ bs †_‡K, b2x = a2 + 2x
mgxKi‡Yi mZ¨Zv hvPvB Ki| 4 ev, b2x = a2x.a2
 14 bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ev, = a2
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, = 2 ev, = a2
ev, logk(1 + x) = 2logkx ev, logk = logka2
ev, logk(1 + x) = logkx2 ev, 2x logk = 2 logka
ev, 1 + x = x2  xlogk = logka (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 x2  x  1 = 0 (cÖgvwYZ) cÖkœ-16  x = 1 + logabc, y = 1 + logbca Ges z = 1 +
L. ÔKÕ †_‡K cvB, x  x  1 = 0
2 logcab

ev, (x)2  2.x. +   1 = 0 K. †`LvI †h, a = (abc) 2

ev, = = L. cÖgvY Ki †h, xyz = xy + yz + zx 4
ev, x  =  M. †`LvI †h, ax [Link] [Link] 3 = 1 4
nq, x  = A_ev, x  =   16bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
ev, x = + ev, x =  + K. †`Iqv Av‡Q x = 1 + logabc
x=  x=  =
ev, x = logaa + logabc
GLv‡b, x = MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
ev, x = logaabc
KviY x Gi FYvZ¥K gv‡bi Rb¨ logx Gi gvb
ev, ax = abc
msÁvwqZ bq|
 a = (abc) (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 x = (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, = 2 L. ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, a = (abc) .............. (i)
cÖkœg‡Z, k = 2 [ wfwË = 2] Abyiƒcfv‡e, b = (abc) .............. (ii)
evgcÿ = = Ges c = (abc) .............. (iii)
= = (i), (ii) I (iii) ¸Y K‡i cvB,
= = = 2.000006 abc = (abc).(abc).(abc)
= 2 Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) ev, (abc)1 = (abc)
cÖkœ-15  a3  x b5x = a5 + xb3x ev, 1 =
ev, 1 =
K. hw` x = 0 nq Z‡e cÖgvY Ki 2logka =
 xyz = xy + yz + zx (cÖgvwYZ)
0 2
L. †`LvI †h, (1 + x)logka = xlogkb 4 M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, x = 1 + logabc
M. †`LvI †h, xlogk = logka 4 ev, x  1 = logabc
 15bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ev, ax 1 = bc ................ (i)
Avevi, y = 1 + logbca
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, a3  x b5x = a5 + x b3x
ev, y  1 = logbca
ev, a3  0b5.0 = a5 + 0b3.0 [ x = 0]
 by 1 = ca ................ (ii)
ev, a3b0 = a5b0
Abyiƒcfv‡e, cz 1 = ab ...... (iii)
ev, a3 = a5
(i), (ii) I (iii) ¸Y K‡i cvB,
ev, = 1 ax [Link] [Link] 1 = [Link]
ev, a2 = 1 ev, ax [Link] [Link] 1 = a2b2c2
ev, logka2 = logk1 ev, = 1
 2logka = 0 (cÖgvwYZ)  ax [Link] [Link] 3 = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, a3  x b5x = a5 + x b3x
cÖkœ-17  y = 2 GKwU m~PK dvskb Ges 3
ev, =
 x 3
ev, b2x = a2 + 2x
K. cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨
ev, (bx)2 = (a1 + x)2
x I y Gi gv‡bi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki| 2
ev, bx = a1 + x
L. dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki| 4
ev, logkbx = logka1 + x
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  390
M. dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q
Ki| 4
 17bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
K. awi, y = (x) = 2
x Gi K‡qKwU wbw`©ó gv‡bi Rb¨ y-Gi
Avmbœ Abym½x gvb wbY©q Kwi Ges
Q‡K wjwL :
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 0.35 0.5 0.70 1 1.41 2 2.82

L. ÔKÕ Gi cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R

myweavg‡Zv x Aÿ XOX Ges y-Aÿ YOY
AuvwK| x-Aÿ eivei 4 ¶z`ªZg eM© = 1 GKK M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = 2
Ges y Aÿ eivei ¶z`ªZg 10 eM© Ni = 1 GKK awi, y = (x) = 2
x Gi †h‡Kv‡bv ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ y = (x) Gi
a‡i (x, y) we›`y¸‡jv cvZb Kwi| we›`y¸‡jv‡K
mnRfv‡e eµ‡iLvq hy³ K‡i y = (x) Gi †jL gvb msÁvwqZ nq|
cvIqv hvq| myZivs dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb D =
hv wb‡P †`Lv‡bv n‡jv Ñ GLb,
(x) = y
ev, -1(y) = x .......... (i)
Ges y = 2
ev, log2y =
ev, x = 2log2y .......... (ii)
ïaygvÎ abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨vi jMvwi`g
msÁvwqZ nq|
myZivs y-Gi abvZ¥K ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ x-Gi
ev¯Íe gvb Av‡Q|
 dvskbwUi †iÄ R = {xR : x > 0}
cÖkœ-18  p2 + q2 = 9pq  log (p4 + q4) = log79 + 2(logp + logq) (†`Lv‡bv
K. †`LvI †h, log(p + q ) = 2 log3 + logp +
2 2
n‡jv)
logq. 2 M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, p2 + q2 = 9pq
L. †`LvI †h, log(p + q ) = log 79 + 2 (logp +
4 4
ev, p2  2pq + q2 = 9pq  2pq
logq) 4 ev, (p  q)2 = 7pq
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, 2log(p  q) = log7 + logp + ev, log(p  q)2 = log7pq [Dfq w`‡K log
logq 4 wb‡q]
 18bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ev, 2log (p  q) = log7 + logpq
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, p2 + q2 = 9pq ev, 2log (p  q) = log7 + logp + logq (cÖgvwYZ)
mgxKi‡Yi Dfq cv‡k¦© log wb‡q cvB, cÖkœ-19 î
log (p2 + q2) = log 9pq
K. cÖgvY Ki †h, pqr = 1 2
= log9 + logp + logq
= log32 + logp + logq L. py + z. qz + x. yx + y = 1 4
 log(p2 + q2) = 2log3 + logp + logq (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) M. py2 + yz + z2  qz2 + zx + x2  rx2 + xy + y2 = 1 4
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, p + q = 9pq 2 2
îí 19bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
ev, (p2 + q2)2 = (9pq)2 [eM© K‡i] K. awi, = T
ev, p4 + q4 + 2p2q2 = 81p2q2  logkp = T(y  z) ................. (i)
ev, p4 + q4 = 79p2q2 logkq = T (z  x) ................. (ii)
ev, log (p4 + q4) = log(79 p2q2) [Dfq w`‡K log wb‡q] logkr = T (x  y) .................. (iii)
= log 79 + log (pq)2 mgxKiY (i), (ii) I (iii) †hvM K‡i cvB,
= log79 + 2log(pq) logkp + logkq + logkr = T (y  z + z  x + x  y)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  391
ev, logk (pqr) = T  0  (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, logk (pqr) = 0 cÖkœ-21  f(x) = log (1 + x)  2log(x)
ev, logk (pqr) = logk1 K. †`LvI †h, logaxm = mlogax 2
 pqr = 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
L. f(x) = 0 n‡j, †`LvI †h, x = 4
L. ÔKÕ Ask n‡Z cÖvß, logkp = T(y  z) M. D Ges R wbY©q Ki| 4
ev, p = kT(y  z)
 21bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
ev, py + z = kT(y  z) (y + z)
 py + z = kT(y2  z2) ......... (i) K. awi, log ax = p
Abyiƒcfv‡e, q = k z+x T(z2  x2)
................(ii) ev, x = ap
Ges rx + y = kT(x2  y2) ................. (iii) ev, xm = amp
 p .q .r = k
y+z z+x x+y T(y2  z2 + z2  x2 + x2  y2)
ev, logaxm = logaamp
= kT.O = k0 = 1 ev, logaxm = mp  logaa
 p .q .r = 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
y+z z+x x+y
ev, logaxm = mp
M. ÔKÕ Ask n‡Z cvB, logkp = T(y  z)  logaxm = mlogax [†`Lv‡bv n‡jv]
ev, p = k T(y  z)
[j‡Mi msÁv n‡Z] L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, (x) = log(1 + x)  2log(x)
ev, py2 + yz +z2 = kT(y  z) (y2 + yz + z2) = log (1 + x)  logx2
 py2 + yz + z2 = kT(y3  z3) .............. (i) = log
Abyiƒcfv‡e, qz2 + zx + x2 = kT(z3  x3) ............ (ii) GLb (x) = 0 n‡j,
Ges rx2 + xy + y2 = kT(z3  x3) ..................... (iii) ev, log = 0 = log1
mgxKiY (i), (ii) I (iii) ¸Y K‡i cvB, ev, = 1
py2 + yz + z2.qz2 +zx + x2. rx2 + xy + y2 = kT(y3  z3 + z3  x3 + x3  y3) ev, x2 = 1 + x
= kT.0 = k0 = 1 ev, x2  x  1 = 0
 py2 + yz + z2.qz2 +zx + x2. rx2 + xy + y2 = 1 (cÖgvwYZ) ev, x2  2x. +  1  = 0
cÖkœ-20 î p = xa, q = xb, r = xc Ges a + b + c = 0 ev, 2 =
K. (pqr)2 Gi gvb †ei Ki| 2 ev, x  [FYvZ¥K gvb eR©b K‡i]
L. †`LvI †h, a2 + ab + b2
 b2 + bc + c2
 c2 + ca + a2
=1 4  x = + = (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, M. (x) = log(1 + x)  2 log(x)
=1 4 log (1 + x) dvskbwU 1 + x > 0 ev, x > 1 Gi Rb¨
îí 20bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí msÁvwqZ|
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = xa, q = xb, r = xc Ges a + b + c = 0 Avevi, logx dvskbwU x > 0 Gi Rb¨ msÁvwqZ
 (pqr)2 = ([Link])2 = (xa + b + c)2 = (x0)2 = (1)2 = 1  f(x) = log (1 + x)  2log(x) dvskbwU x > 0 Gi Rb¨
 (pqr)2 = 1 (Ans.) msÁvwqZ
L. evgcÿ = a2 + ab + b2
 b2 + bc + c2  c2 + ca + a2 Df = {x  : x  0} (Ans.)
= 
a2 + ab + b2

b2 + bc + c2 c2 + ca + a2
 (x) = log Gi †iÄ R = (0, ) (Ans.)
= (xa  b)a2 + ab + b2  (xb  c)b2 + bc + c2  (xc  a)c2 + ca + a2
cÖkœ-22  †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = 3x Ges = 2
= x(a3  b3)  x(b3  c3)  x(c3  a3)
= xa3  b3 + b3  c3 + c3  a3 K. y = 3x Gi †Wv‡gb Ges †iÄ wbY©q
= x0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ Ki| 2
 a2 + ab + b2
 b2+bc+c2  c2+ca+a2 = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) L. y = 3 Gi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki|
x
4
M. wØZxq mgxKiY †_‡K †`LvI †h, y
M. Gi †Kej GKwU gvb mgxKiYwU‡K
= wm× K‡i| 4
=
=  22bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
= [a + b + c = 0
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = 3x
 b + c =  a]
= x -Gi †h‡Kv‡bv ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ y ev¯Íe
= + + n‡e|
= + +
= + + myZivs †Wv‡gb = (Ans.)
= =
Avevi, y = 3x
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  392
ev, logy = log3x  y Gi gvb FYvZ¥K n‡Z cv‡i bv|

ev, logy = x log3 myZivs y =

 y Gi †Kej GKwU gvb mgxKiY‡K wm× K‡i
 x=
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
GLv‡b y- Gi gvb AFYvZ¥K n‡jB †Kej x Gi cÖkœ-23  f(x) =  5x + 1, x  n‡j,
ev¯Íe gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
K. †`LvI hLb a, b  , a < b 2
 †iÄ = {x : x  Ges x > 0} (Ans.) L. f(x) Gi wecixZ dvskb‡K log Gi
L. awi, x = (x) = 3x gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 4
0 †_‡K 3.5 Gi g‡a¨ x Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q M. †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g dvskbwUi †iÄ
mswkøó y Gi gvb wb‡¤œi Q‡K †`Lv‡bv wbY©q Ki| 4
n‡jvÑ  23bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 K. †`Lv‡Z n‡e,
y 1 1.73 3 5.19 9 15.6 27 46.8 evgcÿ =
GLb, QK KvM‡R myweavgZ X Aÿ YOY = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
Ges Y Aÿ AuvwK| X-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 10 L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, f(x) = 5x + 1
eM© Ni = 1 GKK Ges Y-Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg 1 ev, y = f(x) = 5x + 1
eM©Ni = 1 GKK a‡i (x, y) we›`y¸‡jv ¯’vcb ev, 5x = 1  y
Kwi| we›`y¸‡jv‡K mnRfv‡e eµ‡iLvq hy³ ev, log5x = log(1  y) [Dfq c‡ÿ log wb‡q]
K‡i y = (x) = 3x Gi †jL cvIqv hvq| hv wb‡gœ ev,  xlog5 = log(1  y)
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv: ev,  1 =
ev, x = 
 f1(y) = 
y †K x Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i,
f1(x) =  (Ans.)

M. †`Iqv Av‡Q,
ev, log (1 + y) = 2 log y
ev, log (1 + y) = log y2
ev, 1 + y = y2
ev, y2  y  1= 0
ev, 4y2  4y + 1  5 = 0
ev, (2y  1)2 = 5
ev, 2y  1 = 
y=
wKš‘ y FYvZ¥K n‡j logy AmsÁvwqZ nq|
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  393
M. cÖ`Ë dvskb, f(x) = 5x + 1 †jLwPÎ n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, x Gi gvb hZ
awi, y = f(x) = 5 + 1
x
e„w× cvq, y Gi gvb ZZB 1 Gi KvQvKvwQ
x Gi K‡qKwU gv‡bi Rb¨ y Gi cÖwZiƒcx gvb †cŠQvq wKš‘ 1 nq bv| A_©vr x  , y  
wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Iqv n‡jv : ZLb y  1| x Gi gvb hZB FYvZ¥K w`‡K
x 1 0 1 2 3 e„w× cvq, y Gi gvb ZZB n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K
y 4 0 0.8 0.96 0992 Ges µgvš^‡q   w`‡K avweZ nq| A_©vr x
  , y   
†Wv‡gb Dr = (,); †iÄ Rr = ( , 1) (Ans.)

m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK DËimn

cÖkœ-24  wb‡Pi mgxKiY¸‡jv jÿ Ki : DËi : K. 4; L. 1
(i) x2  5x + 6 = 0
cÖkœ-27 î log4 x = a Ges log2y = b
(ii) 5x + 52x = 26
(iii) K. x Ges y Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2
K. (i) bs mgxKi‡Yi wbðvqK †ei Ki| 2 L. xy Ges †K 2 Gi kw³iƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki| 4
L. (ii) bs mgxKiYwUi mgvavb Ki| 4 M. hw` xy = 128 Ges = 4 nq, Z‡e a Ges b Gi gvb
M. (iii) bs mgxKiY Øviv cÖgvY Ki †h, x = 4 wbY©q Ki| 4
DËi : K. 1; L. 0, 2 DËi : K. 22a, 2b; L. xy = 22a + b, = 22a-b; M. ,

cÖkœ-25  = = = m cÖkœ-28 î y = logex GKwU jMvwi`wgK

K. logk (ab) Ges logk (bc) Gi gvb KZ? 2 dvskb|
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, cc = km 4 K. x I y Gi gv‡bi GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Ki| 2
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, aa = bb = cc 4 L. dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ AuvK| 4

DËi : K. , M. †`LvI †h, dvskbwUi wecixZ dvskb = ex|

GB dvskbwUi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q Ki|4
cÖkœ-26 î ax = b, by = c Ges cz = a.
cÖkœ-29 
K. cÖ_g k‡Z© a = 3 I b = 81 n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ n‡e?
2 K. abc Gi gvb KZ? 2
L. cÖ`Ë k‡Z©i mvnv‡h¨ xyz Gi gvb wbY©q L. cÖgvY Ki †h, [Link] = 1 4
Ki| 4 M. cÖgvY Ki †h, a(b + c).b(c + a).c(a + b) = 1 4
M. x = y = c Ges ÔLÕ bs n‡Z cÖvß gv‡bi Rb¨ DËi : K. 1
cÖgvY Ki a + b + c = 0| 4

Aa¨vq mgwš^Z m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

cÖkœ-30 î P = , Q = Ges R = .
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  394
K. Q = 1 n‡j, †`LvI †h, b = c. 2 = log{(xyp 1)q r.(xyq 1)r p.(xyr 1)p q}
L. †`LvI †h, = log1 [(i) Gi mvnv‡h¨]

Pa + b  c . Qb + c  a. Rc + a  b = 1. 4 = 0 (Ans.)

M. cÖgvY Ki †h, cÖkœ-32 î x = logay †hLv‡b a > 0, a 1

2 2 2 2
(a + ab + b ) logkP + (b + bc + c ) logkQ + (c 2 K. Gi gvb KZ? 2
2
+ ca + a ) logkR = 0. 4 L. y = 2 + 2 n‡j, †`LvI †h, 2y  6y  5 = 0 3
4
îí 30bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí M. x Gi †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ = 2 n‡e? 4

K. †`Iqv Av‡Q,
îí 32bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
hw` Q = 1 nq, K. =
1 = xb–c = = = 21 = 2 (Ans.)
ev, x = xb–c L. y = 2 + 2 ........................ (i)
ev, 0 = b – c ev, y3 = [Nb K‡i]
 b = c (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, y3 = + + 3.2.2
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, pa+b–c . Qb+c–a . Rc+a–b
= ev, y3 = 2 + 21 + 3.20.y [(i) †_‡K]
= (xa–b)a+b–c . (xb–c)b+c–a . (xc–a)c+a–b
= xa2+ab–ac–ab–b2+bc . xb2+bc–ab–bc–c2+ac . xc2+ac–bc–ac–a2+ab
ev, y3 = 2 + + 3y
= xa2–ac–b2+bc . xb2–ab–c2+ac . xc2–bc–a2+ab ev, 2y3 = 4 + 1 + 6y
= x = 1
 pa+b–c . Qb+c–a . Rc+a–b =1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)  2y3  6y  5 = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
M. (a2 + ab + b2) logkP + (b2 + bc + c2) logkQ + (c2 + ca + a2) logkR M. =2
= (a2 + ab + b2) logk + (b2 + bc + c2) logk + (c2 + ca +
2
a ) logk ev, 2log10x = log10(1 + x)
= (a2 + ab + b2) logkxa–b + (b2 + bc + c2) logkxb–c + (c 2 + ev, log10x2 = log10(1 + x)
ca + a2) logkxc–a
= (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) logkx + (b2 + bc + c2) (b – c) logkx + (c2 ev, x2 = 1 + x
+ ca + a2) (c – a) logkx
= (a3 – b3) logkx + (b3 – c3) logkx + (c3 – a3) logkx
ev, x2  x  1 = 0
= (a3 – b3 + b3 – c3 + c3 – a3) logkx ev, x = =
= [Link]
=0 =
(a2 + ab + b2) logkP + (b2 + bc + c2) logkQ + (c2 + ca + a2) wKš‘ FYvZ¥K gvb MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq, KviY
logkR = 0 (cÖgvwYZ) log10x > 0
cÖkœ-31 î a = xyp 1, b = xyq 1 Ges C = xyr 1
 x = (Ans.)
K. aqr Gi mij gvb wbY©q Ki| 2 cÖkœ-33 î a  0, Ges m, n  Z Ges FYvZ¥K c~Y©
L. †`LvI †h, a b c = 1
q r r p p q
4 mvswL¨K m~P‡Ki Rb¨ (am)n = amn m~ÎwU mZ¨|
M. mij Ki : (q  r) loga + (r  p) logb + (p  q) K. †`LvI †h, (am)n = amn, †hLv‡b m < 0 Ges
logc 4 n<0 2
îí 31bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí L.   Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, a = xyp 1 M. cÖgvY Ki †h, logk = 2logk(x  4
aqr = (xyp 1)qr = xq [Link] q pr + r (Ans.) îí 33bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
L. evgcÿ = aq rbr pcp q K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, m < 0 Ges n < 0
= (xyp 1)q r.(xyq 1)r p.(xyr 1)p q ................. (i)
awi, m =  q Ges n =  r, †hLv‡b, q, r
= xq r.(yp 1)q [Link] p.(yq 1)r p.(xp q)(yr 1)p q
= xq r + r p + p [Link] q rp + [Link] r pq + [Link] p qr + q
G‡ÿ‡Î evgcÿ = (am)n = (aq)r
= [Link]qrp + r + qrrpq + p + rppqr + q = = =
= aqr = a(q)(r) = amn = Wvbcÿ
= x0.y0 = 1.1 = 1 = Wvbcÿ
 xa  r br  pCp  q = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)  (am)n = amn (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)

M. (q  r) loga + (r  p) logb + (p  q) logc

L. cÖ`Ë ivwk =  
p 1 q 1 r 1
= (q  r) logxy + (r  p)logxy + (p  q)logxy =  
= log(xyp 1)q r + log(xyq 1)r p + log(xyr 1)p q
=   = 1 (Ans.)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  395
M. evgcÿ = logk ¶z`ªZg 10 eM© = 1 GKK a‡i Q‡K cÖvß (x,
= logk y) we›`y¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges

= logk = logk
mvejxjfv‡e hy³ K‡i cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ
A¼b Kwi|
= logk = 2logk
cÖkœ-35 î A =  
= Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
B = a2  3  3 + 2 Ges a  0
cÖkœ-34 î (x) = ln(x  4)
K. dvskbwUi wecixZ dvskb †ei Ki|2 P = loga(bc), q = logb(ca), r = logc(ab) n‡j,
L. (x) Gi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ †ei Ki| 4 K. †`LvI †h, A = 1 2
M. (x) dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki| 4 L. B = 0 n‡j †`LvI †h, 3a3 + 9a = 8 4
îí 34bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí M. cÖgvY Ki †h, = 1 4

K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, (x) = ln (x  4)

 35bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
awi, y = (x) = ln (x  4) K. Abykxjbx-9.1 Gi c„ôv-184, D`vniY-12
 y = (x) Ges y = ln (x  4) `ªóe¨|
ev, x = -1(y) ev, ey = x  4 ....... (i) L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, B = a2  3  3 + 2 Ges B = 0
 x = ey + 4 ........ (ii) A_©vr a2 + 2 + 3  3 = 0
(i) I (ii) †_‡K -1(y) = ey + 4 ev, a2 + 2 = 3 + 3
 -1(x) = ex + 4 ev, a2 = +  2
L. †h‡nZz jMvwi`g ïaygvÎ abvZ¥K ev¯Íe ev, a2 = +  23 3
msL¨vi Rb¨ msÁvwqZ nq| ev, a2 =
x4>0 ev, a = 3  3 [Dfqc‡ÿ eM©g~j Ges
ev, x > 4  a  0 abvZ¥K gvb wb‡q]
ev, {x : x > 4} ev, a 33
[Dfqcÿ‡K Nb K‡i]
= (4, )
ev, a =   3.3.3
3

msL¨v‡iLv : [ (a  b)3 = a3  b3  3ab (a  b)]

ev, a3 = 3  31  3.30.a
 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †Wv‡gb = (4, )
[ 3 .3 = 3 = 3 Ges 3 3 = a]
Avevi ÔKÕ n‡Z cvB, x = ey + 4 hv y Gi Rb¨ x
ev, a = 3   3a 3

ev, nq|
ev, a3 + 3a =
 cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †iÄ = .
 3a3 + 9a = 8 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
M. cÖ`Ë dvskb, y = (x) = ln(x  4) M. Abykxjbx- 9.2 c„ôv-192, D`vniY-10 bs
dvskbwUi †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi Rb¨ x I y Gi `ªóe¨|
gvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi : cÖkœ-36  hw` a > 0 Ges x = + Ges a = nq Z‡e,
x 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 10
K. mgvavb Ki : log10 = 2 2
y  0.693 0 0.693 1.09 1.39 1.79
L. hw` a  b = c Zvn‡j †`LvI †h, x  3cx 
2 2 3 3

2a = 0 4
M. cÖgvY Ki : + = 4
 36bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
K. log10 = 2
ev, = 102 [ logax = b n‡j x = ab]
ev, 98 + = 100
ev, = 2
ev, x2  12x + 36 = 4 [eM© K‡i]
ev, x2  12x + 32 = 0
g‡b Kwi, QK KvM‡Ri XOX eivei x-Aÿ, YOY ev, x(x  8)  4(x  8) = 0
 (x  4) (x  8) = 0
eivei y Aÿ Ges O g~jwe›`y| x-A‡ÿ cÖwZ
 x = 4 A_ev 8
¶z`ªZg 2 eM© = 1 GKK Ges y A‡ÿ cÖwZ
wb‡Y©q mgvavb, x = 4 A_ev 8
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  396
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, a2  b2 = c3 Ges x = GLb, QK KvM‡Ri XOX eivei X- Aÿ, YOY
evgcÿ = x  3cx  2a
3
eivei Y-Aÿ Ges O g~jwe›`y|
= + 3.c  2a Dfq A‡ÿ ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i cÖwZ evûi
ˆ`N©¨‡K GKK a‡i we›`y¸‡jv ¯’vcb Kwi
= + 3..
+ 3.c  2a
Ges †hvM Kwi|
= a + b + 3. . x + a  b  3cx  2a
= 2a + 3 .x  3cx  2a = 3cx  3cx = 0 = Wvbcÿ
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 x3  3cx  2a = 0
M. cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e, + = +
evgcÿ = +
= + =. +
= + = = Wvbcÿ
 + = (cÖgvwYZ)
cÖkœ-37  GKwU jMvwi`wgK mgxKiY|
K. cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwU‡K x PjK msewjZ
GKwU exRMvwYwZK wØNvZ
mgxKi‡Yi Av`k©iƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki| 2 Aw¼Z †jLwU X- Aÿ‡K x = 16 Ges
L. ÔK' n‡Z cÖvß wØNvZ x = 06 we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i‡Q|
mgxKibwUi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wb‡Y©q mgvavb : x = 06, 16
wbY©q Ki Ges †jLwP‡Îi M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, a3  x b5x = a5 + x b3x
mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb Ki| 4 ev, [Dfqcÿ‡K a3 x. b3x Øviv fvM K‡i]
M. hw` a3  x b5x = a5 + x b3x nq Z‡e †`LvI ev, b 5x  3x
=a5+x3+x

†h, ev, b = a2 + 2x
2x

x loge = logea 4 ev, b2x = a2.a2x

 37bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ev, = a2 [Dfqcÿ‡K a2x Øviv fvM K‡i]
ev, loge = logea2 [Dfqc‡ÿ loge wb‡q]
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, = 2
ev, loge = logea
2x 2
ev, 2logex = logc( 1 + x) [Avo ¸bb K‡i]
ev, 2x loge = 2logea
ev, logex2 = loge (1 + x)
x loge = logea (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
ev, x2 = 1 + x
 x2  x  1 = 0
cÖkœ-38 î wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv j¶ Ki Ges
BnvB wb‡Y©q wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi
cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
Av`k©iƒc|
(i) a .a = (am)n GKwU m~PKxq mgxKiY|
m n

L. ÔKÕ n‡Z cÖvß mgxKiY,

(ii) A = GKwU wØc`x ivwk Ges D³ ivwki
x2  x  1 = 0 †hLv‡b, a = 1, b = 1 Ges c = 1|
we¯Í…wZ‡Z PZz_© c` x gy³ we‡ePbv
GLv‡b wbðvqK = b2  4ac = (1)  {4.1.(1)}
Kiv n‡jv|
= 1 + 4 = 5 > 0 wKš‘ c~Y©eM©
K. cÖgvY Ki †h, m(n  2) + n(m  2) = 0 2
bq|
L. DÏxc‡Ki we¯Í…wZ †_‡K n Gi gvb
 mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe, Amgvb I
wbY©q Ki| 4
Ag~j`|
M. x Gi mnM 144 n‡j, †`LvI †h, k =  24
3

†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb wbY©q :

îí 38bs cª‡kœi mgvavb îí
awi, y = x2  x  1.................... (i)
(i) bs mgxKi‡Y x Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ y Gi K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, a  a = (a )
m n m n

gvb wb‡Pi Q‡K wbY©q Kwi| ev, am + n = amn

x 3 (1 2 3 4 5  m + n = mn
y 11 1 1 5 11 19 evgcÿ = m(n  2) + n(m  2)
GLv‡b, †j‡Li K‡qKwU we›`y n‡jvÑ = mn  2m + mn  2n
= 2mn  2 (m + n)
(3, 11), (1, 1), 2, 1), (3, 5), (4, 11) I (6, 29)
= 2mn  2mn [ m + n = mn]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : D”PZi MwYZ  397
= 0 = Wvbcÿ GLb, g(y) = 0
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ ev, 22y  32y + 2 + 32 = 0
A_©vr, m(n  2) + n(m  2) = 0 (cÖgvwYZ) ev, 22y  32y. 22 + 32 = 0
L. wØc`x Dccv`¨ e¨envi K‡i cvB, ev, 22y  32y 4 + 32 = 0
n n
= x + C1 x n1 n n2 n n3
+ C2 x + C3 x + ................... ev, (2y)2  122y + 32 = 0
= xn + nxn  1  + nC2 xn  2  + nC3 xn  3  + ....... ev, x2  12x + 32 = 0 [2y = x a‡i]
= xn + nxn  3 k + nC2 xn  6 k2 + nC3 xn  9 k3 + ............
ev, x2  8x  4x + 32 = 0
we¯Í„wZwUi 4_© c` nC3 xn  9 k3
ev, x(x  8)  4(x  8) = 0
ivwkwU x gy³ e‡j
xn  9 = x0
ev, (x  8)(x  4) = 0
ev, n  9 = 0 nq, x  8 = 0 A_ev, x  4 = 0
 n = 9 (Ans.) ev, x = 8 ev, x = 4
M. ÔLÕ Ask n‡Z cÖvß, n = 9, we¯Í„wZwU‡Z ev, 2 = 2
y 3
ev, 2y = 22
ewm‡q cvB, y=3 y=2
9 9 93 9 96 2 9
= x + c1x k + c2x k + c3x k + .............99 3  y Gi gvb 2 , 3 (Ans.)
= x9 + 9c1x6 k + 9c2x3 k2 + 9c3 k3 + .................. M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, f(x) =
cÖkœg‡Z, c2k = 144 9 2
=
ev, k2 = 144 =x+
=x+
ev, k2 = 144
=x+4+
ev, 36 k2 = 144 =x+4+
ev, k2 = GLv‡b, GKwU cÖK…Z fMœvsk|
ev, k2 = 4 awi,  + ............(i)
 k =  2 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) (i) bs mgxKi‡Yi Dfqcÿ‡K (x + 1)(x  3) Øviv ¸Y K‡i
cÖkœ-39  (x) = Ges g(y) = 22y  3.2y + 2 + 32. cvB,
K.  wbY©q Ki| 2 11x + 13  A(x  3) + B(x + 1) .......................(ii)
L. g(y) = 0 n‡j y Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4 (ii) bs mgxKi‡Y x = 3 ewm‡q cvB,
33 + 13 = 4B
M. (x) †K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk
ev, 4B = 46
Ki| 4
B=
 39 bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  Avevi, (ii) bs mgxKiY x =  1 ewm‡q cvB,
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, (x) = 11 + 13 =  4A
= ev,  4A = 2
= = A=
= = A I B Gi gvb (i) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB,
=  (Ans.) = 
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, wb‡Y©q AvswkK fMœvsk,
g(y) = 22y  32y + 2 + 32
f(x) = x + 4 +  (Ans.)