8.

The word u integral" is closest in meaning to

(X ) demanding /
persistent
C © essential
intuitive
9. Tlie word a highlightedis closest in meaning to
(X ) emphasized
(T ) contradicted
C© conveyed
Cp^) belittled
10. The word ^ scbtes：7' is closest in meaning to
C j) points
CE) experts
(C^) voice lessons
Cp^> sheet music
11. The word ^xhariBel^7is closest in meaning to
(A ) station
C£) irrigate
Cc]) exploit
C〇^) direct
12. The word '^singiilaris closest in meaning to
C£) flattering
(X ) exceptional
Cc]) fluctuating
different

Questions 13-18

^ Many laws that were passed in the various states of the United States over the years
j are now out of date or seem fudicrous；. For example, the laws in one state make it illegal
j for women to iexpose their ankles and for men to go without their guns. Obviously, these
j laws are broken daily. With current trends in fashion, every woman who walks down the
I street or goes to a beach or public swimming pool is committing a crime. While it was once
j considered of utmost importance that a man be armed and ready for action on the frontier,
| it is hardly necessary for a man to tote guns to work today. However, a man without a gun
j is also technically breaking the law.
j On the other hand, other laws aren’t ever likely to be broken. For example, another
j law makes it illegal to tethen one's horse to the fence surrounding the capitol building. It is
| hard to imagine anyone riding a horse into the city and leaving it tied outside of the capitol
| building today. One would have to go to great lengths in order to break this law.
j These outdated laws remain on the record because the time needed for state
j legislatures to debate- the issues and make changes in the existing laws would keep the
| members from attending to more important current and relevanti issues. It would be hard to
| calculate the cost to the taxpayers for these laws to be purged ：or updated. Consequently, it
p is likely that these laws wi" remain on the books.
Part 2 Building Skills

13. The word u lu dicrou sis closest in meaning to

insipid
(X ) demeaning
( © ridiculous
C g) incomprehensible
14. The word11exposef, is closest in meaning to
(X ) sprain
(T ) conceal
decorate
CpI) display
15. The word " tether " is closest in meaning to
(X ) gallop
CF) fasten
C^) saddle
conduct
16. The word u debate!, is closest in meaning to
(X ) challenge
(T ) contemplate
C〇^) discuss
C〇]) overturn
17. The word11relevant,! is closest in meaning to
(X ) pertinent
dD fashionable
(C^) extraneous
C5) inadequate
18. The word u p u rg ed is closest in meaning to
(X ) eliminated
CE) restored
(2 ) remedied
Cd]) amended

158
EXERCISE R3 Understanding the author's meaning
Read each passage. Choose the letter of the word or phrase that best completes the
sentence that follows it.

Although originally formed to prevent illegal trade in whiskey the Royal

Canadian Mounted Police/ or //Mounties,/ as they are informally called, now
enforce all federal laws throughout Canada. Their diverse duties also include
participating in peacekeeping efforts and supplying expertise in areas like forensics
to Canadian and international police forces. About l/OOO members of theiorce are ：
assigned exclusively to the task of controlling the spread of dllicit drugs.
In stating that '^l/OOO members of the force are assigned exGltisively to tlie task of1
controlling the spread of illicit drugsi/' the author means that these members
( X ) deal only with work involving drug control
CX) are excluded from the task force assigned to drug control
Cc^> work with those who are assigned to the task of drug control
are assigned all law enforcement tasks exduding that of drug control
You would choose A because the word exclusively means witiioui exc职 ion.
The members7only task is that of controlling the spread of illicit drugs.

1. Astronomers have recently gained new knowledge of the behavior of galaxies. It has
been discovered that spiral galaxies sometimes collide with each other. The huge
forces created in such a cosmic event can tug long trails of stars and create new ones
from compressed gases. After repeated collisions, galaxies may eventually merge,
forming a single elliptical shape. Oiu. own gakxy^the:Mill<^Way:is on a collision:
course； with the nearby Andromeda Galaxy. Hundreds of millions of years from
now, these two star systems may combine to form one giant configuration.
In stating that /;：the Milky Way is on a collision course：," the author means that
(X ) the Milky Way is going to crash into our own galaxy /
C§]) the Milky Way is heading toward the Andromeda Galaxy
C© the Milky Way is the result of an impact that created one giant configuration
C £) the Milky Way will crash into two star systems in hundreds of millions
of years
2. As long ago as the thirteenth century, Roger Bacon^ the Celebrated philosopher； and
Pranciscan friar, postulated that humankind could fly; with the aid of a large ball
constructed of thin copper filled with air. Throughout the centuries, other scientific
dreamers hypothesized the construction of a variety of flying devices. Leonardo da
Vinc^ in particular^ studied aspects of flight and made sketches for flying machines.
It was not until 1783 that the first people, Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis
dArlandeS/ successfully took off from the ground, in a balloon designed by the
Montgolfier brothers.
In stating that11Roger Bacon. . . postulated that humankind could fly /; the author
means that Roger Bacon
(X ) witnessed human flight
(X ) wanted to show how humans could fly
〇 knew why it was important that humans fly
C © thought that human flight was possible
Part 2 Building Skills

3. Christmas Island, discovered by Captain James Cook on Christmas Eve in 1777) was
once populated by a wide variety of bird species. In recent years； at least 18 species
of birds - a total of 17 million birds - have been observed to leave or to perish on the
island. It is suspected that die cause of the disappearance maybe related to a
cyclical weather phenomenon) in the Pacific that alters winds, salinity, and ocean
currents. These variously repeating conditions have resulted in higher water
temperatures/ which may have caused the fish and squid that the birds live on to die.
In stating th at11the cause of the disappearance may be related to a cyclical weather:
phenomenon the author means that the cause is related to
( X ) hurricanes and cyclones
CH) recurring climatic conditions
( 2 ) a succession of environmental patterns
a combination of wind, salt, and ocean currents
4. The historic centers of the American sister cities Savannali, Georgia, and;
Charleston, South Carolina, have fortunately been saved from demolition； or
neglect and now attract tourists eager to view the gracious old houses. Of particular
interest for the visitor is the exquisite decorative ironwork found throughout the
older parts of both cities, especially on porch and stair railings and banisters. Both
wrought and cast iron became popular there in the early 1800s, since fire was a
constant threat and iron would not burn. Pig iron/ which was used as ballast in ships
coming from Europe to pick up cargods of cotton, was bought cheaply, and a local
industry producing beautiful ironwork developed.
In stating that'' the historic centers of the American sister cities. , . have ：
fortunately been saved from demolition /' the author means that the city centers
have
(X ) been kept intact
d 3 remained neglected
C〇^) been elegantly restored
saved the tourist industry

Reading Mini-test 1
Check your progress in understanding meaning from context (Exercises R1-R3) by
completing the following Mini-test. This Mini-test uses question types used in the
Reading section of the TOEFL iBT test.
Select the correct answer.

Questions 1-4

The incorporation of broken-down .scrap; tires into asphalt to produce a blend suitable |
1 for the construction of road surfaces is becoming widespread. The resulting material, j
1 asp ha It-rubber, has several advantages over customary; road-buiidirtg materials. It can |
I be applied in a reduced thickness, and this means that less material has to be mined and |
transported to the road site. Furthermore, roads constructed with this material require 丨 ess I
ma丨 ntenance than more conventional roads. Another benefit is the abatement of traffic; 1
noise, a serious issue in urban areas. Perhaps most important, the reduction and possible 1
eventual e 丨 iminatiort: of waste tires with all their attendant environmental prob丨
ems may one |
day become a reality. 1

160
1. The word11scrap7' is closest in meaning to
(X ) waste
CK) outdated
(C^) rough
(2 ) broken
2. The word ^ customary：y, is closest in meaning to
® special '
CE) unusual
( 2 ) regular
(^ su itab le
3. In stating uAnother benefit is the abatement of traffic xioisei,^ the author means that
the traffic noise has
(X ) subsided
become beneficial
( ^ ) become a serious issue
Cd]) benefited from the construction
4. The word elimination:" is closest in meaning to
( X ) revision
C§^) fulfillment
(C^) reduction
eradication

Questions 5 -8

I Emiiy Dickinson published only a handful of poems during her lifetime, and she was so
I secretive about her writing that even her own family was not aware of her literary activities.
!| Emi丨 y never married, and after the age of 30 she became increasingly 丨 reclusive 丨
， rarely
I venturing out of her family home in Amherst, Massachusetts. She did, however, take a keen
I interest in contemporary culture and science and was a lively and Iprolific corresponderttl
I Her poetry was also abundant, and it was much concerned with the themes of religious
| conflict, nature, love, and death. Technicaity her poems show innovative use of rhyme and
I rhythm and exhibit jintense! emotion clearly and concisely] expressed. After her death in
I 1886, her sister, Lavinia, discovered her entire unpubiishied output, over 1,700 poems in a"
| concealed in drawers. Four years after Emily's death, a selection of these was published,
1 and since then her reputation has grown immensely. Her poetry is now acclaimed
| throughout the world.

5. The word ^ reclusivei,/ is closest in meaning to

(X ) solitary
d ]) distinct
Cc^) hostile
C© lonely ■
Part 2 Building Skills

6. In stating that Emily Dickinson was a '' prolific correspondent /' the author
means that
(X ) her letters were profound
CT) her letters were entertaining
(T ) she held many serious discussions
C〇I) she communicated a lot through letters
7. The w ordintense n is closest in meaning to
(X ) focused
(X ) inhibited
weird
strong
8. The word11concisely/' is closest in meaning to
(X ) accurately
cryptically
C © movingly
( 2 ) succinctly

Questions 9-12

I! !n the last couple of decades, marine researchers have observed that epidemic diseases
| are attacking a variety of sea creatures. Some of them are affecting rare species that are
already at risk of extinction. For example, in the 1980s a mysterious epidemic struck a
| species of sea urchin in the Caribbean, wiping out over 90 percent of the population. Later
：； in the same decade, harbor seals in the Baltic and North Seas succumbed to an unidentified
j /affliction:. ：
The-green ：sea ；turt!eihas；
expired^n；!argemunnbersi as a result of developing
j tumors, known as fibropapillomas, which eventually cover the creature and prevent it from
^ seeing or eating.
| Cora丨reefs and the species that inhabit them have also witnessed an explosion of new
j diseases. Most of these reported diseases are infections that have appeared recently or
1 are increasing in incidence? or geographic range. Some scientists infer that human activity
I is responsible for spreading these afflictions. Perhaps industrial pollution is weakening the
I immune systems of marine populations and making them more susceptible 丨to pathogens.

9, The word 〃 紐 flictioii" is closest in meaning to

(X ) situation
Cb]) toxin
(© d ise ase
C〇]) seizure
10, In statingl! The green se^ turtle has expired in large nimlbers / 7the author means
that the sea turtles have
(X ) died from an illness
Cb ]) declined in numbers
C c} quit coming to the Caribbean
C〇 ]) become extinct in the Baltic and North Seas

162
11. The word uincidence,! is closest in meaning to
(X ) rate of occurrence
Cb]) degree of circumstance
degree of severity
( 2 ) rate of exposure
12. The word ^ susceptible'' is closest in meaning to
(X ) attractive
® heedful
perilous
Cd^) vulnerable

Questions 13-16

Psychologists have found that privately made iresoiutionsi are rarely followed, whereas
a public commitment to achieve some goal, such as losing weight or giving up smoking, is
likely to be much more effective. This is because the approval of others for reaching one's
target is valued. In contrast, disapproval for failure can lead to feelings of shame.
Advertising agencies have designed studies bearing out the truth of this observation. In
their research, a group of strangers was bombarded ：with information about the qualities
of a particular product. They were then asked to either announce out loud or write down
privately whether they intended to buy the product. It was later discovered that those who
pubiiciy declared their intention to buy were considerably more likely to do so than those
who affirmed their intentions in private.
In another study, 3 n；experimenter;ciaiming to represent a loca! utiiity company ；
interviewed ； homeowners, telling them he was investigating ways in which energy
consumption could be reduced. Half the subjects, randomly selected, were told that if they
agreed to conserve energy, their names would be mentioned in an article published in the
local newspaper; the remaining half were told their names would not be used. All those
interviewed agreed to cooperate and signed a form either giving :consent; for their names to
be used or stating that their names would not be used. Later in the year, the amount of gas
consumed in each house was recorded. The owners who had agreed to their names being
I published had used significantly less gas than those who remained anonymous.

13. The word ^resolutions7^is closest in meaning to

CA) declarations
(W) explanations
C© speculations
C© persuasions
14. The word ^ bombarded^ is closest in meaning to
(X ) bombed
attacked
Cc]) saturated
hampered
Part // Building Skills

15. In statingli an experimenter claiming to represent a local utility company

interviewed homeowners / r the author means that the experimenter who
interviewed the homeowners was
(X ) committing fraud
<X) working for a state utility company
( © hiding his identity from the people in the study
representing a claimant in a law case against the utility company
16. The wordtl consent!, is closest in meaning to
(X ) permission
submission
(C^) justification
( 2 ) consideration

涵 西 面 而 涵 丽 _. 丽 涵遞涵
OF IDEAS
Recognizing and understanding how sentences and ideas are linked throughout
a passage will help your comprehension of the passage. Your ability to follow the
flow and organization of a passage depends upon your ability to understand how the
major points, facts, and details are arranged in support of the main idea. The skills
you will need in order to make these connections are outlined below.

U n d e rsta n d in g referents
Instead of repeating the same words over and over, writers use pronouns and short
phrases to refer to these words. These pronouns and short phrases are called referents.
They may refer back to a previously used word, phrase, or idea. They can also be used
to anticipate a word, phrase/ or idea that follows, ^ead the following example:
Instead of picking the children up on his way to the supermarket Tom waited
until he was on his way home to get them.
In this sentence, them refers to the children and he refers to Tom. Them and he are
referents.
Improving your understanding of referents will help you to follow the flow of ideas
in reading passages, to answer specific referent questions, and to answer many
other questions on the TOEFL test.
(For more information on and practice with referents, see Grammar Review:
ReferentS/ p. 113；Practice with Understanding Connections, p. 257；Practice with
Coliesioi^ p. 317；and Practice with Cohesion, p. 379.)

U n d e rsta n d in g tra n sitio n al exp re ssio n s

Recognizing and understanding transitional expressions will help you follow the
flow and organization of ideas in the reading passages on the test. (For more

164
information on and practice with transition words and phrases, see Grammar
Review: Connecting Ideas, p. 116；Practice with Understanding Connections, p. 257；
Practice with Cohesion, p. 317；and Practice with Cohesion, p. 379.)
Becoming familiar with the following list of transition words and phrases will help
you follow the flow of ideas in a passage. Recognizing these words will help you
recognize the organization and purpose of a passage more clearly and quickly.

轉 诈 ijl.
脚

qualify but, however, although, yet; except for

emphasize surely, certainly/ indeed, above all, most importantly
illustrate for example, next, for instance^ thus, suc^ such as
contrast unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead
concede although, yet, nevertheless, of course, after all
conclude finally, in conclusion/ at last; in summary, to sum up
/
add in addition/ also, moreover^ tlien, first, second (etc.)
compare similarly like; in the same way, both, equally important
explain now, in addition；furthermore, in fact, in this case, at this
point
state a consequence therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly-/ otherwise

U n d e rsta n d in g the o rg a n iza tio n o f ideas

One of the question types that you will encounter on the TOEFL test requires you
to insert a sentence in the correct place in a passage. Referents^ connecting words,
and surrounding words can help you identify where the sentence fits best. The
sentence can be one of the following three types:
1. A general sentence that introduces the topic A well-written passage has a
main idea, called the topic. The topic is what the passage is about. The topic of the
passage is usually stated in the first sentence, although other positions are also
possible. The sentence that states the topic is called the topic sentence.
If the sentence to be inserted is the topic sentence, it will introduce the general
topic of the passage and it will contain words that relate to words in the first
sentence of the passage. Read the passage below and the sentence to be inserted.
H The Korean Warrior kite is usually constructed of four or five spars tied
together in the center. H The spars form a sturdy frame for a rectangular
cover whose center is pierced by a pircular hok several inches in diameter.
0 The surface of the cover is often decorated with stripes and designs
reminiscent of the sun. H This kite is especially suited for flying in
strong winds.
Kite design varies around the world.
This sentence describes a general topic and would precede the sentence introdvLcing
the specific topic - the design of the Korean Warrior kite. The sentence would
logically be the first sentence in the passage and would be inserted at A.
Part 2 Building Skills

2. A sentence that gives detai玉 s of a supporting idea witldn die passage If the
sentence to be inserted gives details of a supporting idea/ it will probably contain
transitions or connecting words. Additionally, it will often contain a word or phrase
that refers to the supporting idea. Read the passage below and the sentence to be
inserted.
Cheese is made from the curd of milk. ^ Although there are literally
thousands of varieties, which differ according to the method of preparation
and quality of millc, they can be divided into three main classes. H Soft
cheeses are those "with rinds and very soft, creamy centers. Of tliese; Rrie and
Camembert are perhaps the most famous. H Blue-veined cheeses have been
injected with a penicillin mold； which creates the characteristic blue veins.
S Pressed cheeses are those placed in a mold and firmly pressed. There are
uncooked pressed cheeses, such as Cheddar, and cooked pressed cheeses,
such as Gruyere.
Roquefort； example, is a well-known blue-veined cheese from France.
This passage is about the three main classes of cheese, Roquefort is well-known
blue-veined cheese/^ the second class of cheese that is discussed. The connecting
words for example, along with the phrase ''blue-veined cheese/^ link this sentence
to the sentence that explains blue-veined cheeses. The sentence would logically be
inserted at D.
3. A sentence that ends the paragraph A sentence that is meant to be inserted
at the end of a paragraph will either be a detail of the final supporting idea of
the passage or will summarize the ideas in the passage. Referents and/or
transitions and connecting words will refer to the previous sentence. Read the
passage below and the sentence to be inserted.
H In areas of extreme conditions, people have found functional ways
to use limited resources. H A case in point is the desert dwellers who, for
thousands of years, have sheltered themselves in extremely functional
buildings. H These buildings are constructed of one of the most readily
available, dependable, and inexpensive materials we know of on earth: lmid,
the ideal insulator. H
This material absorbs heat during the day and slowly releases it at night.
The phrase ^this matenal// refers back to ^mud, the ideal insulator/7The rest of the
sentence describes mud^ ideal insulating properties. The sentence would logically
be inserted at D.
Improving your ability to recognize and use all the clues given through referentS/
transitions/connectors, and surrounding words will help you identify where a given
sentence should be inserted in the passage items on the TOEFL test.

166
ExeiXiSeS R4—R8 Use Exercises M -R8 to build your skills in understanding the
corniection of ideas in reading passages.

EX ER CISE R4 Locating referents within sentences

Read the sentence. Find the referent for each underlined word or words, and write it in
the space.

Under the ice, bubbles gather against the ice roof until they overflow and escape
through the tide cracks.
they bubbles____________________
You should write bubbles because they (plural) agrees with bubbles, and bubbles
can overflow and escape.

1. Arctic people must not only defend themselves from the environment and wild
animals, but they must also protect these natixral resources.
themselves____________________________________________________________
they________________________________________________________________
these natural resources_________________________________________________
2. Amnesty International consists of over 900 groups of individuals who work for the
release of political prisoners incarcerated for their beliefs.
who________________________________________________________________
their______________________________________________________________ __
3. In 1863/ when a Hungarian count recognized the potential of Californian soil and
sun for growing wine grapes, he planted the first European variety there near the
town of Sonoma.
when_______________________________________________________________ _
he__________________________________________________________________
the first European variety_______________________________________________
there _______________________________________________________________
4. The first complete American dictionary of the English language was compiled in
1828 by the lawyer and lexicographer Noah Webster, who was particularly eager to
show at this time that the English spoken in America was distinct from that spoken
in Britain.
the lawyer and lexicographer____________________________________________
who—_______________________________________________________________
at this tim e__________________________________________________________ _
that_________________________________________________________________
Part 2 Building Skills

EXEKC1SE R5 Locating referents within a passage

Read the passage. Choose the letter of the word or phrase that best completes the
sentence that follows it.

Differences in the way men and women process language is of special interest
to brain researchers. It has been known that aphasia - a kind of speech disorder - is
more common in men than in women when the left side of the brain is damaged in
an accident or after a stroke. However women are more likely than men to suffer
aphasia when the front part of the brain is damaged. This clearly indicates that the
brains of men and women are organized differently in the way they process
speech.
The word /rtH ey in the passage refers to
(X ) men
Cb^) women
C© brains
Cg) researchers
You should choose C because they (plural) agrees with brains, and brains can
process speech.

1. One of the most potentially explosive international problems is that of mass

tourism. Of the more than six billion people in the world, an increasing number
of them are determined to travel. Annually a vast number of travel-hungry tourists
traipse around the globe, and thousands of perfect beaches, quaint villages, historic
cities, and regions of exquisite natural beauty have become victims of developers/
building schemes. Attempts to accommodate tH^se^edplei have led to the
destruction of the very attractions that they have come to enjoy and have made daily
living almost impossible for the local residents.
The phrase " these p e o p le in the passage refers to
C£) people in the world
d^) tourists ,
(© developers
(2 ) residents
2. Traditionally, America's fast-food companies have hired teenagers. While teenagers
provide cheap labor, they are sometimes unreliable. Consequently/ fast-food
companies often use another source of cheap labor - the elderly. Older people are
less likely to skip a day of work or quit without giving notice, but because they
have not been brought up with computers, they view the high-tech fast-food counter
with terror. Training centers have opened in order to teach ^mature workers7' how
to operate computerized cash registers, timed deep-fat fryers, and automatic drink-
dispenser software. These students are put into classrooms with their peers and,
since mental arithmetic is a thing of the past/ are taught how to use a calculator.
The phrase tl These students77 in the passage refers to
(X ) teenagers
(X ) fast-food employers
Cc^) the elderly
(X ) peers

168
 3. The Bettmann Archive is a picture library that was founded in the 1930s by German
immigrant Otto Bettmann. He arrived in New York City with two suitcases of
photographs and opened a picture library, which he built into the biggest commercial
operation of its kind in the world. Among the millions of photographs the archive
contains are some of the most memoralble images of the twentietli century: Marilyn
Monroe standing by a street grate ventilating her skirt；
Einstein sticking out his
tongue,, and the Hindenburg exploding into flames. According to Bettmann, the
archived success was due to his unique filing system which he designed to suit
journalistic needs. Por example, the Mona Lisa was not filed under ^Paintings^ or
"Leonardo da Vinci"; it was Hied under "Smiling."
The word ’’ some?" in the passage refers to
( X ) suitcases of photographs
picture libraries
C c) commercial operations
C^) archive photographs

EX ER CISE R6 Locating multiple referents within a passage

/
Read the passage. Then draw a line from each highlighted word to its referent.

People often assume that athletes are healthier and more attuned to their overall
well-being than nonathletes. However, two researchers recently conducted a
survey of college students. They；reported that athletes are more likely than those
who aren^ into sports to engage in behaviors that put their：health at risk.

1. Scientists used to believe that animals scream to startle predators into loosening
；their：grip or to warn their kin. However, now some researchers have concluded that
the piercing, far-reaching cries 〇£animals may have another function. Recent studies
indicate that ^tliese：
screams j may have evolved to attract other predators, which will
give the prey a chance to escape during the ensuing struggle between predators.

2. Wlien cartoonists take on the task of drawing real people^ they; do so by making a
caricature. These kinds of cartoon； drawings： are frequently used to satirize well-
known people. Most famous people have several particular characteristics that
distinguish ithem, such as facial features, body posture, or gestures, which are
familiar to the general public. Cartoonists can cleverly exaggerate them ； to the
point of ridiculousness.

3. Satellites routinely relay pictures of desert areas. From these pictures. it can be
determined where locusts are likely to breed. With information on the locusts/
breeding areas, agriculture officials can use pesticides to kill .these insects -before
：thfeyi become a menace. If not eradicated, a single swarm can devour 80,000 tons
of corn a day - sustenance for half a million people for one year.
Pari 2 Building Skills

EX ER CISE R7 Understanding transition words

Complete the sentences by choosing the letter of the phrase or clause that would most
likely follow the underlined transition words.

Although potatoes are richer in food value than any other vegetable, they are not
always a wise choice for a garden crop because they need a considerable amount of
space to grow. Consequently,
(X ) they are the most common vegetable in a garden
dD people don't eat ]5Dtatoes very much
Cc]) they can be more economically grown on farms
CF) farmers overcharge for their potatoes
You should choose C because consequently introduces a consequence of a
previously stated fact. If potatoes are not a wise choice for a garden because of the
amount of space they need/ they could be grown on a farm more economically,
since a farm has more space than a garden.

1. Glass was precious to Egyptians, who used it interchangeably with gemstones；

but
(X ) it is over 4,000 years old
CE) its novelty as an artist^ material prevents its being taken seriously
Cc]) today it has come out of factories and. into the workshops
today it is so commonplace that it is seldom given a second thought
2. Glimpses into the prenatal world via ultrasound imaging occasionally show
behavior such as
CX) the development of the central nervous system
d^) the sex of the baby-to-be
(X ) a fetus sucking its thumb
Cg) structures as small as the pupil of an eye of a second-trimester fetus
3. Although the animals and plants that live in the worlds various deserts come from
different ancestral stocks/
they have solved their problems of survival differently
(X ) none of them have adapted to the jungles
( © they are from different deserts
C〇 ]) they resemble one another to a surprising degree
4. Children dress up in witches7hats or ghost costumes to play pranks when
celebrating the fun October holiday of Halloween. In contrast,
(X ) Thanksgiving is a traditional holiday
CF) Thanksgiving is always celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November
C © families dress more formally and set elegant tables for the more serious
occasion of Thanksgiving
CD) children enjoy Thanksgiving
5. Everything from chairs and fishing poles to rope and paper can be made from
bamboo. Equally important,
C£) this giant grass grows in warm climates
(JD fresh spring bamboo shoots take longer to cook than winter ones
C〇]) a variety of foods can be made from this giant grass
C© preserved bamboo shoots can be used in soups instead of fresh ones

170
6. Earth satellites transmit telephone and television signals; relay information about
weather patterns; and enable scientists to study the atmosphere. This information
has helped people communicate ideas and expand their knowledge. In conclusion；
( X ) satellites have enriched the lives of humankind
d ^ ) satellites are expensive to send into space and sometimes are difficult to
maintain
Cc]) a dish antenna can pick up 300 TV channels from satellites
satellites are placed in an orbital region around Earth called the geostationary
belt
7. In the 1940s, when todays astronauts hadn't even been born/ comic-strip detective
Dick Tracy fought crime in an atomic-powered space vehicle. In addition to that,
(X ) many of todays astronauts have used a kind of atomic-powered space vehicle
Cg) he used lasers to process gold and a two-way wrist TV for communication
〇 ''Dick Tracy7/ was a very popular comic strip in the United States
C〇^) astronauts used lasers to process gold and communicated on long-distance
flights using two-way wrist TVs
8. According to dental researchers, a vaccine that could significantly reduce the
number of microorganisms thought to cause cavities will soon be ready for human
trials. Consequently,
(X ) cavity prevention programs may soon be eliminated
(T ) immunization of test animals will no longer be necessary
C^) children will be able to consume more sugary foods and drinks
C© long-term protection against tooth decay could soon be available on the
market
9. Medical researchers have recently developed a nonsurgical method of treating heart
disease that, in some cases；
is just as effective as coronary bypass surgery but is much less expensive
and disabling
d D can replace a clogged artery by the transplantation of a vein or artery from
another part of the body
continues to be undemsed because coronary bypass operations are kicmtive
for hospitals and surgeons
CF) requires opening up the chest and operating under local anesthesia
10. Neurons/ which cannot divide are the basic cells of the brain. Glial cells, which
can increase in number, provide support and nourishment to the neurons. It was
hypothesized that if Einstein^s brain had been more active, more glial cells would
be found there. Indeed,
( X ) scientists found that the physicist^ brain contained more glial cells per
neuron than the brains of eleven normal males
scientists/ previous work had shown that animals put in environments that
stimulate mental activity develop more glial cells per neuron
C〇 D scientists examined sections of the upper front and lower rear of both
hemispheres because these areas are involved in ^higher7' thinking
C5) scientists found that even though there was evidence he had greater
intellectual processing, it cannot be determined whether Einstein
was born with this or developed it later
Part 2 Building Skills

EX ER C ISE R8 inserting sentences

For each passage, choose the letter of the square where the bold sentence would best fit.

For more than 2^000 years, nomads of Central Asia and the Far East have lived
in portable, circular dwellings called ymts. H Tliese structures are highly durable
and use resources very efficiently. H They typically have a low profile and circular
shape. ^ This allows the wind to slip around and over them so they can withstand
very high winds. Tlie basic shape is formed from wooden poles crisscrossed to form
a circular lattice frame in which a wooden door is set. H The outside covering is
made of fabric that is supplemented with animal skins during cold weather.
Roof poles are made ^rom wooden beams that are tied at the lower end to the
lattice and are secured to a central roof ring.
The sentence to be added gives details on how the basic shape is made. It would
follow the sentence describing the basic shape and precede the sentence that
describes the covering of the basic shape. The sentence would logically be
inserted at D.

1. H Pragmatism is essentially an American school of thought that has had few

supporters elsewhere. H One of the first pragmatists, William James, wrote that it
was impossible to discover the real world outside our senses and therefore we must
concern ourselves primarily with human experience. H Because the world would be
a worse place without a belief in human responsibility, morals, and free will, it was
necessary, he considered/ to believe in these concepts. H Another pragmatist； John
Dewey, held that since truth is an instrument for solving problems, it must change
as the problems it confronts change.
Pragmatists believe that the test of any belief should be its practical consequences
and that the truth of a proposition should be judged on how well it corresponds with
experimental results.
2. In the early years of the twentieth century the American art scene was
dominated by painters who had established their reputations in the previoiis
century. @ At this time, there was a general intolerance both by critics and by the
public of any deviation from the kind of work championed by academic institutions.
H Acceptable art generally employed detailed realistic technique and focused on
subject matter of historical or mythological scenes or sentimental landscapes.
B In 1908 a group of artists organized an exhibition in a New York gallery that
constituted a revolt against these current orthodoxies. H Their unconventional
work often depicted the seamy side of urban life in settings such as backyards^
saloons^ cknce halls, and theaters. Surprisingly the slao^w a success, and for
a time these artists enjoyed widespread popularity.
The artists, who came to be called ^the Eight;, and were later dubbed the "Ashcan
School/7used vigorous brush strokes and dramatic lighting.
3. Seeds are dispersed to new sites by various means. Many, such as dandelion or
thistle seeds, have fine tufts that allow them to be scattered by the action of the
wind. Some seeds such as the coconut can float and are dispersed by currents
around the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Other seeds have evolved ways of getting
around through the activities of an intermediary animal.圏 This can happen in a
number of different ways. For example, animals may devour the fruit containing
seeds. 0 Sometimes a seed needs to be buried before it can germinate. This might

172
 happen when a hoarding animal such as a squirrel fails to return for its hidden meal.
H Some seeds have sticky or spiky surfaces/ often called burrs, which may catch on
the coat of a passing animal and later drop off at a considerable distance from their
origin.
In fact^ a seed may require passage through the gut of the bird or animal before it
ca n germinate.

4. The technique of using wind power to grind grain between stones to produce
flour is ancient and was widely practiced. Exactly where the first windmill was
constructed is unknown, although certainly the Persians ground corn more than
2/000 years ago. H Tradition has it that the knowledge spread to the Middle East and
from there to Northern Europe during the Middle Ages. B The power of the wind
replaced animal power in several regions of Europe where millwrights became
highly skilled craftsmen and rapidly developed the technology. S In England the
device became a ubiquitous feature of the landscape and by 1400 there were 10,000
windmills concentrated in the southeast part of the country, each capable of
grinding 10,000 bushels of grain a week. Starting in the nineteenth century the mill
started to decline in importance with the advent of steam power. H By the mid-
twentieth century few working mills remained in use, but in recent years efforts
have been made to restore and maintain these romantic souvenirs of a bygone age.
The Dutch in particular made considerable improvements and used windmills to
pump water as well as to produce flour.

Reading Mini-test 2
Check your progress in understanding connections (Exercises R4-R8) by completing
the following Mini-test. This Mini-test uses question types used in the Reading section
oftheTOEPLiBTtest
Select the correct answer.

Questions 1-3

In the twentieth century, architects in large cities designed structures in a way that
reduced noise and yet made living as comfortable as possible. B They: used such
techniques as making walls hollow and filling this wall space with materials that absorb
noise. Thick carpets and heavy curtains were used to cover floors and windows. Air
conditioners and furnaces were designed to filter air through soundproofing materials.
0 However, after much time and effort had been spent in making buildings less noisy, it
was discovered that people also reacted adversely to the lack of sound. H Now architects
are designing structures that reduce undesirable noise but retain the kind of noise that
people seem to need. H

1. The word They7/ in the passage refers to

(X ) cities
CE) structures >
(C^> architects
Cd]) techniques
Part 2 Building Skills

2. According to the passage, making walls hollow and filling this wall space with
materials that absorb noise results in
(X ) filtered air
(T ) a lack of sound
C c} an adverse reaction to noise
a reduction in undesirable noise
3. The following sentence can be added to the passage:
A silent home can cause feelings of anxiety and isolation.
Look at the four squares [H] ^ a t indicate where the sentence could be added.
Where would the sentence best fit? Choose the letter of the square [^ ] that shows
where the sentence should be added.

Questions 4-6

The gam brel roof design has an enduring appeal to m any builders and hom eowners.
O riginally a feature of Dutch colonial architectural style, the gam brel is a straight double-
sloped roof joined at a central ridge. H T h e main distinguishing feature is that each roof
side is broken into two planes, with the lower slope inclined at a steeper pitch than the
upper. Som etim es the angle of the gambrel roof becom es shallower again at the eaves and
projects over the wat! of the house, giving a bell-shaped appearance in cross section. H
The main advantage of the gambrel roof is that it creates a spacious interior on the upper
floor o f the house ■ 圖 This makes it a perfect choice for a growing fam ily . 圓

4. The phrase 〃a feature " in the passage refers to

(X ) the gambrel roof design
(X ) the straight sloping roof
Cc^) the roof design in Holland
C〇]) the roof joined at a central ridge
5. The gambrel roof design of the Dutch colonial architectural style is appealing to
homeowners because
(X ) it has a bell-shaped appearance
dD it creates a spacious upper floor
C〇]) the shape is traditional
C5) the angle becomes shallowei: at the eaves
6. The following sentence can be added to the passage:
This spaciousness also makes the gambrel roof highly suitable for barn
construction^ since the upper floor can be used as a hayloh.
Look at the four squares [■ ] that indicate where the sentence could be added.
Where would the sentence best fit? Choose the letter of the square [ ^ ] that shows
where the sentence should be added.
 Reading

Q u e s t io n s 7 - 9

Diam ond value is based on four characteristics: carat, color, clarity, and cut. The size of
a diam ond is m easured by carat weight. There are 100 points in a carat and 142 carats in
an ounce. Each point above 1 carat is m ore va 丨uab 丨e than each 丨one below 1 carat. In other
words, a stone that w eighs m ore than 1 carat is m ore valuable per point than a stone that is
sm aller than 1 carat.
The scale used for rating color begins w ith D, w hich means the gem is absolutely
colorless and, therefore, the m ost valuable. E and F are alm ost colorless. All three are
good fo r investm ent purposes. A stone rated between G and J is good for jewelry. Beyond
J the stones take on a slightly yellow ish color, w hich gets deeper as the grade declines.
The clarity o f a stone is determ ined by its lack o f carbon spots, inner flaw s, and
surface blem ishes. W hile m ost of these are invisible to the unaided eye, they do affect the
diam ond's brilliance. For jewelry, a diam ond rated VVS1 (very, very slight im perfections) is
as close to flaw less as one wilt find. A fter that the scale goes to VVS2, VS1, VS2, S11, S!2,
11, !2, and so on.
# The final characteristic is cut. H W hen shaped - w hether round, oval, em erald,
marquise, pear, or heart - the diam ond should be faceted so that light is directed into the
depths of the prism and then reflected outward again. H A w eli-cut diam ond will separate
the light into different colors when the light is reflected. H O nly stones of sim ilar shape
should have their reflective qualities com pared, as som e shapes are m ore reflective than
others. The round shape is the m ost reflective. H

7. The w o r d o n e ：^ in the passage refers to

C £) a diamond
d ]) an ounce
C〇 [) each point
(2 ) 1 carat -
8. Even though they affect a diamonds brilliance/ slight carbon spots, inner flaws, and
surface blemishes
(X ) lack imperfections
d ] ) are rated VVS1
Cc]) cannot be seen with the naked eye
can make a diamond more valuable
9. The following sentence can be added to paragraph 4:
In contrast, a nearly flawless diamond that is not professionally cut will not acquire
its full reflective potential and thusr its value may be diminished.
Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow [^]. Look at the four squares [Hi that
indicate where the sentence could be added. Where would the sentence best fit?
Choose the letter of the square [H] that shows where the sentence should be added.

175
Part 2 Building Skills

Q uestions 10-12

People w ho suffer from excessive drowsiness during the daytim e may be victim s of a
: : condition known as ''narcolepsy," Although m ost people may feel sleepy w hile watching TV
or after eating a meal, narcoleptics may fall asleep at unusual or em barrassing tim es. They
may doze while eating, talking, taking a shower, or even driving a car.
Victim s can be affected in one of tw o ways. M ost narcoleptics have several sleeping
: : periods during each day with alert periods frt between, but a m inority feel drowsy alm ost
: : all the tim e and are alert for only brief intervals. Many people with this condition also suffer
: from cataplexy - a form of m uscular paralysis that can range from a mild w eakness at the
：： knees to com plete im m obility affecting the entire body. This condition lasts from a
: : few seconds to several m inutes and is often set off by intense em otions.
# No reliable data exist showing how m any people have narcolepsy. H Unfortunately,
丨： there is also little know ledge about the causes of this illness. H Researchers suggest
； that the p _ e m may stem from the im m une system ’s reacting abnorm ally to the brain's
:丨 chem ical processes. H Further studies have shown a link between narcolepsy and a
:: n u m b e r of genes, although it is quite possible for an individual to have these genes and not
develop the disease. 0 There are also cases of twins where one m em ber has narcolepsy
but the other does not. Thus, an explanation based on genetics alone is not adequate,
f； There is currently no cure for narcolepsy, so sufferers of this condition can only have
:丨 their sym ptom s treated through a com bination of counseling and drugs. The available drugs
；;； can help control the w orst o f the sym ptom s, but their adm inistration has unw anted side
[■! effects such as increased blood pressure and heart rate and, som etim es, even increased
丨 sleepiness. It is clear that im proved m edications need to be developed.

10. Unlike most people who may feel drowsy after a meal or while watching TV,
narcoleptics
(X ) doze off at odd times
( b^> sleep most of the time
suffer in one of two ways
C S) have no trouble falling asleep
11. The word;/ their " in the passage refers to
(X ) sufferers
d ] ) symptoms
C © drugs
side effects
12. The following sentence can be added to paragraph 3:
Some estimates put the number as high as 300r000 in the United States alone.
Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [#]. Look at the four squares [H] that
indicate where the sentence could be added. Where would the sentence best fit?
Choose the letter of the square [H3 shows where the sentence should be added.

176
Q u e s t io n s 1 3 -1 5

1 On D ecem ber 4, 1872, the brigantine Mary Celeste, carrying 1,700 barrels of crude
j alcohol en route from New York to G enoa, was found abandoned and drifting in the Atlantic
| O cean between the A zores and Portugal. The crew o f the Dei Gratia, the cargo ship that
I found the M a /y Ce/este, inspected her carefully and then sailed her to G ibraltar to collect
j the large salvage reward. T h e ir ：report given at the inquiry suggests that the Gaptain, his
J wife, his young daughter, and the seven-m an crew had deserted the ship in a great hurry.
J The captain's bed was unm ade, som ething unheard o f in a w ell-run ship, w hich the Mary
j Celeste was known to be. The oilskin boots and pipes belonging to the crew had also been
爾 left, although the chronom eten sextant, anb lifeboat were missing. The cargo was 丨ntact,
1 although som e barrets had leaked and two o f the hatches were not in place.
| Several theories have been propounded to explain why those aboard left a perfectly
| seaw orthy vessel to risk their lives on an open boat, it has been suggested th a tth e y were
j the victim s o f alien abduction or sea-m onster attacks. Such out!andish notions are hardly
| credible. The idea that the ship was a victim of piracy can also be discounted, since the
| cargo and other valuables w ere untouched. Likewise, m utiny does not seem plausible,
( since the captain and first officer were known to be fair and experienced, the voyage was
j relatively short, and m utineers would probably have taken over the ship, not forsaken it.
1 # A possible explanation is that som e event made the captain fear for the safety of the
f ship. 0 In fact, recently studied seism ic records indicate that a violent earthquake, whose
epicenter was on the seafloor in the region w here the Mary Celeste was sailing, occurred
som e days before the ship's discovery. H if the ship had been subjected to intense shocks
caused by the quake, all aboard may have hastily abandoned ship to avoid w hat they
im agined m ight be its im m inent destruction from an explosion o f the com bustible cargo.
H A s e v e re d 「ope found dang 丨irtg from the side of the M ary Ce/este suggests that the
| evacuees trailed behind in the lifeboat, attached to the ship, waiting fo r the crisis to pass.
0 G reat waves may then have snapped the rope and capsized the sm aller boat, w hose
p occupants w ould have disappeared w ithout a trace.

13. The word ' ^Thei f i n the passage refers to

(X ) the captain's family
the crew of the Dei Gratia
Cc^) the crew of the Mary Celeste
all those aboard the ships sailing between the Azores and Portugal
14. The phrase ^ Sucli outlandish notions " in the passage refers to
(X ) risking their lives in an open boat
alien abduction or sea-monster attacks
⑧ piracy
mutiny
15. The following sentence can be added to paragraph 3:
The need to circulate air to prevent such a blast could explain why the crew leltt
two hatches open.
Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [^-]. Look at the four squares [H] that
indicate where the sentence could be added. Where would the sentence best fit?
Choose the letter of the square [B ] that shows where the sentence should be added.