Module 5 part1 Black Holes use Black Hole PPT and Milkyanddarkmatter.

pptx

[Link] the four different outcomes for of stars including their “death”. (slide 2)

2. What are the two postulates of special relativity?

3. When a clock gets near a mass, what happens?

4. When light passes near a mass, what happens? Draw a diagram as shown on slide 10.

5. What would happen to the escape velocity of Earth if it shrank in size?

6. What two terms are used to identify the “surface” of a Black Hole”?

7. A one solar mass Black Hole has a radius of ________ km (from the PPT or you will lose
points)

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8. A five solar mass Black Hole has a radius of ________ km -use the formula in the PPT or you
will lose points

9. The escape velocity at the surface of a Black Hole is___________

10. What happens to light as it leaves an area near a Black Hole?

11. Is there a limit to how small a Black Hole can be?

Explain

12. The Schwarzschild radius of a black hole depends on its:____________

13. From the video (Death by Black Hole) what is meant by Tidal forces?

14. Describe Gravitational Lensing (similar to question 4)

15. Say there are two twins with identical watches that tick at the same rate. The twins are
destined to live to the exact same time according to their own watch (i.e., they live a certain
number of ticks). Twin A lives in the penthouse of a tall building and twin B lives in the
basement.
Which twin lives longer and why?

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16. Mass tells ___________ how to curve.

17. What two kinds of black holes are there?

18. Where do we find Supermassive black holes?

19. What evidence do we have that there is a Black Hole at the center of our Galaxy?

Go to Milky Way PPT

20. What makes up the ‘milky’ band of light of our galaxy?

21. Draw the Edge on view of our Galaxy with labels. (about slide 24)

22. How far are we from the center of the Milky Way?

21. Where are the globular clusters (very dense clusters of old stars) located in the Milky Way
Galaxy?
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22. __________________ used the distribution of _______________ to find the center of our
Galaxy.

23. What was the Shapely / Curtis Debate in 1920 about?

24. Who discovered a variable star in Andromeda that showed that there were other Galaxies?

25. Where are stars formed in our Galaxy?

26. Draw a rough graph showing the orbit rates of the planets as we move away from the Sun as
shown in the PPT. This and question 29 are half of this Module so check that you are doing
it correctly.

27. We can measure rotation curves of spiral galaxies using the

_______________________________

28. How long does it take the sun to make one orbit of our galaxy?

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29. Draw the orbital rates of objects as we move away from the center of the Galaxy. (around
slide 75)

30. How do the orbital rate of objects as we move away from the center of the Galaxy compare
to what happens to the planetary orbital rates?

31. Read through the rest of the slides and discuss the need to have “dark matter.”

32. What does the Dark Halo refer to in reference to our galaxy?

33. What would happen to a cluster of galaxies if you instantaneously removed all of the dark
matter?

More reading:

Two Kinds of Stars-please read and understand

The discovery that there are two different kinds of stars was first made by Walter Baade during World War II. As
a German national, Baade was not allowed to do war research as many other U.S.-based scientists were doing,
so he was able to make regular use of the Mount Wilson telescopes in southern California. His observations
were aided by the darker skies that resulted from the wartime blackout of Los Angeles.
Among the things a large telescope and dark skies enabled Baade to examine carefully were other
galaxies—neighbors of our Milky Way Galaxy. We will discuss other galaxies in the next chapter (Galaxies), but
for now we will just mention that the nearest Galaxy that resembles our own (with a similar disk and spiral
structure) is often called the Andromeda galaxy, after the constellation in which we find it.
Baade was impressed by the similarity of the mainly reddish stars in the Andromeda galaxy’s nuclear bulge to
those in our Galaxy’s globular clusters and the halo. He also noted the difference in color between all these and
the bluer stars found in the spiral arms near the Sun (Figure 25.20). On this basis, he called the bright blue stars
in the spiral arms population I and all the stars in the halo and globular clusters population II.

We now know that the populations differ not only in their locations in the Galaxy, but also in their chemical

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composition, age, and orbital motions around the center of the Galaxy. Population I stars are found only in the
disk and follow nearly circular orbits around the galactic center. Examples are bright supergiant stars,
main sequence stars of high luminosity (spectral classes O and B), which are concentrated in the spiral
arms, and members of young open star clusters. Interstellar matter and molecular clouds are found in the
same places as
population I stars.
Population II stars show no correlation with the location of the spiral arms. These objects are found
throughout the Galaxy. Some are in the disk, but many others follow eccentric elliptical orbits that carry
them high above the galactic disk into the halo. Examples include stars surrounded by planetary nebulae and
RR Lyrae variable
stars. The stars in globular clusters, found almost entirely in the Galaxy’s halo, are also classified as population
II.
Population I includes stars with a wide range of ages. While some are as old as 10 billion years,
others are still forming today. For example, the Sun, which is about 5 billion years old, is a population I star. But
so are the massive young stars in the Orion Nebula that have formed in the last few million years. Population II,
on the other hand, consists entirely of old stars that formed very early in the history of the Galaxy; typical ages
are 11 to 13 billion years.
We also now have good determinations of the compositions of stars. These are based on analyses of the stars’
detailed spectra. Nearly all stars appear to be composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, but their abundances
of the heavier elements differ. In the Sun and other population I stars, the heavy elements (those heavier than
hydrogen and helium) account for 1–4% of the total stellar mass. Population II stars in the outer galactic halo
and in globular clusters have much lower abundances of the heavy elements—often less than one-hundredth
the concentrations found in the Sun and in rare cases even lower. The oldest population II star discovered to
date has less than one ten-millionth as much iron as the Sun, for example.
As we discussed in earlier chapters, heavy elements are created deep within the interiors of stars. They
are added to the Galaxy’s reserves of raw material when stars die, and their material is recycled into new
generations of stars. Thus, as time goes on, stars are born with larger and larger supplies of heavy elements.
Population II stars formed when the abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium was low.
Population I stars formed later, after mass lost by dying members of the first generations of stars had seeded
the interstellar medium with elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. Some are still forming now, when
further generations have added to the supply of heavier elements available to new stars.

35. What is the biggest difference between population I and population II stars.

36. What population star is the sun.

37. Where do we find young hot blue stars?

38. Which population stars do we find in the halo?