INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-1BESC204B

MODULE 1

Power Generation: Conventional and non conventional energy sources. Single-line diagram of
power supply system showing power station, transmission system and distribution system.
Definition of power grid.

DC circuits: Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws, analysis of series, parallel and series-parallel
circuits. Power and energy. Problems

POWER GENERATION:

CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES

Energy is the ability of a physical system to perform work. We use energy in our daily lives from
various sources for doing work. We use muscular energy for carrying out physical work,
electrical energy for running multiple appliances, chemical energy for cooking food, etc.
There are two major sources of energy which is classified as:
 Conventional Sources
 Non-Conventional Sources
The classification of the sources of energy is as given below:

VIDYA G H, Asst Professor, Dept of ECE, GMIT Davangere

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-1BESC204B

1. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:

Conventional sources of energy are the natural energy resources which are present in
a limited quantity and are being used for a long time. They are also called non-renewable
sources as once they are depleted, they cannot be generated at the speed which can
sustain its consumption rate. They are formed from decaying matter over hundreds of
millions of years
Conventional sources of energy can be classified as commercial and non-
commercial energy.

1. Commercial Energy Sources:

The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known
as commercial energy. Coal, electricity and petroleum are known as commercial energy
Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural, transport and commercial
development
 Coal: It is a type of fossil fuel which is present beneath the surface of the Earth and was
formed by decomposed organic materials due to the high compression and temperature
due to Earth’s layers. It takes millions of years to form coal which we use. Therefore it is
a non-renewable energy resource.
 Oil and Natural Gas: Oil is considered liquid gold and one of the crucial energy sources.
These are also obtained from fossil fuels and are present beneath the surface of the Earth
and formed from decomposed organic materials. Natural gas and oil also take a very long
time to produce but can be used instantly therefore these are also known as non-
renewable energy resources. Oil is primarily used in planes, automobiles, trains and ships.
 Electricity is a form of energy, which can be produced using fossil fuels , nuclear power,
and renewable alternatives such as solar, wind, hydropower. As a common source of
energy, electricity is commonly used for commercial and domestic purposes.

2. Non-commercial Energy Sources:

The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are
classified as non-commercial energy. Generally, the freely available energy sources are
considered non-commercial energy sources. Examples of non-commercial energy sources
include straw, dried dung, firewood.
VIDYA G H, Asst Professor, Dept of ECE, GMIT Davangere
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-1BESC204B

 Fuelwood: It is required for cooking purpose. The total fuel wood consumption has been
estimated at about 223 million tonnes in 2001- 02.
 Agricultural wastes: It is also used how for cooing purpose. Agriculture waste are also
used as feed and fodder for animals, roofing materials in Katcha houses.
 Animal dung: Dried dung of animals is commonly used as fuel in our rural India, out of
the total estimated production of 324 million tonnes of animal dung, nearly 73 million
tonnes (22.5%) is burnt as fuel every year.
2. NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
Non-conventional sources are also known as renewable sources of energy. Non-
conventional sources of energy are the energy sources which are continuously
replenished by natural processes. These cannot be exhausted easily, can be generated
constantly so can be used again and again. Non-conventional sources of energy include
solar energy, bioenergy, tidal energy and wind energy.
 Solar Energy: Solar Energy is produced by sunlight. The photovoltaic cells are exposed
to sunlight based on the form of electricity that needs to be produced. The energy is
utilized for cooking and distillation of water.
 Wind Energy: Wind energy is generated by harnessing the power of wind .Big turbines,
called wind turbines are installed at such sites to tap this wind energy which drives these
turbines and as result, electricity is generated and mostly used in operating water pumps
for irrigation purposes.
 Tidal Energy: Tidal energy is generated by exploiting the tidal waves of the [Link] are
nothing but the rise and fall of the water level in the ocean the tides are created in the
ocean due to the rotation of the Earth and the attraction between Earth and the moon. The
tidal energy is captured by forming narrow dams at the narrow entrances of rivers.
During high tides and low tides, the motion of the water column is used to rotate the
turbines that produce electricity. This source is yet to be tapped due to the lack of cost-
effective technology.
 Biomass energy: Biomass energy is extracted from biological materials where biological
materials are formed from living organisms and plants. In the biomass power plant,
biomass is burnt into a combustor in order to produce heat which will be further
converted into mechanical energy in order to generate electricity. Biomass can also be

VIDYA G H, Asst Professor, Dept of ECE, GMIT Davangere

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-1BESC204B

converted into other forms of energy like fuels used in transportation, biodiesel or
methane gas depending on the requirements.
 Hydro energy: This energy is generally available in flowing rivers. A dam is formed to
store the water of the river at some convenient location. This stored water contains the
potential energy which can be converted into kinetic energy by giving a narrow passage
to the flow. Thus we get a water stream with high-speed that drives large turbines to
produce electricity.

 Difference Between Conventional and Non-conventional Sources of Energy:

Conventional Sources of Energy Non-conventional sources of energy

These sources of energy are also known as a These sources of energy are also known as a
non-renewable source of energy renewable source of energy

They find both commercial and industrial They are mainly used for household purposes
purposes

These can be considered to be one of the These are not responsible for the cause of
reasons for the cause of pollution pollution

Coal, fossil fuels are examples Wind, solar energy and Biomass are examples

VIDYA G H, Asst Professor, Dept of ECE, GMIT Davangere

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-1BESC204B

SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM SHOWING POWER STATION,

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
 A single line diagram also called as the one-line diagram. It is a symbolic or
simplified representation of an electrical power system in which a single line is used
to represent all the three phases of the system. It shows the flow of electrical power
from the generating station to consumers.
 It has a diagrammatic representation of all the equipment and connections.
 Single Line Diagrams do not show the exact electrical connections of the circuits. It
uses a single line to represent all three phases.
 They show the relative electrical interconnections of generators, transformers,
transmission and distribution lines, loads, circuit breakers, etc., used in assembling
the power system.
 The single line diagram of electrical power system is as shown in figure below.

VIDYA G H, Asst Professor, Dept of ECE, GMIT Davangere

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-1BESC204B

 The electrical energy is produced at generating stations, and through the transmission network, it
is transmitted to the consumers.
 Between the generating stations and the distribution stations, three different levels of voltage
such as transmission, sub-transmission and distribution level of voltage are used.
 The high voltage is required for long distance transmission and, the low voltage is required for
utility purposes. The voltage level is going on decreasing from the transmission system to the
distribution system.
 The electrical energy is generated by the three-phase synchronous generator(alternators) and the
generation voltage is usually 11kV and 33 KV.
 This voltage is too low for transmission over long distance. It is, therefore, stepped up to 132,
220, 400 KV, or more by step-up transformers.
 At that voltage, the electrical energy is transmitted to the bulk power substation where energy is
supplied from several power substations.
 The voltage at these substations is stepped down to 66KV and fed to the sub-transmission system
for onward transmission to the distribution sub-stations.
 The Primary transmission lines transmit the power from generating station to primary
substations.
 At this primary substation the voltage is step down to 33KV by using step down
transformer.
 Then the secondary transmission lines transmit the power to various substations and to large
Industries.
 In primary distribution station the voltage is step down to 33KV to 11KV using step down
Transformer.
 These substations are located in the region of the load centres. The voltage is further stepped
down to 33KV and 11KV.
 The large industrial consumers are supplied at the primary distribution level of 33KV while the
smaller industrial consumer is supplied at 11KV.
 The voltage is stepped down further by a distribution transformer located in the residential and
commercial area, where it is supplied to these consumers at the secondary distribution level of
400V three phase and 230V single phase.

VIDYA G H, Asst Professor, Dept of ECE, GMIT Davangere

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-1BESC204B

DEFINITION OF POWER GRID.

A power grid is an interconnected network of electrical systems used to generate, transmit, and
distribute electrical power from power stations to consumers safely and efficiently.
OR
A power grid is a network that connects power plants to consumers for the supply of electricity.
Main Components of a Power Grid:
1. Generating stations – It produce electrical energy.
2. Transmission lines – It carry power over long distances at high voltage.
3. Substations and transformers – control and change voltage levels.
4. Distribution system – supplies electricity to homes, industries, and commercial users.
Functions of Power Grid:
 Transfers electrical energy from generating stations to users.
 Maintains continuous and reliable power supply.
 Balances electricity generation and demand.
 Reduces power interruptions and improves efficiency.
Advantages of Power Grid
 Reliable power supply
 Better load sharing
 Reduced power failure
 Improved system efficiency
 Economical operation of power stations 
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VIDYA G H, Asst Professor, Dept of ECE, GMIT Davangere