Introduction to Electrical Engineering BESCK104B

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGNEERING (22ESC142/242)

MODULE-1

Syllabus: Introduction: Conventional and non-conventional energy resources;

General structure of electrical power systems using single line diagram approach.
Power Generation: Hydel, Nuclear, Solar & wind power generation (Block
Diagram approach).
DC Circuits: Ohm‟s Law and its limitations. KCL & KVL, series, parallel,
series-parallel circuits. Simple Numerical.

INTRODUCTION
CONVENTIONAL & NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCE

Conventional Energy Resource

Conventional energy sources are naturally present and have been in use for
many years these are also known as non-renewable energy sources, which are
present in a limited quantity and take over hundreds of years to form.
Ex: Coal, petroleum, firewood, fossil fuels , straw etc.

Non-Conventional Energy Resource

The Non-Conventional energy sources are the sources of energy which are
used as the alternative of conventional energy sources. These are also known
as renewable energy sources. Which are available abundance in nature and
being regularly generated in short time.
Ex: Solar, wind, tidal, biomass energy etc.

Difference between Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Resource

Conventional Energy Non-Conventional Energy

• The sources of energy that • The energy sources whose
have been used all around evolution has been done the
the world for a long time are recent years are known as non-
called conventional energy conventional energy sources.
sources.
• Non-conventional sources are
• Conventional sources of available in abundance in nature.
energy available are limited
quantity in nature. • Ex: sun, wind, tides, water,
• Ex: coal, petroleum, natural biofuels, etc.
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gas, firewood, etc.

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering BESCK104B

• These sources are mainly • These sources are used at small

used at large scale in scale in domestic and specific
commercial and industrial commercial and industrial
applications such in thermal applications such as solar power
power plants, fuel in for houses, offices, etc.
vehicles, etc. • These
• Theseare Non are renewable and pollution
renewable and are not free
pollution free.

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

The electrical power supply system consists of 3 divisions:

1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution
The power is generated in generating station. The transmission system is to
deliver power from generating station to centers and to large industrial
consumers. The distribution system is to deliver from centers to various
consumers.
The single line diagram is as shown below
Single line diagram

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▪ The block diagram and single line diagram is as shown in fig.

▪ The electrical power is generated by alternators in generating stations.
▪ Usually the generated voltage is 11KV in certain cases 33KV also.
▪ In order to reduce the copper loss and for economy reasons the voltage is
stepped up from 11KV to 220KV using step up transformers.
▪ The Primary transmission lines transmit the power from generating station to
various substations.
▪ At this substation the voltage is step down from 220KV to 33KV by using step
down transformer.
▪ Then the secondary transmission lines transmit the power to various
substations and to large Industries.
▪ In primary distribution station the voltage is step down to 33KV to 11KV
using step down Transformer.
▪ These substations transmit the power to various areas and to the medium scale
industries.
▪ In each area using step down transformer the voltage is step down to 11KV to
415V
▪ The most of domestic, commercial and small scale industries are supplied
power at low voltage i,e 415V to 3-Phase load and 230V to single phase loads.

POWER GENERATION

Hydro power generation

Hydro power plants convert the potential energy of falling water into electricity.
The block diagram of a hydro power station is as shown below.

General Layout of Hydro power plant

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Block diagram of Hydro power plant

In Hydroelectric power stations the water can be store in a man-made lake,

or reservoir. When water is released through the gates of reservoir, it spins a
turbine which is placed below and water turbine captures the energy of the falling
water. This turbine is coupled with the armature of an alternator which converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy. The controller controls the flow of
water so that the turbine rotates at constant speed.

Hydroelectric power stations are becoming very popular because the reserves of
fuels (i.e., coal and oil) are depleting day by day. They have the added importance
for flood control, storage of water for irrigation and water for drinking purposes.

Nuclear power generation

Nuclear Power plants is a thermal power plant where heat generated by nuclear
fission is used to drive the turbine. The block diagram is as shown below.

General Layout of Nuclear power plant

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Block diagram of Nuclear power plant

Nuclear fission inside the Nuclear reactor generates heat. The coolant in the
circuit gets heated by observing the heat and enters into a steam generator. In this
feed water is heated and converted to steam. The steam from the steam generator
enters into the turbine and rotates the turbine. This turbine is coupled with the
armature of an alternator which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. After that the steam will moved to the condenser and converted to water
which is pumped back to steam generator. The cycle is repeated continuously for
generation of power.

Wind power generation

In wind power generation the wind energy is used to generate electricity. The
wind energy is converted into mechanical energy by an aero turbine. The block
diagram is as shown below.
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The mechanical power is transferred through gears to the generator to increase

its speed. Since rotor speeds are low, a gear system is necessary to match the
synchronous speed of the generator. Due to fluctuations in wind speed, it not
possible to obtain a power supply of a fixed frequency from windmills. To
overcome this problem, the output of generator is rectified and converted into
AC with the help of inverter.

Solar power generation

In a Solar power plant the electricity is generated using photo voltaic system
consists of PV array. The block diagram is as shown below

Solar power is harnessed using Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology that converts
sunlight into electricity by using semiconductors.
When the sun hits the semiconductor within the PV cell, electrons are freed and
bus bars collect the running electrons which results in electric current.
When the Solar panels are placed in the sunlight in a calculated manner, they start
producing current and voltage in the form of Direct current (DC) but in most of
the countries the appliances and equipment runs on Alternative current (AC) so
the Solar panels are connected to an Inverter which then converts DC into AC for
home use.

Ohm‟s Law
German physicist Georg Ohm derived relationship between voltage, current and
resistance in an electrical circuit called ohm‟s law.

It states that “The potential difference applied across the circuit, is directly
proportional current flowing through the circuit provided the temperature remains
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Constant ".
Introduction to Electrical Engineering BESCK104B

VαI
V=RI
R - Constant of proportionality called Resistance of a conductor in ohm‟s (Ω).

V – Potential difference across the circuit or voltage in volts (V).

I - Current in Amps (A).

Limitations of Ohm‟s law

▪ It is not applicable to non-metallic conductors like silicon carbide.

▪ It is not applicable to non-linear devices like diodes.
▪ It is not applicable to 'arc lamps', because arc produced exhibits non-
linear characteristics.
Kirchhoff‟s Law
Kirchhoff's circuit laws are deals with the two parameters in the electric circuit -
current and potential difference. They were first described in 1845 by German
physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. He generalized the work of Georg Ohm.

i) Kirchhoff‟s Current Law (KCL)

Statement: It states that “The Algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a
junction in an electric circuit is equal to zero.”

ΣI=0
Example: Consider a junction in an electrical network as shown in the [Link]
currents I1 and I3 are taken as positive as they are entering the junction. While
I2 and I4 are negative as leaving the junction.

I2
4
I1

I3
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Applying KCL to the above circuit

I1 – I2 + I3- I 4 = 0
I,e I1 + I3 = I2 +I 4
“The total current flowing towards a junction is equal to the total current
leaving the junction.”
Note: Sign convention: The currents entering the junction taken as positive and
the currents leaving the junction are taken as negative.

ii) Kirchhoff‟s Voltage law [KVL]

Statement: “In any closed path, the algebraic sum of the Emf‟s and the
voltage drops across the circuit elements is equal to zero. “

Σ Emf + Σ IR drops = 0
Example: Consider an electrical network as shown in fig
I R1 R2

+ - + -
V2
V1

Applying KVL to the loop

- IR1 - IR2 + V2 + V1 = 0

V1+ V2 = IR1 + IR2

Note: Sign convention: while tracing the path across

i) If its moving from „+‟ to „-„then it is voltage drop therefore take as negative.
ii) If its moving from „-‟ to „+„then it is voltage rise therefore take as Positive.
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Electrical Power
The rate at which electrical work is done in a circuit is called Electrical Power.
Electrical power is denoted by P and measured in Watt (W).
P=V I
P = (IR) I = I2 R [V = IR]
2
P = V (𝑉 ) = 𝑉
[I=V/R]
𝑅 𝑅
P=VI = I2 R = watts

Energy
Energy is defined as the amount of electrical work is done in a circuit in a
specified time.

It is denoted as „E‟ and measured in Joules (J).

E=VI t = I2 R t = joules

Analysis of Series and Parallel Circuits

I. Series Circuit
In a series circuit the finishing end of one resistor is connected to starting end of
another resistor.
Consider three resistances connected series.

In series circuit the current flowing through all the resistances is same.
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Let „I‟ be the current flowing through all the resistors.

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Let V1, V2, and V3 be the voltages drops across the resistances R1 ,R2 and
R3 respectively

The supply voltage „V‟ is the sum of the voltage drops across the resistances.

I,e V = V1 + V2 + V3
According to Ohm‟s law

V1 = IR1 V2 = IR2 V3 = IR3

Applying Ohm‟s law to the overall circuit V= I RT

RT - is the Total or equivalent resistance of the circuit
V = V1 + V2 + V3
I RT = IR1 + IR2 +IR3
I RT = I [R1 + R2 +R3]

RT = R1 + R2 +R3

Thus the Total or Equivalent Resistance in a series Circuit is equal to the Sum
of the resistances connected in series.

Inference
➢ In Series circuit the same current is flowing through all resistances.

➢ The supply voltage „V‟ is the sum of the individual voltage drops across
the each resistance.

➢ If „N‟ resistances connected in series then

RT= R1+ R2+R3+ -------------- +RN

and V= V1 + V2+ ------------ +VN

II. Parallel Circuit

In a Parallel circuit the starting end of all the resistor are connected to one point
and finishing end of all the resistors are connected to another point.
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Consider three resistances connected in parallel.

In parallel circuit the voltage applied across each resistance is equal to the
supply voltage.
Let „I‟ be the current drawn from the supply.
Let I1, I2, and I3 be the Current through the resistances R1 ,R2 and R3
respectively.

I,e I= I1 + I2 + I3
According to Ohm‟s law

I1 = 𝑉 I2 = 𝑉 I3 = 𝑉
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑉

Applying Ohm‟s law to the overall circuit I=

RT

Req - is the Total or equivalent resistance of the circuit

I= I1 + I2 + I3
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
= + +𝑅
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 3

𝑉 1
= V[ 1 + + 1]
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 1 𝑅2 𝑅3
+ +
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Thus the reciprocal of Total or Equivalent Resistance in a parallel Circuit is equal

to the Sum of the reciprocal of individual resistances connected in parallel.

Inference
➢ In Parallel circuit the voltage across each resistance is equal to supply
voltage.

➢ The total current „I‟ is the sum of the currents drawn by the each
resistance.

➢ If „N‟ resistances connected in parallel then

1 1 1 1 1
= + + -----------+
𝑅𝑇 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
1 2 3 𝑵

and I= I1 + I2+ ------------ +IN

Note: When 2 Resistances are connected in parallel then the Total resistance is

1 1 1
= +
𝑅T 𝑅1 𝑅2

1 𝑅1+𝑅2
=
𝑅T 𝑅1𝑅2

𝑹1+𝑹2
𝑹T 𝑹1𝑹2
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III. Current Division in Parallel circuit of Resistors

Consider a parallel circuit of two resistors R1 and R2 connected across a supply
Voltage of „V‟ Volts.

Let I1 and I2 be the Current through the resistances R1 and R2 respectively.

I,e I= I1 + I2 ----------------------------------- 1
According to Ohm‟s law
𝑉 𝑉
I1 = and I2 =
𝑅1 R2

We know that in parallel circuit the voltage across each resistance is equal to
supply voltage.
I,e V= V1= V2

Where V1 and V2 is the voltage across R1 and R2

wkt V1=I1 R1 and V2 =I2 R2

Therefore I1 R1 =I2 R2
2 R2
I1 =

Substitute I1 in equation 1 we get

I= I1 + I2
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I2 R2
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I= + I2
R1
Introduction to Electrical Engineering BESCK104B

R2
I = I2 [ + 1]
R1

R2 +R1
I = I2 [ ]
R1

Therefore

Similarly

List of Formulas
1. By ohm‟s Law V=I R , I= 𝑉 , and R= 𝑉
𝑅 𝐼
2. In series Circuit RT= R1+ R2+R3+ -------------- RN
3. 1
In Parallel circuit = 1 +1+ 1 𝑅T 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

If two resistances are in parallel 𝑅T = 𝑅1𝑅2

𝑅1+R2
4. The current division in parallel circuit
Total current x Resistance in an another branch
Current in a branch =
sum of the resistances

I R2 I R1
I,e I1 = and I2 =
R1+𝑅2 R1+𝑅2

5. Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) ΣI=0

Total Sum of Incoming Currents = Total sum of outgoing Currents
6. Kirchhoff‟s Voltage law (KVL) Σ Emf + Σ IR drops = 0

2
𝑉2 𝑡
7. Electrical Power P=VI = I R = watts
𝑅

2
𝑉2 𝑡
8. Energy E=VI t = I R t = joules
𝑅
Introduction to Electrical Engineering BESCK104B

I R1
I2 =

IR2
I1 =
R1+𝑅2

Sign Convention

A **rise in potential should be considered positive and fall in potential should be

considerednegative.

(i) From the positive terminal of the battery to the negative terminal, there is a fall in
potential andthe e.m.f. should be assigned negative sign.
(ii) From the negative terminal to the positive terminal of the battery or source, there
is a rise inpotential and the e.m.f should be assigned positive sign.

(iii) When current flows through a resistor, there is a voltage drop across it. If we go through
the resistor in the same direction as the current, there is a fall in potential because current
flows from higher potential to lower potential. Hence this voltage drop should be
assigned negative sign.
(iv) On the other hand, if we go through the resistor against the current flow, there
is a rise inpotential and the voltage drop should be given positive sign.
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Problems on DC circuits

1. A circuit consists of two parallel resistors having resistances of 20 Ω and

30 Ω respectively, connected in series with a 15 Ω resistor. If the current
through 15 Ω resistor is 3A, find (i) the current in 20 Ω and 30 Ω resistors,
(ii) the voltage across the whole circuit, (iii) voltage drop across 15Ω
resistor and (iv) the total power and power consumed in all
resistors.
R1=20Ω
15Ω
Solution:
R2=30Ω
3A

+ -

V volts

I20Ω =? I30 Ω =?
V=? V15Ω =? P=?
p15Ω =? p20Ω =? P30 Ω =?
Current through the 15Ω resistor I15Ω =I =3A the total current of the
circuit
IR2
i) The current through 20Ω is I20Ω =
R1+𝑅2

3X30
I20Ω =
30+20

I20Ω = 1.8A
I R1
The current through 30Ω is I30Ω =
R1+𝑅2
3X20
I30Ω =
30+20

I30Ω = 1.2A
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ii) Supply Voltage V=?

Wkt V= I RT
RT = ( 20|| 30) +15
20 𝑋 30 𝑅 1𝑅 2
𝑅T = + 15 [𝑅p = ]
20+30 𝑅1+R2

𝑅T = 12+15 =27 Ω
Therefore
V= I RT= 3 X 27
V= 81 V

iii) Voltage across 15Ω is V15Ω = current flowing through the resistance X
value of resistance
= 3X15
V15Ω = 45 V

iv) Power consumed by the circuit P=?

Power consumed by the 15Ω resistor P15Ω= I215Ω x R
= (32)x 15 = 135 watts
Power consumed by the 20Ω resistor P20Ω= I220Ω x R
= (1.8 2)x 20= 64.8watts
Power consumed by the 30Ω resistor P30Ω= I230Ω x R
= (1.22)x 30 = 43.2watts
Total Power consumed by the circuit
P= 135+64.8+43.2 or P= VI= 81x3

P= 243 Watts
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2. An 8-ohm resistor is in series with a parallel combination of two resistors

12 ohm and 6 ohms. If the voltage drop across 8ohm is 30V. find (i) the
current in 12 Ω and 6 Ω resistors, (ii) the total power and power consumed
by each resistor iii) Voltage drop across 6Ω resistor iv) supply voltage .
Solution: R1= 12Ω
8Ω

30V R2= 6Ω
I

+ -
V volts

I12Ω =? I6Ω =? P=?

Total or current through 8Ω I = V8Ω /R = 30 / 8
I= 3.75 A

I R2 3. 75X6
i) I12Ω = I12Ω = 1.25A
=
R1+𝑅2 12+6

I R1 3.75X 12
I6Ω = I6Ω = 2.5A
=
R1+𝑅2 12+6

ii) Power consumed by the circuit P=?

Power consumed by the 8Ω resistor P15Ω= I28Ω x R

= (3.752)x 8 = 112.5 watts

Power consumed by the 20Ω resistor P20Ω= I220Ω x R

= (1.25 2)x 12= 18.75watts

Power consumed by the 30Ω resistor P30Ω= I230Ω x R

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= 2.52x 6 = 37.5watts
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Total Power consumed by the circuit

P= 112.5+18.75+37.5

P= 168.75 Watts

iii) Voltage Drop across 6Ω resistor = I6Ω X R

= 2.5 X6

V6Ω = 15 V = V12Ω
iv) Supply or Total Voltage

V= Voltage drop across 8Ω + Voltage drop across parallel combination

V = 30 +15

V =45 V

3. For the circuit shown below find the current through all the resistances
and the power consumed by the circuit
4Ω 2Ω
8Ω

8Ω
6Ω
30V

+ -

8V

Solution: I4Ω =? I6Ω =? I2Ω =? I8Ω =? P=?

𝑉
Wkt I=
Req

4𝑋6 2𝑋8
RT= (4 || 6) + ( 2 || 8)= + = 2.4 + 1.6 = 4Ω
4+6 2+8
R T =4 Ω
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𝑉 8 Total current I =2A

I= = =2A
RT 4
Introduction to Electrical Engineering BESCK104B

Total current x Resistance in an another branch

Current in a branch =
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
2x6
I4Ω = =1.2 A
4+6
2x4
I6Ω = =0.8 A
4+6
2x8
I2Ω = =1.6 A
8+2
2x2
I8Ω = =0.4 A
8+2

ii) The power Consumed by the circuit P= VI

= 8 x2 = 16watts
P = 16 watts

5. The two 12V batteries with internal resistance of 0.2Ω and 0.25Ω
respectively are joined parallel and resistance of 1Ω is placed across the
terminals. Find the current supplied by the battery and power consumed by
1Ω resistor.

0.25Ω 0.2Ω

12V 12V
1Ω

Solution:
(Refer class notes)
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7. Find current in the battery ,the current in branch and pd (potential

difference) across AB in the network shown.

Solution: (Refer class notes)

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14. Find the values of currents in all the branches of the network shown in
figure

Solution:

Let I be the current flowing from A to B

Applying KVL to LOOP ABCDEFA

-0.2I -0.1(I-60) -0.3I -0.1(I-120)

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-0.1(I-50) -0.2(I-80) =0
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-0.2I - 0.1I + 6 - 0.3I - 0.1I

+12- 0.1I +5 - 0.2I +16=0
-1I = -39A
I = 39A
Current in Branch AB is I = 39A
Current in Branch BC is I-60 = 39-60 =-21A
Current in Branch CD is I = 39A
Current in Branch DE is I-120 = 39-120 =-81A
Current in Branch EF is I-50 = 39- 50 =-11A
Current in Branch FA is I-80 = 39- 80 =-41A

[Link] the potential difference Vxy in the circuit shown

Solution:

Applying KVL to LOOP1

-3I1 -2I1+2 =0

-5I1=-2
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I1= -2\-5 =0.4A

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Applying KVL to LOOP2

-3I2 -5I2+4 =0

-8I2=-4

I2= -4\-8 =0.5A

To find the pd across XY

3I1+4-3I2 =Vxy

Vxy = 3(0.4) +4-3(0.5)

Vxy = 3.7V

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