Grade 11 – Unit 01
Real Numbers
Types of Numbers
Real Numbers
Irrational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
Integers Decimal Numbers
Finite Recurring
Decimals Decimals
• Real numbers are all the numbers used in mathematics. This is
denoted as ℝ.
• Rational Numbers are the numbers that have a pattern or number
sequence. This is denoted as ℚ.
• Irrational numbers that don’t have a pattern or sequence. This is
denoted as ℚ′.
Eg: All surds such as 2, 32, 𝜋,…
• Integers are whole numbers in mathematics. This is denoted as ℤ.
Eg: Positive Integers (ℤ+ ) such as 1,2,3,4,….
Negative Integers (ℤ− ) such as -1,-2,-3,-4,…
Zero (ℤ0 ) - 0
• Decimal numbers are the numbers that contain non-integer values.
• Finite Decimal are the decimal that has limit of decimal places.
1 3 3
Eg: = 0.5, = 0.75, = 0.375
2 4 8
• Recurring decimals means the decimal that has a sequence of
decimal places.
Eg:
1
= 0.3333333 … = 0. 3ሶ
3
5
= 0.45454545 … = 0. 4ሶ 5ሶ
11
22
ሶ
= 3.142857142857 … = 3. 14285 7ሶ
7
Surds
• Surd is an irrational number which represent within the radical
symbol ( )
• Some surds having proper value, and some are not. The proper
value will be denoted by only the square numbers.
Eg:
1 - this is not a surd because 1 is a square number
121 - this is not a surd because 121 is a square number
8 - this is a surd because 8 is not a square number
512 - this is a surd because 512 is not a square number
Entire Surd
• If a surd can factorize as a product of square number and a
number, then the original value is called as am Entire Surd.
Eg:
72 - this can be written as the product of 36 × 2 therefore, 72 is an
entire surd.
125 - this can be written as the product of 25 × 5 therefore, 125 is
an entire surd.
12 - this can be written as the product of 4 × 3 therefore, 12 is an
entire surd.
Conversion Rules
• If a surd is multiplied by another surd, then they can write as a surd
of a product.
The product of surds is equals to the surd of a product.
Eg:
5× 3= 5×3
The surd of a product is equals to the product of surds.
Eg:
5×3= 5× 3
Entire surd to Surd
• In this conversion first identify the proper product values of a square
number and a number and then convert the given number into a
surd.
Eg:
72 = 36 × 2 = 36 × 2 = 𝟔 𝟐
125 = 25 × 5 = 25 × 5 = 𝟓 𝟓
12 = 4 × 3 = 4 × 3 = 𝟐 𝟑
Surd to entire surd
• In this process, transfer the whole number into a surd and then
multiply the two surds to obtain the entire surd.
Eg:
3 5 = 9 × 5 = 9 × 5 = 𝟒𝟓
5 2 = 25 × 2 = 25 × 2 = 𝟓𝟎
6 3 = 36 × 3 = 36 × 3 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖
Addition and subtraction of Surds
• Addition and subtraction of surds are performed as same as the
addition and subtraction of algebraic expressions.
• To perform this, you must follow the following steps.
Step 1 : Convert all entire surds into surds if available.
Step 2 : identify the like terms related to surds.
Step 3 : perform the calculation.
Note : You can add only the coefficient of the surd but not the surds.
Eg: 3 5 + 2 5 = 5 5 but not 5 10
3 5 − 2 5 = 5 but not 0
Example
1) 3 3 + 2 5 − 3 + 5 3) 112 − 4 3 − 2 7 + 243
=𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟑 𝟓 = 16 × 7 − 4 3 − 2 7 + 81 × 3
2) 5 2 − 2 7 − 2 2 − 3 7 =4 7−4 3−2 7+9 3
=𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟓 𝟕 =𝟐 𝟕 + 𝟓 𝟑
Multiplication and Division
• Multiplication and division of surds are performed as same as the
Multiplication and division of algebraic expressions.
• To perform this, you must follow the following steps.
Step 1 : Convert all entire surds into surds if available.
Step 2 : perform the calculation.
Note : When you multiply surds you can multiply coefficients and surds
separately.
Eg: 3 5 × 2 3 = 6 15 3 5 × 2 5 = 6 25 = 6 × 5 = 30
Note : When you divide surds you can cancel like terms of the surds as
well as the coefficients.
Eg:
5 3 𝟓 𝟏 3 5 3 5 3 5 𝟑
= =𝟐 = = =
2 3 𝟐 𝟐 2 15 2 3 × 5 2 5 × 3 𝟐 𝟑
Eg:
32 × 3 15 16 × 2 × 3 3 × 5 4 2×3 5× 3
= = = 𝟐 𝟏𝟎
108 36 × 3 6 3
Rationalize the Denominator
• Rationalized the denominator means remove surd values from the
denominator.
• To this purpose, you must multiply the denominator from its surd to
make the given fraction rationalized.
• To rationalized the denominator,
- Convert the given entire surds to surds if required. 𝒂× 𝒂=𝒂
- Cancellation of values if available
- Get the product between surds.
- Multiply the given fraction from the denominator surd.
Example
• Rationalized the denominators for the following fractions.
1 1× 3
𝟑 6 7 6 7× 2 6 14 𝟑 𝟏𝟒
𝑖) = = 𝑖𝑣) = = =
3 3× 3 𝟑 5 2 5 2× 2 5×2 𝟓
3 5 3 5× 2 𝟑 𝟏𝟎
𝑖𝑖) = =
2 2× 2 𝟐
5 2 5 2× 5 5 10
𝑖𝑖𝑖) = = = 𝟏𝟎
5 5× 5 5