In the name of Allah the most Beneficent and Merciful

JazakAllah to Maulana Haq Nawaz for composing these lessons

# ================================================

# Module 7 - Lesson 1: Lists

# ================================================

# Learn: Creating lists, accessing items, modifying,

# common list methods, looping over lists

# ================================================

print("=" * 50)

print("Lists — Storing Multiple Values")

print("=" * 50)

# ------------------------------------------------

# What is a List?

# ------------------------------------------------

# A list stores multiple values in one variable.

# Values are inside square brackets [ ] separated by commas.

# Each item has a position number called an index.

# Index starts at 0 (not 1).

# ------------------------------------------------

# 1. Creating a list

# ------------------------------------------------
print("\n1. Creating lists:")

prayers = ["Fajr", "Dhuhr", "Asr", "Maghrib", "Isha"]

marks = [85, 92, 78, 90, 88]

cities = ["Lahore", "Karachi", "Islamabad", "Peshawar"]

mixed = ["Ahmed", 15, "Lahore", True] # lists can mix types

print(prayers)

print(marks)

print(cities)

# ------------------------------------------------

# 2. Accessing items — index starts at 0

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n2. Accessing items:")

print(prayers[0]) # Fajr (first item)

print(prayers[1]) # Dhuhr (second item)

print(prayers[4]) # Isha (fifth item)

print(prayers[-1]) # Isha (last item — negative index)

print(prayers[-2]) # Maghrib (second from last)

# Length of a list

print("Number of prayers:", len(prayers))

# ------------------------------------------------
# 3. Slicing — getting a portion of a list

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n3. Slicing:")

print(prayers[0:3]) # first 3 items: Fajr, Dhuhr, Asr

print(prayers[2:]) # from index 2 to end

print(marks[:3]) # first 3 marks

# ------------------------------------------------

# 4. Modifying items

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n4. Modifying:")

subjects = ["Quran", "Hadith", "Fiqh"]

print("Before:", subjects)

subjects[1] = "Tafseer" # change index 1

print("After:", subjects)

# ------------------------------------------------

# 5. Adding items

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n5. Adding items:")

students = ["Ahmed", "Fatima"]

[Link]("Hassan") # add to end

print(students)
[Link](1, "Zainab") # insert at position 1

print(students)

# ------------------------------------------------

# 6. Removing items

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n6. Removing items:")

fruits = ["mango", "apple", "banana", "guava"]

[Link]("apple") # remove by value

print(fruits)

[Link]() # remove last item

print(fruits)

[Link](0) # remove by index

print(fruits)

# ------------------------------------------------

# 7. Common list methods

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n7. List methods:")

marks = [85, 42, 90, 55, 78]

print("Original :", marks)

print("Max :", max(marks))

print("Min :", min(marks))

print("Sum :", sum(marks))

print("Count :", len(marks))

print("Average :", sum(marks) / len(marks))

# Check if item exists

print("90 in marks:", 90 in marks)

print("100 in marks:", 100 in marks)

# ------------------------------------------------

# 8. Looping over a list

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n8. Looping:")

for prayer in prayers:

print(f" - {prayer}")

print()

# Loop with index using enumerate

for i, prayer in enumerate(prayers, start=1):

print(f" {i}. {prayer}")

# ------------------------------------------------

# 9. Building a list from input

print("\n9. Building from input:")

num = int(input("How many students? "))

student_names = []

for i in range(num):

name = input(f"Student {i+1} name: ")

student_names.append(name)

print("Class list:")

for i, name in enumerate(student_names, 1):

print(f" {i}. {name}")

print()

print("Lists are one of Python's most useful tools. Ma sha Allah!")

# ================================================

# Module 7 - Lesson 2: Tuples

# ================================================

# Learn: What tuples are, how they differ from lists,

# when to use them, tuple unpacking

# ================================================

print("=" * 50)

print("Tuples — Unchangeable Lists")

print("=" * 50)
# ------------------------------------------------

# What is a Tuple?

# ------------------------------------------------

# A tuple is like a list but IMMUTABLE — cannot be changed.

# Values are inside round brackets ( ) separated by commas.

# Use tuples for data that should never change:

# - Prayer times, days of week, compass directions

# - Coordinates, fixed settings, constants

# ------------------------------------------------

# 1. Creating a tuple

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n1. Creating tuples:")

prayers = ("Fajr", "Dhuhr", "Asr", "Maghrib", "Isha")

days = ("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday",

"Saturday", "Sunday")

coordinates = (31.5204, 74.3587) # Lahore coordinates

print(prayers)

print(days)

print(coordinates)

# ------------------------------------------------

# 2. Accessing items — same as lists

print("\n2. Accessing:")

print(prayers[0]) # Fajr

print(prayers[-1]) # Isha

print(days[4]) # Friday

print("Length:", len(prayers))

# ------------------------------------------------

# 3. Tuples cannot be changed

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n3. Tuples are immutable:")

# This would cause a TypeError — commented out to avoid crash:

# prayers[0] = "Tahajjud" # TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

# This is WHY we use tuples — protect fixed data from accidental changes

print("Prayer names are fixed — tuples protect them.")

# ------------------------------------------------

# 4. Tuple unpacking — assign items to variables

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n4. Tuple unpacking:")

# Assign each item in the tuple to a separate variable

first, second, third, fourth, fifth = prayers

print(f"Last prayer : {fifth}")

# Swap two variables using tuple unpacking

a = "Lahore"

b = "Karachi"

a, b = b, a # elegant swap — no temp variable needed!

print(f"After swap: a={a}, b={b}")

# Return multiple values from a function using tuple

def get_min_max(numbers):

return min(numbers), max(numbers) # returns a tuple

marks = [85, 42, 90, 55, 78]

lowest, highest = get_min_max(marks)

print(f"Lowest: {lowest}, Highest: {highest}")

# ------------------------------------------------

# 5. Looping over a tuple

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n5. Looping:")

for i, prayer in enumerate(prayers, 1):

print(f" {i}. {prayer}")

# ------------------------------------------------
# 6. List vs Tuple — when to use which

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n6. List vs Tuple:")

# Use LIST when data will change:

student_list = ["Ahmed", "Fatima"] # students join/leave

student_list.append("Hassan")

# Use TUPLE when data is fixed:

prayer_tuple = ("Fajr", "Dhuhr", "Asr", "Maghrib", "Isha")

print("List (changes allowed):", student_list)

print("Tuple (fixed forever) :", prayer_tuple)

# ------------------------------------------------

# 7. Practical example

# ------------------------------------------------

print("\n7. City coordinates:")

cities = [

("Lahore", 31.52, 74.36),

("Karachi", 24.86, 67.01),

("Islamabad", 33.72, 73.06),

("Peshawar", 34.01, 71.57),

]
for city, lat, lon in cities:

print(f"{city:<12}: Lat {lat}, Lon {lon}")

print()

print("Tuples protect data that should never change. Well done!")