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Integrity | Higher education cover sheet for submission of work for assessment 0806 0220 | 1 of 1
 BUNDOORA EAST CAMPUS
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA

Laboratory
Practices

01-05 FEB 2021 ────

RESIDENTIAL Special
Workshops

VISIT (ONLINE) ────

LAB REPORT BOOKLET Industry Projects

────

Important notes: Explore the

Submission of satisfactory reports on all laboratory Campus
work is a condition for academic completion of the
program ────

Report Writing

STUDENT NUMBER S3715855

STUDENT NAME MYAT SHUNN LET AUNG

DATE SUBMITTED 1 APR 2021

© RMIT University |
 School of Engineering

Course Code: MIET 2422

Course Name: Fluid Mechanics of Mechanical Systems

Experiment Title: Measurement of Airflow

Lab Instructor: Video on Canvas by Simon Watkins

Lab venue: Cyberspace and Building 56 – Level 2 – Room 30

NOTES:

1. This laboratory requires students to submit a formal report.

2. Lab report should be in format mentioned on page 8 of this document.
3. Front page of your report should include –
a. Course code, name, and experiment title
b. Student name
c. Student number
d. Date
4. Submission is ONLINE VIA CANVAS

School of Engineering 1
Introduction and Objectives
Measurement of the average volume flow rate in a pipe or duct or the velocity at a point is essential
in many engineering applications (both laboratory and real-world environments). Examples include
providing information for plant process control, determining the airflow rate in an engine intake
manifold for the Engine Control Unit (ECU), or measurement of the airspeed of an aircraft. Flow
meters can utilise many different principles (vortex shedding, forced cooling from heated surfaces
etc.) but the most common simple types are based on the pressure change across either an
obstruction in the flow or a change in duct cross-sectional area. Venturi meters and orifice flow
meters are widely used.

For measurement of velocity at a point in a fluid the most common instrument is a pitot-static tube.
Point measurements can be integrated across planes in the flow to give volume flow rates. Detailed
description about these flow meters have been given in your lectures and can be found in any
standard fluid mechanics book. The purpose of this laboratory class is to familiarise yourselves with
measurement methods, including the use of Bernoulli’s equation and the continuity equation. The
first objective is for you to calculate and compare the flow rates from the venturi meter, the orifice
plate, and the pitot-static tube traverse and the second objective is to look at the flow profiles in a
real duct downstream from a centrifugal fan.

The following characteristics for the use of any obstruction flow meters are desirable:

 Accurate, reliable, and repeatable measurements

 Small energy loss in the system, so that the intrusive effect on the system being
measured is small
 Inexpensive
 Minimum space requirement

The venturi flow meter satisfies the first two requirements, and the orifice flow meter satisfies the
last two requirements. Venturi meters are comprised of a reduction in the pipe area, followed by a
short section of straight (smaller diameter) pipe followed by a gradual expansion, see Figure 3. The
changes in duct area are gradual so that the flow does not separate (e.g., “break away” from the
duct walls). In contrast, orifice plates are plates with circular holes that are smaller than the duct
diameter and these are placed across the duct, forcing the flow to separate.

Orifices plates are one of the cheapest and easiest metering devices to install since the orifice can be
simply clamped between pipe flanges. Orifice flow meters induce a strong flow separation, and their
energy losses are significant compared to venturi flow meters. Due to the flow losses, the actual
volume flow rate passed for the pressure drop will be less than predicted by a calculation assuming
no losses (e.g., just using Continuity and Bernoulli’s equations) and needs a correction for the losses.
Therefore, a parameter called “Discharge Coefficient, CD” is introduced to account for this
discrepancy. The discharge coefficient for certain cases is standardised by the ISO, ASME and British
Standards. Compliance of an orifice flow meter with standard discharge coefficients is often
required. Therefore, in this experimental work, it is required to evaluate the flow discharge
coefficients of an orifice flow meter and compare with standard coefficients and Venturi.

School of Engineering 2
Equipment
The Airflow Developments Rig - a duct with a conical intake, a centrifugal fan, a Pitot-static traverse,
an orifice plate, and venturi meter (see Figure 1). A Pitot-static tube with flexible plastic tubing (see
Figure 2). Inclinable Manometers each with a thermometer and barometer (see Fig 3, and the latter
can be used to measure the atmospheric pressure, but you can use one from the Bureau of
Meteorology site).

A damper at the end of the duct that gives flow control (see Figure 4)

Figure 1 Experimental apparatus – the Airflow Developments Rig

Figure 2 Close up of pitot-static tube

School of Engineering 3
 Figure 3 Venturi meter and manometers

Figure 4 Method of flow control via the damper

School of Engineering 4
Experimental Procedure (That Should Have Been Followed)
For the experiment, follow the below mentioned steps:

1. Record your local values of atmospheric pressure and temperature.

2. Connect the manometers to measure the pressure differences across the Pitot static tube, the
orifice plate, and the venturi meter.

This involves connecting the plastic tubes from each end of a manometer (one end goes from the
reservoir and the other from the top of the corresponding inclined tube) to the two pressure taps on
each instrument. Think carefully which end should be connected to which and why. If in any doubt,
ask the supervisor since if you get it wrong fluid will get into the tubes and this will result in severe
delays whilst the tubes are cleared out and the manometers refilled with fluid.

3. Check bases of manometers are level using the spirit levels and levelling screws.
4. Check angle of manometer and record appropriate correction factor.
5. Check that manometers are correctly “zeroed”.

The manometer reading should be zero when there is zero pressure difference acting between the
two inputs.

6. Switch on the fan with controller (screw damper at the duct end) fully closed.

By unscrewing the damper, you can vary the flow rate through the duct. Note that a linear
movement of the damper does not result in linear changes to the flow rate.

7. Look at the pressure differences across the Venturi meter and Orifice plate. There should be no
change across them if there is no flow in the duct. If there are any pressure differences, it
means that the damper is not fully close or there is a leak in the duct.
8. Open the damper fully. You will now see readings on all manometers.
9. With the damper fully open take 16 measurements with the Pitot static tube ensuring it is
reasonably aligned with the flow (by eye is sufficient).

School of Engineering 5
 16 flow measurement points

Figure 5 Duct cross-section with measurement points

Data Processing and Plotting

Using the data supplied to each group calculate the velocities at each of the sixteen points which lie
at the intersection of four equally spaced vertical and horizontal lines across the duct. Plot these
data out and compare the shapes with those you have learnt about in the lectures.

You must then use these sixteen measured points and the zero velocity points at the surface of the
duct (i.e. the no-slip condition) to determine the average velocity in the duct and from this
determine an estimate of the “Actual Volume Flow Rate”, 𝑄̇ Act.

Determination of Discharge Coefficients

To do this you will need to use the pressure differences across the flow meter in question, and from
this and given data determine the “Theoretical Volume Flow Rate”, 𝑄̇ Th. coefficient is then the ratio
between 𝑄̇ Act and 𝑄̇ Th.

School of Engineering 6
Table of Raw Data

Atmospheric Pressure Ambient Temperature

Test One Pitot-static manometer Venturi manometer Orifice plate manometer Damper position
Varying reading reading reading (Rotation)
Pitot static
position
Units = Units = Units =
Correction factor = Correction factor = Correction factor =
1 Fully Open
2 Fully Open
3 Fully Open
4 Fully Open
5 Fully Open
6 Fully Open
7 Fully Open
8 Fully Open
9 Fully Open
10 Fully Open
11 Fully Open
12 Fully Open
13 Fully Open
14 Fully Open
15 Fully Open
16 Fully Open
Test Two Pitot-static manometer Venturi manometer Orifice plate manometer Damper Position
Varying reading reading reading (Rotation)
damper
position
1 Fully Open
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 Closed

School of Engineering 7
Report Content
Lab report should include the following:
1. Abstract: A summary of the most important findings and including brief comments
(e.g., One-two sentences) on each element: objective, method, results, and findings.
2. Introduction – A brief introduction to your report. Try to discuss the lab and avoid
generalised comments.
3. Method – Explain the lab procedure, be concise but do not just duplicate the lab
brief.
4. Results and sample calculations – Present your results. This should include sample
calculations for one row of data, tables of raw data and processed results and
graphs.
5. Discussion: Analysis and discussion of your results. Hint – refer to actual numerical
results in your discussion; think about how your results compare with what you are
expecting.
6. Conclusion: Your conclusion on the outcome of this lab.
7. References: References (such as textbooks, lecture notes, lab manual, technical
articles etc.) you have used to understand and perform this lab.

Please pay attention to general presentation and quality of written work – remember to set
aside time for proof reading and editing before submission.

School of Engineering 8
Some Relevant Theory
Ambient air density

Ambient air density must be calculated using Ideal Gas Law. Air density at ambient temperature is
given by the equation:

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 =
𝑅𝑇
With the gas constant, R, being equal to 287.4 J/kg-K for air, the absolute temperature, T , being
given in Kelvin (= temperature in °C + 273), and the atmospheric pressure given in Pa, the density will
be in kg/m3.

Bernoulli’s Equation (ignoring any losses)

𝜌𝑉12 𝜌𝑉22
𝑝1 + + 𝜌𝑔𝑧1 = 𝑝2 + + 𝜌𝑔𝑧2
2 2
Air Velocity

This may be calculated for any point in the flow by appropriate use of the Bernoulli equation.

This is the equation to be used when employing a Pitot-static tube to determine the flow speed.

2(𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑝_𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐)
𝑉=√ 𝑚/𝑠
𝜌_𝑎𝑖𝑟

Continuity Equation

Mass flow rate across any section should be constant through the duct.

𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 𝑉𝐴2
Since the density is constant in this case:

𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝐴2
(all along the duct)

Volume Flow Rate

The actual volume flow rate across a section of the duct is given by the equation.

𝑄̇𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝐴𝑉̅ 𝑚3 / 𝑠
Where 𝑉̅ is the average flow speed across the relevant section of the duct?

School of Engineering 9
Volume Flow Rate

The venturi and the orifice plate will enable you to calculate the volume flow rate, 𝑄̇ th, based on a
relevant measured pressure difference and areas and a knowledge of the discharge coefficients CD.

2(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )
𝑄̇𝑡ℎ = 𝐴2
√ 𝐴2 2
𝜌 (1 − ( ) )
𝐴1

In this equation subscript “1” refers to a section in the duct upstream of the flow meter. For the
venturi and orifice plate, subscript “2” refers to the “throat” section, which is where the flow meter
has its minimum area.

The above equation is developed from the Bernoulli equation, and assumes that there is no energy
loss between sections “1” and “2”. However, the nature of the real flow in and around the flow
meter does lead to energy loss and so 𝑄̇ th is not an accurate estimate of the actual volume flow rate.
However, 𝑄̇ th calculated with the above equation can be used in practice to lead us to an estimate of
the actual volume flow rate if we know the fluid discharge coefficient, CD (defined below). That is,
the discharge coefficient is a “calibration factor” that allows us to obtain a true value from a
theoretical approach. You will need to find and use typical values of CD which have been given in
your lectures and can be found easily from the internet or any good fluid mechanics textbook.

Fluid Discharge Coefficient

𝑄̇𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐶𝐷 =
𝑄̇𝑡ℎ

𝑄̇𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝐶𝐷 𝑄̇𝑡ℎ

Data you will require for this experiment:

Parameter Value
Duct internal diameter 140 mm
Venturi throat internal diameter 89 mm
Orifice plate internal diameter 108 mm
Duct dimensions (Perspex section) 115 mm (W) × 128 mm (H)

School of Engineering 10
1) Analysis

Atmospheric Pressure 100 kPa Ambient Temperature 22 deg C

Test One Pitot-static manometer Venturi manometer Orifice plate manometer Damper position
Varying reading reading reading (Rotation)
Pitot static
position

Units = mm Units = mm Units = mm

Correction factor = 0.2 Correction factor = 0.2 Correction factor = 0.2
1 84 431 403 Fully Open
2 86 431 403 Fully Open
3 77 431 403 Fully Open
4 84 431 403 Fully Open
5 97 431 403 Fully Open
6 85 431 403 Fully Open
7 81 431 403 Fully Open
8 89 431 403 Fully Open
9 99 431 403 Fully Open
10 99 431 403 Fully Open
11 89 431 403 Fully Open
12 89 431 403 Fully Open
13 110 431 403 Fully Open
14 100 431 403 Fully Open
15 96 431 403 Fully Open
16 97 431 403 Fully Open
Table 1 - Table of Raw Data

School of Engineering 11
Given Data

Correction Factor = 0.2

Atmospheric Pressure = 100 kPa

Ambient Temperature = 22 ℃ = 295 K

Gas Constant, R = 287.4 j/kg.K

Ambient Air Density

air = Patm / RT

= 100 000 / (287.4 x 295)

= 1.1795 kg/m3

Area

Duct Internal Diameter = 140 mm

Venturi Throat Internal Diameter = 89 mm

Venturi Throat Area, AVent = π x 0.0445 = 0.0062 m2

Orifice Plate Internal Diameter = 108 mm

Orifice Plate Area, AOP = π x 0.054 = 0.0092 m2

Duct dimensions (Perspex section) = 115 mm (W) × 128 mm (H)

Duct Area, AD = 0.115 x 0.128 = 0.01472 m2

School of Engineering 12
2) Sample Calculation

Pressure

Pitot static tube at position 1, PStat =  g h

=  x g x 0.2L

= 800 x 9.81 x 0.2 x 0.084

= 131.8464 Pa

Venturi, PVent = 800 x 9.81 x 0.2 x 0.431

= 676.4976 Pa

Orific Plate, POP = 800 x 9.81 x 0.2 x 0.403

= 632.5488 Pa

Air Velocity

Pitot static tube at position 1, vStatic = (2 P / air )0.5

= (2 x 131.846 / 1.1795)0.5

= 14.9520 m/s

Venturi, vVenti = (2 x 676.4976 / 1.1795)0.5

= 33.8687 m/s

Orific Plate, vOP = (2 x 632.5488 / 1.1795)0.5

= 32.7501 m/s

Volume Flow Rate

Pitot static tube at position 1, 𝑄̇ Static = A v

= 0.01472 x 14.9520

= 0.2201 m3/s

Venturi, 𝑄̇ Vent = 0.0062 x 33.8687

= 0.2100 m3/s

Orific Plate, 𝑄̇ OP = 0.0092 x 32.7501

= 0.3013 m3/s
School of Engineering 13
3) Pressure Data at Sixteen Points

Pitot Pitot- Orifice

Venturi
static Static Plate
(Pa)
position (Pa) (Pa)
1 131.8464 676.4976 632.5488
2 134.9856 676.4976 632.5488
3 120.8592 676.4976 632.5488
4 131.8464 676.4976 632.5488
5 152.2512 676.4976 632.5488
6 133.4160 676.4976 632.5488
7 127.1376 676.4976 632.5488
8 139.6944 676.4976 632.5488
9 155.3904 676.4976 632.5488
10 155.3904 676.4976 632.5488
11 139.6944 676.4976 632.5488
12 139.6944 676.4976 632.5488
13 172.6560 676.4976 632.5488
14 156.9600 676.4976 632.5488
15 150.6816 676.4976 632.5488
16 152.2512 676.4976 632.5488
Table 2 – Pressure in Pa

200.0000

180.0000

160.0000

140.0000

120.0000

100.0000

80.0000

60.0000

40.0000

20.0000

0.0000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Figure 6 - Pitot Static Pressure in Pa

School of Engineering 14
4) Air Velocity at Sixteen Points

Pitot Pitot- Orifice

Venturi
static Static Plate
(m/s)
position (m/s) (m/s)
1 14.9520 33.8687 32.7501
2 15.1290 33.8687 32.7501
3 14.3155 33.8687 32.7501
4 14.9520 33.8687 32.7501
5 16.0674 33.8687 32.7501
6 15.0408 33.8687 32.7501
7 14.6826 33.8687 32.7501
8 15.3906 33.8687 32.7501
9 16.2322 33.8687 32.7501
10 16.2322 33.8687 32.7501
11 15.3906 33.8687 32.7501
12 15.3906 33.8687 32.7501
13 17.1103 33.8687 32.7501
14 16.3140 33.8687 32.7501
15 15.9844 33.8687 32.7501
16 16.0674 33.8687 32.7501
Table 3 - Air Velocity in m/s

17.5000

17.0000

16.5000

16.0000

15.5000

15.0000

14.5000

14.0000

13.5000

13.0000

12.5000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Figure 7 - Pitot Static Air Velocity in m/s

School of Engineering 15
5) Actual Volume Flow Rate at Sixteen Points

Pitot Pitot- Orifice

Venturi
static Static Plate
(m3/s)
position (m3/s) (m3/s)
1 0.2201 0.2100 0.3013
2 0.2227 0.2100 0.3013
3 0.2107 0.2100 0.3013
4 0.2201 0.2100 0.3013
5 0.2365 0.2100 0.3013
6 0.2214 0.2100 0.3013
7 0.2161 0.2100 0.3013
8 0.2265 0.2100 0.3013
9 0.2389 0.2100 0.3013
10 0.2389 0.2100 0.3013
11 0.2265 0.2100 0.3013
12 0.2265 0.2100 0.3013
13 0.2519 0.2100 0.3013
14 0.2401 0.2100 0.3013
15 0.2353 0.2100 0.3013
16 0.2365 0.2100 0.3013
Table 4 - Actual Volume Flow Rate in m3/s

0.2600

0.2500

0.2400

0.2300

0.2200

0.2100

0.2000

0.1900
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Figure 8 - Pitot Static Actual Volume Flow Rate in m3/s

School of Engineering 16
6) Discussion

There were differences between the results through experiments and the results from the
theoretical calculations due to the estimations values. Preferably, the latter method will be more
meaningful if the fluid discharge coefficient is known.

7) Conclusion

To sum up, the results differences might be the cause of rounding the decimal values in calculation
steps, engineering judgment, inaccuracy in manometer readings and other environmental factor in
the laboratory, testing condition at atmospheric conditions and surrounding temperature and so on.

School of Engineering 17
 School of Engineering

Laboratory Experiment

Experiment Title: Vibration & Modal Analysis (Laser)

Lab Tutor: Prof. Fard & Mr Jianchun Yao

Student Name: MYAT SHUNN LET AUNG

Student Number: S3715855

Date: 01 Feb 2021

1
 SUMMARY
(Instruction to student- when you have finished all other sections of this report, summarize the
main points of this laboratory exercise in one page in a manner that would be useful for an
engineering manager to read)

Through this Vibration & Modal Analysis (Laser), I have experienced on the experimental set up which
includes computer for signal generator and post processor, laser vibrometer, modal shaker and a straight
solid beam. After I completed the other analysis sections, I have learnt the Frequency Response Ratio
(FRP), the resonant frequencies, the importance of checking natural frequency condition, understanding
system vibration and structure vibration, identification and elimination of vibrations and using structure
frequency from the natural frequency to generate accurate result.

2
 1. Learning Objectives

The primary objectives are to:

 Determine the first 3 natural resonant frequencies and mode shapes of a solid straight
beam.
 Understand how to form the Frequency Response Function curve in order to obtain the
above.
 Understand the limitations of equipment in processing signals.

2. Introduction

Every continuous flexible system has a set of resonant frequencies and mode shapes.
Theseare frequencies at which resonance occurs and dynamic response can be
dangerously large. In order to investigate this, we can excite (vibrate) a structure with a
sinusoidal force with different frequency level and measure the responds of the structure at
different locations/measurement points.

Frequency Response Function (FRF) is the ratio of the responds at a measurement point of
structure to a unit vibration input in the frequency domain. The FRF is commonly displayed in
the form of magnitude and phase. The FRF shows the tendency for the object to respond
dynamically and gives us the property of the object itself. The sample magnitude of the FRF is
given in Figure 1.

Figure 1: FRF CURVE

You will notice that there are sharp peaks at certain frequencies in the figure of FRF. These
frequencies are called resonant frequencies. At those frequencies, the object tends to react
[Link] each resonant frequency, the object assumes a very definite specific shape – this
is called a mode shape.

3
3. Equipment for Experiment
We will be demonstrating these concepts for a straight beam solid square section. This is easy
to verifywith theory & will show the concepts clearly.

A schematic view of the experimental set up is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Schematic Experimental Set

Up

To minimize the effect of friction on the experiment, the subject (solid beam) is
hanged/suspended using flexible shock cables. The solid beam is excited by a electronic
shaker. This generates sinusoidal excitation input (force) over a frequency range assigned
by a computer. The force input transmitted to the solid beam in the time-domain is recorded
using a force transducer. Dynamic response (output) is measured by a laser vibrometer.
The response is measured in velocity at number of points along the beam as it vibrates. The
recorded signal/data are fed back into the computer. Thus, the computer has both output
information (velocity response) and input information (force) so it can form the FRF curve.

Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the photo of the experiment setup which indicates the solid
beam issuspended from a frame by flexible shock cables. The laser scans many points on
the beam to measure vibrational response.

4
 Figure 3: A Frontal View of
Experimental Set Up

Figure 4: A Rear View of Experimental

Set Up

5
4. Experimental Procedure
1. The beam is suspended as shown in the diagrams and equipment is set up.
2. The shaker begins vibrating the object from one end and the laser scanner scans the
responses.
3. When scanning is finished, analysis needs to be done on the computer to see
how FRF isformed and interpretation of it.

Questions

a) Sketch what you will expect the FRF to look like if you move the shaker to a position
in the middle of the beam?
Magnitude

Frequency (Hz)

b) If you are analyzing a frequency range of 100Hz to 700Hz and the setting has 400 FFT
lines, at what frequency intervals measurements are taken at? (i.e., what is the
frequency resolution of data gathering?).

1.5 Hz

c) If the signal cable from the laser to the computer is rated at 20V maximum voltage, and
you wish to measure a vibrating object that has max velocity magnitude of 50mm/s,
what is the best setting to be used for signal conditioning? (Choose One).

0.01(mm/s)/V
0.1(mm/s)/V
0.5 (mm/s)/V
1 (mm/s)/V
5(mm/s)/V

What happens if one of the other (incorrect settings) is used?

The best setting to be used for signal conditioning is 5(mm/s) / V.

If one of the other incorrect settings is used, the reading will be inaccurate readings and
the cable will be damaged.
6
d) The following Signal A is composed of Signal B and Signal C.

SIGNAL A

SIGNAL B

SIGNAL C
Figure 5: Time Domain Signal

The signals are in the time domain. Sketch what you would expect to see in the
frequency domain.

Magnitude

0.2 A

1/T 2/ T Frequency (Hz)

7
Discussion
(General instruction to student: to discuss the results, their accuracy, their significance,
anyabnormalities or restrictions that existed in the experiments)

In order to achieve optimum accuracy, scanning the numbers to points and appropriate equipment
set up the equipment and the selection of software settings and a proper maintenance on the
equipment are required.

Conclusion
(Instruction to student: The experiment has stated objectives. What conclusions were drawn
in relation to those objectives? What other conclusions were drawn from the experiment?
What are the main things you have learned from this laboratory exercise?)

With reference to the objectives, the conclusions that can be drawn are importance of a proper
alignment and stability of equipment, entering the relevant software setting, controlling the
testing conditions and input/ output frequency such that the accuracy of results will be achieved.

8
 RMIT Classification: Trusted

MIET1192 Vehicle NVH

(Lab Prac): Sound absorption measurement using the Impedance Tube

Introduction:
With increasing importance of noise-control and sound quality as an important aspect of product design,
acoustic material testing is important. Acoustic material testing is a process by which the acoustic
characteristics of materials are determined in terms of absorption, reflection, impedance, and admittance and
transmission loss. Here we focus on sound absorption coefficient (SAC) of Porous materials.

Aim:
To measure a normal incidence sound absorption coefficient using the Impedance Tube method

APPLICATION:
The normal incidence sound absorption coefficient (SAC) of test samples is a good measure of the material’s
acoustic property. Such data is useful for design of acoustic enclosures, “quiet” rooms, or for noise
control/mitigation applications.

TEST EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

NAME QUANTITY

□ B&K front-end hardware 1 (B&K type 3560-C)

□ B&K ¼” pressure microphones 2 (B&K type 4231)
□ Laptop with B&K Pulse software 1 (Acer TravelMate 4600)
□ B&K Power Amplifier 1 (B&K Type 2706)
□ B&K Material Testing Tube 1 (Type 7758)
□ B&K Impedance Tube Kit 1 (Type 4206-A)

Figure1 Bruel & Kjaer PULSE™ Acoustic Material Testing Set-up for SAC Measurement with Small Tubes
 RMIT Classification: Trusted

Figure 2 Bruel & Kjaer Power Amplifier Type 2706

Test Procedure:
1. Open the SAC measurement software template
2. In the Material Testing Control Menu, set up the configuration and hardware connections and check
specifically under the tube tab. Environment variables can be specified in the environment tab.
3. Click on the channel calibration bottom to display “Material Testing Control” window, then click
calibration bottom to activate calibration master for microphone calibration.
4. Insert the Bruel & Kjaer microphone into the calibrator.
5. Click start button on the calibration master menu to start the calibration.
6. After all the microphones passed the calibration test, the two microphones will be mounted and
assembled back to the impedance tube, while make sure the locking screws are properly tightened to
prevent leakage.
7. Then click on the signal to noise ratio in order to recalibrate the background noise measurement and
signal measurement.
8. Next is the Transfer Function Calibration, reverse the position of the microphone on the impedance tube.
In the “Material Testing Control” Tab, select Interchanged Microphone position then click starts to update
the new transfer function. Return the microphones back to the original position. Then do the same
procedure for signal measurement.
9. Place a 29 mm diameter testing material into the selected testing tube and make sure the material is
placed it properly. While lock the impedance tube components together.
10. Click on the Measurement button then name the test material to add the name to the test list.
11. To start the measurement, click on start then the pulse software will start the measurement automatically.
The “Absorption Coefficient” will be display on the screen. Save the current results.
12. Repeat the same process from step number 7 to 11 for the 100 mm diameter sample in the large tube.
13. After all the above processes have been done, then click on post processing to combine the large and
small impedance tube result together. While make sure the low frequency tube and high frequency tube
are large tube and small tube respectively. The cross-over range should be start from 0 to 6500 Hz.
14. Click combine to start the combination measurement.

Tasks:
1. Measure the normal incidence sound absorption of a thin (5 mm) sample (Sample 1: S1) and a thick (10
mm) test sample (Sample 2: S2).

2. Add 10 mm Air Gap behind the thin sample, then repeat Step 1. What is the SAC result for adding air gap
behind the test sample?
 RMIT Classification: Trusted

Written report:

A maximum four pages (including the figures) report should be prepared individually and should at least
contain the following:

1. Introduction, experiment methodology.

2. Results & Discussion:

 Present the Effects of sample thickness with Figures (S1 vs S2),

 Present the Effects of adding different Air Gaps on sample S1 and the sample S2 (Two figures one for
the S1 and one for the S2)

3. Conclusion
 RMIT Classification: Trusted

1) Introduction

The more the number of population has been raising up and the civilisations have overwhelmed
around the word, the more the unwanted noises have polluted especially in the urban areas.
Therefore, the use of sound absorbing materials at buildings have widely spread due to the higher
demand for a quieter location.

2) Experiment Method

The intensity of noise can be reduced by absorption, isolation, vibration damping, etc. Among the
various approaches, the most common one is the absorption of noise which has also applied in this
experiment to analyse the correlation between the normal incidence sound absorption coefficient
(SAC) and the composition of the acoustic material.

There are three possible decomposition behaviours after the sound incident energy (Einc) hits on the
material surface. They are known as Reflection (Eref), Diffusion/ Transmision (Etran) and Absorption
(Eabs) as illustrated in figure 3 and 4.

Figure 3 - Interaction Process

Reference (Marshall Long, 2014)

 RMIT Classification: Trusted

Figure 4 – Decomposition Behaviours

Reference (Professor Colin H Hansen)

With reference to Figure 4, when incident angle θins = 0, the normal incidence sound absorption
coefficient (SAC) and impedance ratios can be measured with the impedance tube or standing wave
apparatus which is known as Impedance Tube method.

3) Results and Discussion

Thickness and the air gaps behind samples are the comparison factors between a thin 5mm sample
1 (S1) and a thick 10mm sample 2 (S2).

Figure 5 – S1 Sound Absorption Coefficient (SAC)

 RMIT Classification: Trusted

Figure 6 – S2 Sound Absorption Coefficient (SAC)

With reference to Figure 5 – S1 Sound Absorption Coefficient (SAC) and Figure 6 - S2 Sound
Absorption Coefficient (SAC), the observations are listing as follows:

 Sample 2 (S2) with 10mm thickness results are at least two times higher than sample 1 (S1)
with 5mm thickness.

 SAC increase with the air gaps behind the sample

 The sound incident energy will be fully absorbed by the material at certain point

4) Conclusion

We can conclude that thickness and the air gaps are the factors affecting to the result of Sound
Absorption Coefficient (SAC). In general, the higher the thickness of the sound absorbing material,
the higher the SAC is. Therefore, the thickness of the sound absorption material plays an essential
role in design considerations. There might be some factors that can impose errors throughout this
experiment such as lack of uniform composition of the sound absorbing material, the air gap
between the sample and the cylindrical tube, and so on.
 School of Engineering

‘Micro Hydro’ Water Turbine & Pump Experiment

Tutor’s Name: Dr Abijit

MYAT SHUNN LET AUNG

Student Name: ___________________________________________

S3715855
Student Number: _________________

SG GROUP 2
Lab Group: ______________

03 FEB 2021
Date: ___________________

Page 1 of 11
1. Learning Objectives of the Experiment
The aim of this experiment is to:

1. Extend your experience of measuring fluid pressures and flow rates and speed.
2. Measure and analyse the performance of a small water turbine.
3. Measure and analyse the performance of a small pump.
4. Relate your measured performance to the performance curve supplied by the
manufacturer.
5. Write up elements of a professional technical report.

2. Introduction to the Experiment

The experimental facility is shown in Figure 1 below. This experiment provides an
opportunity to measure and assess the performance two practical turbo-machines. This
reality provides perspective and exercise in relation to theoretical and idealised turbo-
machine models, which are also encountered during the study of thermo-fluid mechanics.

Figure 1 – ‘Micro Hydro’ Water Turbine & Pump rig

Page 2 of 11
2.1 Simple Impulse Water Turbine

The water turbine, shown in Figure 2 below, is a simple impulse turbine and is capable of
operating in remote and rugged environments. The impulse turbine uses a fixed nozzle to
convert pressurised water to a high velocity stream, which is directed tangentially onto the
blades of the rotor in order to develop torque. The turbine’s normal output is electrical and it
may be used for charging batteries.

Figure 2 – Simple impulse water turbine

Electrical output power of the turbine can be measured using an ammeter and voltmeter.
The hydraulic input power to the turbine can be calculated as the product of water volume
flow rate and the pressure difference between inlet and outlet. The efficiency of the turbine
can then be expressed as the ratio of electrical power output to hydraulic power input and
can therefore be calculated.

Page 3 of 11
2.2 Centrifugal Pump

A small motor driven centrifugal pump, shown in Figure 3 below, provides pressurised
water. The electrical power input to the pump can be measured, as can its hydraulic power
output. The pump efficiency can then be defined as the ratio of hydraulic power output to
electrical power input.

Figure 3 – Centrifugal pump

Page 4 of 11
3 Experimental Procedure
3.1 Measuring Equipment

The electrical power output of the turbine and the electrical power input to the pump can be
measured using the voltmeters and ammeters from the control panel, shown in Figure 4
below.

Figure 4 – Voltmeters and ammeters control panel

Water flow rate is measured using a flowmeter and pressure drops across both pump and
turbine can be measured using Bourdon Gauges.

Rotational speed of the turbine is measured using a tachometer.

Page 5 of 11
3.2 Taking Readings

Starting up the test unit

1. Partially unscrew the red priming plug on the pump to check that the pump body is full
of water and therefore that the pump is primed.

2. Ensure that the gate valve in the pump delivery line is in the fully open position in
order to reduce load on the pump when starting.

3. Ensure that the electrical load element is not near to power leads or other equipment
as the element can get very hot.

4. Plug the main power cord into a power point ensuring that the cord does not pose a
safety hazard.

5. Turn on the main power switch. Depress the start button on the control panel.

Taking readings

1. Ensure that the flow control valve is in the fully open position.

2. Take readings for pump voltage VP, pump current AP, turbine voltage VT, turbine
current AT, turbine rotational speed N, pump pressure PP, turbine pressure PT, and
o
water flow rate V .

3. Repeat step 2 for 15 further positions of the flow control valve between fully open and
fully closed, each time turning the valve about half a turn.

Page 6 of 11
4 Theory

Constants:
kg
The density of water is: ρ = 998
m3
m
The acceleration due to gravity is: g = 9.81
s2

Head:
Knowing the pressure P from the pressure gauge, the head h can be found from the
P
equation: h =
ρ×g

Hydraulic Power:
• •
The Hydraulic Power is V × P where V is the flow rate and P is the pressure.
• •
V × P = V × ( ρ × g × h ) where ρ is the density of water, g is the acceleration due to gravity
and h is the head.

Torque on the Turbine:

⎛ ⎛ N ⎞⎞
Electrical Power Output = Torque × ϖ = Torque × ⎜⎜ 2 × π × ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ where N is the Turbine
⎝ ⎝ 60 ⎠ ⎠
rotational speed in rpm.

Electrical Power Output

Therefore, Torque =
⎛ ⎛ N ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ 2 × π × ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 60 ⎠ ⎠

Page 7 of 11
5 Results: Calculation Procedure & Discussion Questions
1. Calculate the pump input power, turbine output power, pump hydraulic output power,
turbine hydraulic input power, pump head, turbine head and turbine torque for every
data point. Note: students to show their calculations or samples of their
calculations.

2. Calculate the efficiency of the pump and turbine for every data point. Show sample
calculations.

3. Plot the following profiles and discuss the results.

a) Pump head versus water flow rate.
b) Turbine output power versus water flow rate.
c) Efficiencies versus water flow rate.

4. The measured powers and efficiencies of the pump and turbine can be related to
figures supplied by the manufacturer. Compare the pump manufacturer’s
performance curve with the graph obtained.

5. Compare the turbine manufacturer’s performance curve with the graph obtained.

6. The experiment has stated aims and objectives. What conclusions can be drawn in
relation to those aims? What other conclusions can be drawn from the experiment?

NOTE: Students must show their calculations, sample derived results and graphs. They
must discuss the results, their accuracy and significance, any abnormalities or restrictions
that existed in the experiment.

Page 8 of 11
 Table of Measurements

Turbine
Pump Pump Pump Turbine Turbine Turbine
# Flow Rate Rotational
Voltage Current Pressure Voltage Current Pressure
(L/min) Speed
(V) (A) (kPa) (V) (A) (kPa)
(rpm)

VP AP PP V VT AT PT N
0 Valve fully open
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 Valve fully close

Page 9 of 11
Page 10 of 11
Page 11 of 11
1. Calculate the pump input power, turbine output power, pump hydraulic output power, turbine
hydraulic input power, pump head, turbine head and turbine torque for every data point. Note:
students to show their calculations or samples of their calculations.

No. Pump Pump Pump Flow Flow Turbine Turbine Turbine Turbine
Voltage Current Pressure Rate Rate Voltage Current Pressure Speed
(V) (A) (Pa) (L/min) (m3/s) (V) (A) (Pa) (rpm)
VP AP PP V V VT AT PT N
0 240 7 180000 170 0.00283 24 15 180000 1690
1 240 7 200000 165 0.00275 21 13 170000 1485
2 240 7 200000 160 0.00267 20 12 160000 1397
3 240 7 200000 155 0.00258 20 12 155000 1393
4 240 7 220000 134 0.00223 16 10 130000 1119
5 240 7 240000 120 0.00200 12 8 120000 828
6 240 7 250000 110 0.00183 10 6 80000 675
7 240 6 260000 92 0.00153 8 5 60000 562
8 240 6 270000 75 0.00125 6 4 40000 422
9 240 6 280000 72 0.00120 5.5 3.5 36300 400
10 240 5.5 285000 60 0.00100 4 2.5 30000 310
11 240 5 292000 50 0.00083 3 2 20000 241
12 240 5 296000 40 0.00067 2 1 10000 188
Table 1 – Summary of Measurements

Pump Turbine Pump Turbine

Turbine
Data Input Output Hydraulic Hydraulic Pump Turbine
Torque
No. Power Power Output Input Head (m) Head (m)
(Nm)
(W) (W) Power (W) Power (W)
0 1680 360 509.40 509.4 18.38539 18.38539 2.03417
1 1680 273 550.00 467.5 20.42822 17.36398 1.75553
2 1680 240 534.00 427.2 20.42822 16.34257 1.64054
3 1680 240 516.00 399.9 20.42822 15.83187 1.64525
4 1680 160 490.60 289.9 22.47104 13.27834 1.3654
5 1680 96 480.00 240.0 24.51386 12.25693 1.10716
6 1680 60 457.50 146.4 25.53527 8.17129 0.84883
7 1440 40 397.80 91.8 26.55668 6.12846 0.67967
8 1440 24 337.50 50.0 27.57809 4.08564 0.54309
9 1440 19.25 336.00 43.56 28.5995 3.70772 0.45956
10 1320 10 285.00 30.0 29.11021 3.06423 0.30804
11 1200 6 242.36 16.6 29.8252 2.04282 0.23774
12 1200 2 198.32 6.7 30.23376 1.02141 0.10159
Table 2 – Summary of Results
Sample Calculations

Pump Input Power = Pump Current x Pump Voltage

= 240 x 7
= 1,680 W

Turbine Output Power = Turbine Current x Turbine Voltage

= 15 x 24
= 360 W

Volumetric Flow Rate = 170 l/min

= 170 / (60 x 1000)
= 0.00283 m3/s

Turbine Hydraulic Input Power = P x V̇

= 180,000 x 0.00283
= 509.4 W

Pump Hydraulic Output Power = P x V̇

= 180,000 x 0.00283
= 509.4 W

Density,  = 998 kg/m3

Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
Pump Head, h =P/g
= 180,000 / (998 x 9.81)
= 18.38539 m

Turbine Speed = 1690 rpm

Turbine Torque = Turbine Output Power / [2π (N/60)]
= 360 / [2π x (1690 / 60)]
= 2.03417 Nm
2. Calculate the efficiency of the pump and turbine for every data point. Show sample calculations

Efficiency of Pump = (Pump Hydraulic Output / Pump Input) x 100%

= (509.4 / 1680) x 100%
= 30.32%

Efficiency of Turbine = (Turbine Output / Turbine Hydraulic Input) x 100%

= (360 / 509.4) x 100%
= 70.59%

Data Pump Efficiency Turbine Efficiency

No. (%) (%)
0 30.32% 70.67%
1 32.74% 58.40%
2 31.79% 56.18%
3 30.71% 60.02%
4 29.20% 55.19%
5 28.57% 40.00%
6 27.23% 40.98%
7 27.63% 43.57%
8 23.44% 48.00%
9 23.33% 44.19%
10 21.59% 33.33%
11 20.20% 36.14%
12 16.53% 29.85%
Table 3 - Summary of Results
3. Plot the following profiles and discuss the results.

a) Pump head versus water flow rate.

b) Turbine output power versus water flow rate.

c) Efficiencies versus water flow rate.

35.0
30.0
25.0
HEAD (M)

20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0

FLOW RATE (L/MIN)

Table 4 – Pump Head versus Water Flow Rate

400
350
300
POWER (W)

250
200
150
100
50
0

FLOW RATE (L/MIN)

Table 5 - Turbine Output Power versus Water Flow Rate

 80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%
PERCENTAGE (%)

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%

FLOW RATE (L/MIN)

Pump Efficiency (%) Turbine Efficiency (%)

Table 6 - Efficiencies versus Water Flow Rate

4. The measured powers and efficiencies of the pump and turbine can be related to figures supplied
by the manufacturer. Compare the pump manufacturer’s performance curve with the graph
obtained.

Noticed that the pump manufacturer’s curve is similar with the performance curve shown in
question 3. Minor differences might be due to the wear and tear condition of the pump.

5. Compare the turbine manufacturer’s performance curve with the graph obtained.

The results are very similar between the turbine manufacturer’s performance curve and the graph
in question 3.

6. The experiment has stated aims and objectives. What conclusions can be drawn in relation to those
aims? What other conclusions can be drawn from the experiment?

The water flow rate has a great impact to the turbine output power. In other words, the increase in
water flow rate will increase the turbine output power. We can conclude that the graphs and
figures supplied by manufacturer are accurate due the having the minor deviation percentage with
the plotted graphs.