Questions 1B-26

1 Bird Migration i|
The phenomenon of seasonal bird migration has been known about for thousands of
years, but it is still not fully understood by scientists. Not all birds migrate, but generaliy
speaking the more northerly the breeding ground, the more likely is it that a species wii!
: migrate south for the winter. The main reason for this annual shifting of residence is that ■!
I during the northern winters food becomes scarce and the cold temperatures make survival j
； difficult. Some species are well adapted to these harsh conditions, but for those that aren't, ： ；
moving south to warmer conditions is advantageous.
Changes in the weather can trigger the start of the journey south, although birds in the
；； Northern Hemisphere seem to know when it is time to migrate south before the winter. In ；;
! some species at least, the changes in the length of the day cause glands in the birds' bodies
;： to secrete hormones that produce other changes, which ready the birds for the long flight
south. At this time fat starts to accumulate under the skin, and this provides a store of energy ::
1 for the long flight when they will be expending more calories flying than they can obtain ^
during their brief rest stops. i|
:丨 !rt fact, bird-migration patterns are more complex than the simple pattern implied above. ;|
； Birds that breed in the Southern Hemisphere migrate north to wintering grounds. Other :
丨
birds travel on an approximately east-west path since milder climates can often be found '；
] in Goastal areas of continental regions. Some birds find conditions more suitable at lower ；j
altitudes in a mountainous region and so migrate to lower levels in winter. '!
i| Perhaps the most mysterious and as yet not totally understood aspect of bird migration
is how birds can navigate such long distances and arrive so precisely at their destination. ：|
| Various possibilities exist. The most obvious explanation is that they learn the topographic* ：l
•I features of their route. However, it is not feasible that this method could be used for crossing
.；! larger stretches of water or very long trips across whole continents. Another possible
； explanation is that some birds may use magnetic fields. Scientists have actually detected tiny ;|
；： crystals of magnetite in the olfaciory* tract of some species, and homing pigeons have been ；j
：| shown to follow magnetic field lines of the Earth. ；|
；； A further possibility is that birds can detect the polarization patterns in sunlight. Some Sight ；l
waves from the sun are absorbed in the atmosphere, and some pass through. The resulting ;|
i pattern of light waves forms a large bowtie-shaped image in the sky. The image has fuzzy :丨
r； ends and is sometimes known as Haidinger's brush after the discoverer of the effect. The i|
il image is oriented in a north and south direction and is visible at sunset. Although birds may
Hnot see this shape, they can discern gradations of polarization, which give them a kind of ：|
；： compass for determining directions. j
；； Scientists believe that some birds navigate by use of star positions; this has been ：；
y established with at least one species. In a series of studies, caged birds were subjected to
；； the projection of the nighttime Northern Hemisphere inside a planetarium. All stars rotate ;!
around Polaris, the pole star, and this movement seemed to give the birds the information
；! they needed to orientate themselves in the correct direction. However, some recent research
：| contradicts this. Perhaps it is not the lack of movement of the pole star but rather the
constellation patterns that guide them. It has also been found that when fewer stars were
j visible on the planetarium ceiling, the birds' sense of direction became poorer. And this, too, .；
：； implies that the genera! star pattern does have some bearing on orientation.
The current state of research suggests that ail of the above-mentioned methods probably
. have an influence on bird migration. Different species use one, some, or even all methods at ；
：； different times and in various situations. '：

：i ^topographic: relating to the natural features of land |

li ^olfactory: connected with the sense of smeli ，
丨
Diagnostic Test

13. In paragraph 1, it is understood that ；； # The phenomenon of seasonal bird migration has been
some birds don't migrate south in the | known about for thousands of years, but it is still not fully
winter because they I understood by scientists. Not all birds migrate, but generally
(X ) already live in warmer conditions' | speaking the more northerly the breeding ground, the more
live in areas that have an | likely is it that a species will migrate south for the winter.
abundant food supply J The main reason for this annual shifting of residence is that
have difficulty surviving the frigid | during the northern winters food becomes scarce and the
temperatures 1 coid temperatures make survival difficult. Some species are
| well adapted to these harsh conditions, but for those that
Cd]) are suited to the difficult
I aren't, moving south to warmer conditions is advantageous.
conditions
Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [時].

14. The word "those" in the passage refers | The phenomenon of seasonal bird migration has been
to j known about for thousands of years, but it is still not fully
CX) northern winters ；i understood by scientists. Not all birds migrate, but generally
C§^) cold temperatures speaking the more northe「 丨y the breeding ground, the more
C c) harsh conditions
j likely is it that a species will migrate south for the winter
j The main reason for this annual shifting of residence is that
C2) some bird species
j during the northern winters food becomes scarce and the
coid temperatures make survival difficult. Some species are
i well adapted to these harsh conditions, but for those that
J aren't, moving south to warmer conditions is advantageous.

f 15. According to paragraph 2, what are the ^ Changes in the weather can trigger the start of the
results of changes in the weather? I journey south, although birds in the Northern Hemisphere
( X ) The change in the length of the ij seem to know when it is time to migrate south before the
day ：l winter. In some species at least, the changes in the length
CT) The secretion of hormones by the I of the day cause glands in the birds" bodies to secrete
birds ij hormones that produce other changes, which ready the birds
( 2 ) The expenditure of calories | for the long flight south. At this time fat starts to accumulate
ij under the skin, and this provides a store of energy for the
The onset of migration
long flight when they will be expending more calories flying
Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [岭]• [j than they can obtain during their brief rest stops.
, ............. ,v ?7V/. v,v., ................................... , —許卿嫩厂}乂
… ，
,

16. The word "accumulate” 丨 n the passage ii Changes in the weather can trigger the start of the journey
is closest in meaning to j south, although birds in the Northern Hemisphere seem to I
(X ) build up know when it is time to migrate south before the winter, in
® fill in 5] some species at least, the changes in the length of the day
| cause glands in the birds' bodies to secrete hormones that
Cc]) break up
；]produce other changes, which ready the birds for the long
cutback
議 flight south. At this time fat starts to accurrtu!爸
te : under the
| skin, and this provides a store of energy for the long flight
(j when they will be expending more calories flying than they
S can obtain during their brief rest stops.
 Diagnostic Test

Ail of the bird migration patterns are [Refer to the full passage.]
mentioned in the passage EXCEPT
( X ) the migration north from the
Southern Hemisphere
( b^) the migration east or west toward
milder climates
C © the migration from mountainous
regions to lower altitudes
CE) the migration from east to west
towards hotter climates.

18. The word ''precisely；'* in the passage is Perhaps the most mysterious and as yet not totally
closest in meaning to understood aspect of bird migration is how birds can
( X ) finally navigate such long distances and arrive so ^precisely at their
CE) exactly destination. Various possibilities exist. The most obvious
explanation is that they learn the topographic features of
〇 entirely
their route. However, it is not feasible that this method could
( 2 ) decisively
| be used for crossing larger stretches of water or very long
| trips across whole continents. Another possible explanation
I is that some birds may use magnetic fields. Scientists have
1 actually detected tiny crystals of magnetite in the olfactory
I tract of some species, and homing pigeons have been
幽shown to follow magnetic field lines of the Earth.

19. It can be inferred that polarization [Refer to the full passage.]

patterns
(X ) absorb sunlight
CD are tied in the center
C c]) are invisible at night
( 〇] ) cause a m agnetic force

20. Why does the author mention [Refer to the full passage.]
Haidinger’s brush?
( X ) To understand the phenomenon
( T ) To describe the pattern
( © To explain what birds see
(D^> To define the fuzzy ends
Diagnostic Test

21. The word " subjected" in the passage is ：； Scientists believe that some birds navigate by use of
closest in meaning to j star positions; this has been established with at least orte
(X ) exposed species. In a series of studies, caged birds were subjected
CE) subjugated :丨 t’
cTthe projection of the nighttime Northern Hemisphere
丨i inside a planetarium. All stars rotate around Polaris, the l{
constrained
丨丨 pole star, and this movement seemed to give the birds the
C £) invited
p information they needed to orientate themselves in the S|
!； correct direction. However, some recent research contradicts |
；： this. Perhaps it is not the lack of movement of the poie star t)
：l but rather the constellation patterns that guide them, it has H
Halso been found that when fewer stars were visible on the |
planetarium ceiling, the birds' sense of direction became
i! poorer. And this, too, implies that the general star pattern
8 does have some bearing on orientation.

22. According to paragraph 6, how do I；^ Scientists believe that some birds navigate by use of
some birds navigate during the night? I star positions; this has been established with at least one
C£) By using a projection of the star S species. In a series of studies, caged birds were subjected
positions I to the projection of the nighttime Northern Hemisphere
Cb]) By circling around the poie star I inside a planetarium. Al! stars rotate around Polaris, the
I pole star, and this movement seemed to give the birds the
C 2 )巳 y orientating themselves using
| information they needed to orientate themselves in the
the constellations
| correct direction. However, some recent research contradicts
C〇^) By getting their bearings from a
| this. Perhaps it is not the lack of movement of the pole star
few visible stars
but rather the constellation patterns that guide them, it has
Paragraph 6 is marked with an arrow [峰]. also been found that when fewer stars were visible on the
planetarium ceiling, the birds' sense of direction became
poorer. And this, too, implies that the general star pattern
^ does have some bearing on orientation.

10
 Diagnostic Test

j 23. Which of the sentences below best Scientists believe that some birds navigate by use of
: expresses the essentia! information star positions; this has been established with at least one
； in the highlighted sentence in the species. In a series of studies, caged birds were subjected to
passage? incorrect choices change the the projection of the ni目 httime Northern Hemisphere inside a
meaning in important ways or leave out planetarium. ：AII stars rotate around Polaris, the pole star,
essential information. ■ and this movement seeme give the birds the information
'4 _ they needed to orientate themselves in the correct direction.
； Ca j Birds needing to orientate
themselves in the right direction However, some recent research contradicts this. Perhaps
; seemed to use the information it is not the lack of movement of the pole star but rather
：j they get from the stars that rotate the constellation patterns that guide them. It has also been
around Polaris. found that when fewer stars were visible on the planetarium
j ( T ) The pole star seemed to be used ceiling, the birds1sense of direction became poorer. And this,
：j by birds to get the information too, implies that the general star pattern does have some
：| they needed because they were bearing on orientation.
:j able to orientate themselves using
:j the star's rotation in the correct
I direction.
(2 > Birds needing to correct the
II Polaris direction in which to
：l〇 orientate themselves seemed to
use the fact that all stars rotate.
〇 The stars rotating in the correct
： direction around the po!e star is
what seemed to give the birds
the information they needed for
1 orientating themselves to Polaris.

：| 24. The word "this" in the passage Scientists believe that some birds navigate by use of
i| refers to star positions; this has been established with at least one
I .丨
：! (X ) The number of stars that were species. In a series of studies, caged birds were subjected to
：l visible jj the projection of the nighttime Northern Hemisphere inside
■ ： d ] ) The relative loss of the birds* ：i a planetarium. All stars rotate around Polaris, the pole star,
i| sense of direction and this movement seemed to give the birds the information
Cc^> The constellation patterns that :丨
they needed to orientate themselves in the correct direction.
However, some recent research contradicts this. Perhaps
;! guide birds i
it is not the lack of movement of the pole star but rather
Cd^ The po!e star's stationary position j
i^l the constellation patterns that guide them, it has also been
found that when fewer stars were visible on the planetarium
ceiling, the birds' sense of direction became poorer. And
Ihis, too, implies that the general star pattern does have
some bearing on orientation.

11
Diagnostic Test

] 25. Look at the four squares [H] that | Perhaps the most mysterious and as yet not totally
indicate where the following sentence | understood aspect of bird migration is how birds can
could be added to the passage. | navigate such tong distances and arrive so precisely at their
i destination. Various possibilities exist. The most obvious
Over short distances the birds could 1
explanation is that they learn the topographic features of
; recognize particular landscapes such as |
their route. @ However, it is not feasible that this method
； river vaileys and shapes of hills, |
^ 1 could be used for crossing larger stretches of water or very
; Where would the sentence best fit? | long trips across whole continents. H Another possible
'
： 1 explanation is that some birds may use magnetic fields.画
； Choose the tetter of the square that shows |
Scientists have actually detected tiny crystals of magnetite
： where the sentence should be added. 1
in the olfactory tract of some species, and homing pigeons
have been shown to follow magnetic field lines of the Earth.

26. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided
below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express ：
the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the ；
；
summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are
minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Write the letters of the answer choices in the spaces where they belong,. ；
；
Refer to the full passage. !
Scientists have proposed several methods that birds use for orientating
themselves during fheir seasonal migrations. :

Answer Choices

(X ) Birds not only migrate north Cd]) The principal reason for birds to
or south depending on which migrate is that most bird species j
hemisphere they live in, are not adapted to the harsh
but they also migrate along winter conditions and the scarcity i
coastal regions or in and out of of food during that season.
mountainous areas. ( T ) The star patterns and the way
CE) Birds' ability to detect gradations the stars rotate around the fixed !
of polarization patterns in position of the pole star could
sunlight could give them a way give birds the direction in which ::
for determining directions, to navigate.
Cc^) Changes in both the weather and ( T ) Birds may use their knowledge
the length of day can cause the of the features of the landscape, I
birds' bodies to make physical although this seems unlikely
changes to prepare them for the given the distances that birds
long flights. migrate.

12
 Diagnostic Test

Questions 27-39

Radon
Radon is a radioactive gas that is invisible and odorless. It forms during the decay of
uranium-238, and in decaying, itself produces solid heavy metal radioactive particles of .：
polonium, lead, and bismuth. The parent element, uranium, is distributed in rocks and soils in ;；
； many regions of the world, although usually in negligible* amounts. However, concentrations
- of this element occur in certain rocks, and under certain conditions it is dissolved by
: underground water and carried over great distances before seeping into other rocks and soils. ：i
Since radon is a gas, it can move from the ground into the air, where it is dispersed by the i]
：i winds. If it infiltrates buildings, however, it can build up over time and lead to serious health
：! problems. In fact, the radon itself is chemically inert and so does not enter into chemical
j reactions with other substances. It is readily dissolved in blood and circulates through
the body until it is expelled, usually before it has had time to decay. The health problems i|
H associated with radon activity arise from the radioactive products of its disintegration, ；!
mentioned above. !|
The products of the decay process, especially polonium-218 and polonium-214, emit radiation, ：l
! which kids or damages living ceils, causing genetic mutations and cancer. These radon progeny ;;
are not dispersed harmlessiy like radon itself but accumulate as the radon decays. Outside the ：!
I；body, these solid materials can attach themselves to dust particles and surfaces throughout ；|
：； a building and then be inhaled. The decay products can also stick to tobacco leaves during 丨j
:j growth and then enter the body when the tobacco is smoked, inside the body these dangerous
：i by-products of radon become lodged in lung tissue and the bronchial tubes. As these decay, they |i
emit alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Of these, the alpha particles can do the most H
damage since they are the bulkiest of the three and therefore cannot penetrate very far into living
;| tissue. Because of this relative immobility, concentrations of the particle form and damage cells in ：;
the immediate area. Beta particles and gamma rays are less dangerous since they travel further il
J and are less concentrated in the tissues. 丨丨
The primary way that radon penetrates buildings is through foundations. It enters through [|
!i cracks in basement floors, drains, loose-fitting pipes, and exposed soil areas. Radon also s!
；； finds its way into water, although if the water is exposed to the atmosphere or agitated, the 、
i；radon disperses into the air. Because of this, concentrations of this uranium daughter are ;j
not high in rivers, but water drawn from underground sources into homes can have elevated :丨
j^ levels. ；!
n

in the United States. Major scientific organizations believe it contributes to approximately 12

percent of the incidence in the United States alone. It is true that some research has cast :
丨
doubt on the likelihood of residential radon accumulations contributing to cancer rates. Other ;l
larger scale studies contradict the neutral findings. For example, a recent study of 68,000 ;|
underground miners who were exposed to high levels of radon shows that they are five times
；j more likely to die of lung cancer than the general population. Smokers, whose incidence of ；)
j lung cancer is significantly higher than the nonsmoking population, are even more at risk if
they are exposed to high levels of radon.
It is now possible to have buildings tested for radon accumulation. In an average home, this )
i; is about 1.3 picocuries* per liter, which is considered an acceptable although not a totally safe :j
level. If these levels are above 4 picocuries per liter of air, then homeowners are advised to
| reduce the amount seeping into the living space. This can be achieved through various means 丨
丨
；; including concrete sealing and the installation of active ventilation systems. It is not possible to
；| completely eradicate traces of radon since the natural outdoors level averages 0.4 picocuries :
丨
：： per liter, but minimizing the amount is a prudent preventative measure.
丨
： |
i "negligible: too small to be important
: *picocurie: a level of radiation activity

13
Diagnostic Test

! 27. The phrase “this element11in the Radon is a radioactive gas that is invisible and odorless.
| passage refers to : It forms during the decay of uranium-238, and in decayingr
lead ： itseff produces solid heavy metal radioactive particles of |
d D radon : polonium, lead, and bismuth. The parent element, uranium,. |
uranium 丨 is distributedin rocks and soils 丨
n many regions of the |
world, although usually in negligible amounts. However, j
C S) polonium
| concentrations of this element occur in certain rocks, and j
1 under certain conditions it is dissolved by underground water |
|| and carried over great distances before seeping into other j
1 rocks and soils. ,

si 28, The word “seeping” in the passage is | Radon is a radioactive gas that is invisible and odorless.
closest in meaning to ：| It forms during the decay of uranium-238, and in decaying,
Ca) leaking ::itself produces solid heavy metal radioactive particles of
CE) spilling | polonium, lead, and bismuth. The parent element, uranium,
i C c) releasing J is distributed in rocks and soils in many regions of ihe
； world, although usually in negligible amounts. However, ；
Cd^) erupting
j concentrations of this element occur in certain rocks, and
j under certain conditions it is dissolved by underground water ；■
1 and carried over great distances before seeping; into other
I rocks and soils.

i 29. In paragraph 2, what can be inferred 1 # Since radon is a gas, it can move from the ground into ^
about the relationship of radon and j the air, where it is dispersed by the winds. If it infiltrates ■
；
health problems? | buildings, however, it can build up over time and lead to ]
(2 ) The gas has to have time to | serious health problems. In fact, the radon itself is chemically ;;
'： decay in order to cause health I inert and so does not enter into chemical reactions with
problems. 1 other substances, it is readily dissolved in blood and :
丨
C £) Since radon is chemically inert, it | circulates through the body until it is expeHed, usually before
cannot iead to health problems. | it has had time to decay. The health problems associated
(© As a gas, radon disperses in the | with radon activity arise from the radioactive products of its '；
| disintegration, mentioned above. ：：
wind and consequently isn't a
health problem. 1 |
1 (i
C ^) The gas has to disintegrate before
it can seep into buildings.
Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [#].

14
 Diagnostic Test

30. The word '■ disintegration/' in the Since radon is a gas, it can move from the ground into
" passage is closest in meaning to the air, where it is dispersed by the winds. If it infiltrates
(X ) breakdown buildings, however, it can build up over time and lead to
Cb]) coiiapse serious health problems. !n fact, the radon itself is chemically
inert and so does not enter into chemical reactions with other
(c^) corrosion
substances. It is readily dissolved in blood and circulates
CE) failure
through the body untii it is expelled， usually before it has
had time to decay. The health problems associated with
radon activity arise from the radioactive products of its
^disintegration..:, mentioned above.

31. Health problems associated with radon [Refer to the full passage.]
are caused by
( X ) radioactive uranium
certain heavy m etals
(c^) decaying gases
( 2 ) som e chem ical reactions

32. Which of the sentences below best I The products of the decay process, especially
expresses the essential information po!onium-218 and po!onium-214, emit radiation, which
in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect j kills or damages living cells, causing genetic mutations
choices change the meaning in 丨丨 and cancer■ 丨 these radon progeny are not dispersed:
important ways or leave out essential harmlessty like radon itself but accumulate as the radon;
information. ；| |decaysii Outside the body, these solid materials can attach
( X ) Unlike the radon, which is 丨j themselves to dust particles and surfaces throughout a
scattered without danger, its ：j building and then be inhaled. The decay products can also
products accumulate as the radon j| stick to tobacco leaves during growth and then enter the
disintegrates. ：] body when the tobacco is smoked. Inside the body these
Cb } Like the radon itself, the decay ；| dangerous by-products of radon become lodged in lung
products are scattered safely and !| tissue and the bronchial tubes. As these decay, they emit
accumulate as the radon decays. alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Of these, the
© Like the decaying radon, the alpha particles can do the most damage since they are the
progeny are dispersed in bulkiest of the three and therefore cannot penetrate very
accumulations, which can cause Si far into living tissue. Because of this relative immobility,
harm. concentrations of the particle form and damage cells in
the immediate area. Beta particles and gamma rays are
Unlike the dispersed radon, which
II less dangerous since they travel further and are less
accumulates safely, the products
concentrated in the tissues.
of decay are dangerous.

15
Diagnostic Test

33. According to paragraph 3, some :: ^ The products of the decay process, especially
products of decay cause damage :丨poionium-218 and polonium-214, emit radiation, which
because they ;i kills or damages living cells, causing genetic mutations and
( X ) emit gamma rays ；； cancer, These radon progeny are not dispersed harmlessly
(X ) cannot penetrate living tissue very ：! like radon itself but accumulate as the radon decays. Outside
deeply ：| the body, these solid materials can attach themselves to dust
Cc]) are highly mobile particles and surfaces throughout a building and then be
inhaled. The decay products can also stick to tobacco leaves
CE) seep into houses and form :丨
during growth and then enter the body when the tobacco is
concentrations of radiation
smoked. Inside the body these dangerous by-products of
Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [#]. radon become lodged in lung tissue and the bronchial tubes.
As these decay, they emit alpha and beta particles and
gamma rays. Of these, the alpha particles can do the most
damage since they are the bulkiest of the three and therefore
cannot penetrate very far into living tissue. Because of this
relative immobility, concentrations of the particle form and
damage cells in the immediate area. Beta particles and
gamma rays are less dangerous since they travel further and
are less concentrated in the tissues.

；
h：34. The phrase " uranium
.... daughter：
. 11in the i The primary way that radon penetrates buildings is |
passage refers to | through foundations. It enters through cracks in basement H
\ (X ) water j floors, drains, loose-fitting pipes, and exposed soil areas. |
CE) radon jl Radon also finds its way into water, although if the water is f!
j exposed to the atmosphere or agitated, the radon disperses f
1 particles
i into the air. Because of this, concentrations of this uranium
I C S) air
: daughter； are not high in rivers, but water drawn from I
j underground sources into homes can have elevated levels, p.

35. According to the passage, all of the || [Refer to the full passage.]
following are true about radon EXCEPT ji
C j) it is invisible i|
C§]) it cannot be detected
C 5) it cannot be smelled 'i
C〇 ]) it is radioactive ij

16
 Diagnostic Test

I 36. It can-be understood from paragraph 6 ^ it is now possible to have buildings tested for radon
| that accumulation. In an average home, this is about 1.3
i：
I ( 2 ) reducing the amount of radon in picocuries per liter, which is considered an acceptable
| your home is pointless because of although not a totally safe level. If these levels are above 4
| the amount of radon outside picocuries per liter of air, then homeowners are advised to
i d D even though it is possible to test reduce Ehe amount seeping into the living space. This can be
j buildings for radon accumulation, achieved through various means including concrete sealing
j it is not possible to minimize the and the instaliation of active ventilation systems. It is not
| level of radiation activity possible to completely eradicate traces of radon since the
natural outdoors level averages 0.4 picocuries per liter, but
| the use of concrete sealing and
minimizing the amount is a prudent preventative measure.
I active ventilation systems can
| reduce the amount of radon to an
| acceptable level
I CE) using concrete sealing and
| installing active ventilation
i systems reduces the amount of
| usable living space
I Paragraph 6 is marked with an arrow [#].

I 37. The word" prudent” in the passage is It is now possible to have buildings tested for radon
| closest in meaning to accumulation. In an average home, this is about 1.3
| <X ) sensible picocuries per liter, which is considered an acceptable
I necessary although not a totally safe level, if these levels are above 4
picocuries per titer of air, then homeowners are advised to
| C © practical
reduce the amount seeping into the living space. This can be
1 ( 2 ) realistic
achieved through various means including concrete sealing
and the installation of active ventilation systems. It is not
possible to completely eradicate traces of radon since the
natural outdoors level averages 0.4 picocuries per liter, but
j minimizing the amount is a fprudent； preventative measure.
. ■ . ■ ■ ■

38. Look at the four squares [H] that The chief health risk from inhaling radon or its daughter
indicate where the following sentence products is iung cancer. 0 Scientists have concluded that
could be added to the passage. exposure to this carcinogen is the second leading cause
of this disease in the United States. B Major scientific
But this research has been criticized for
organizations believe it contributes to approximately 12
being based on too few subjects.
percent of the incidence in the United States alone. It is
Where would the sentence best fit? true that some research has cast doubt on the likelihood
of residential radon accumulations contributing to cancer
Choose the letter of the square that shows
rates. S Other larger scale studies contradict the neutral
where the sentence should be added.
findings. For example, a recent study of 68,000 underground
miners who were exposed to high levels of radon shows
that they are five times more likely to die of lung cancer
1 than the genera! population. H Smokers, whose incidence
j of lung cancer is significantly higher than the nonsmoking
} population, are even more at risk if they are exposed to high
1 levels of radon.

17