4 Electricity & Magnetism
Law of magnetic pole
Like poles repel, unlike pole attract
Properties of magnets
Magnetic materials
- Materials which are attracted to magnets
- E.g. iron, steel, cobalt, nickel
Non-magnetic materials
- Materials which are not attracted to magnets
- E.g. glass, woods
Magnetic material
When an unmagnetised magnetic material is brought closer to a permanent magnet,
it becomes magnetised.
This is called induced magnetism
Soft magnetic material *
Iron
● Magnetised & unmagnetised easily
● The induced magnetism in soft magnetic material is temporary, temporary
magnets
Hard magnetic material *
Steel
● Harder to Magnetise & unmagnetise
● The induced magnetism in hard magnetic materials make permanent magnets
Magnetize the magnet – making a magnet
338 × 199
1. Inducing magnet by a strong magnet
2. Stroking them in one direction with a magnet
3. Coil + direct current: placing them inside a coil that has a direct current
Demagnetize – destroy a magnet
1. Heating: heating up the magnet
2. Hammering + no magnetic field: hammering the magnet where no magnetic field
is present (east to west) **
3. Coil + alternating current: place the magnet inside a coil that has alternating
current in it
Electromagnets
It is a temporary magnet
Made by a coil of wire around a soft iron core
An electric current is passed through the coil
The coil becomes an electromagnet*
Soft iron is magnetised when current is switched on
Magnetic field is produced around the coil
When current is switched off
Soft iron core demagnetise
This is used in scrapyard, especially when moving old cars around
The strength of an electromagnet can be increased by:
1. Increasing the current
2. Increasing the number of coils
3. Moving the poles closer together
Magnetic fields
It is a region in space where a magnet experiences a force
The arrows show the direction of force
N→S
Closer the magnetic fields line → stronger the magnetic field
Further the magnetic fields line → weather the magnetic field
(a) like poles: X is neutral point where no resultant magnetic field strength
(b) unlike poles: N → S poles, lines are parallel and same space each other
Plotting the magnetic field lines around a bar magnet
(1) Using iron fillings
1. Place a piece of paper on top of the magnet
2. Gently sprinkle iron filling on top of the paper
3. Carefully tap the paper to allow the iron fillings to settle on the field lines
(2) using a compass
1. Place a magnet on top of a piece of paper
2. Place a compass at the one end of the magnet
3. Draw a dot at the tip of the needle
4. Observe the direction of the needles
5. The needle will show the magnetic field
Electromagnetic induction
It is the process that the e.m.f. / current / voltage is induced to flow in the conductor (e.g.
wire) when it is interacted with a changing magnetic field
A conductor wire moves up & down to interact with the magnetic field
It causes induced current / e.m.f. / voltage
The direction of induced current can be reversed by
- Reversing the moving direction of wire
- Reversing the N and S position
Wire moving parallel
- No inducing of current / emf
Wire moving up & down perpendicular to magnetic field
- Maximum inducing of current / emf
Can determine the direction of the induced current using the Flemming right hand rule
Flemming right hand rule
Induced current can be increased by
- Increasing the magnetic field strength
- Moving the conductor wire faster
- Increasing the length by adding more loops