PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT 1: Learner A = 95, Learner B = 89,
NATURE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and Learner C = 83
Standardized data collection
LESSON 2: TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
instruments
RESEARCH
- A standardized instrument
Three Main Research Design means that every respondent
answers the same questions,
1. Qualitative Research
using the same response scale,
2. Quantitative Research
and under the same
3. Mixed Method
instructions to make the data
Quantitative Research fair and consistent.
Statistical techniques in data
is defined as “a means for testing
analysis
objective theories by examining
- After collecting the data, the
the relationship among
researcher does not simply
variables” (Creswell, 2009).
guess the answer. Instead, the
"A means for testing objective researcher uses statistical
theories" methods to analyze the data.
- Quantitative research is often Statistics help determine
conducted to determine whether the findings are
whether an existing idea, meaningful. Examples of
assumption, or theory is Statistical Techniques: tally,
supported by evidence. frequency, and percentage,
- In research, a theory is an mean, median, mode, standard
explanation of why or how deviation, pearson r correlation
something happens and a coefficient, t-test, anova, etc.
hypothesis is an educated
prediction or tentative answer.
- In research often starts with a
Types of Quantitative Research
theory, then develops a
hypothesis based on that Experimental Research
theory, collects data, and
True Experimental Research
analyzes the result to
determine whether the Non-Experimental Research
hypothesis is supported or
rejected. The conclusion is Descriptive Research
based on evidence, not on Comparative Research
personal opinions. Correlational Research
Quasi-Experimental Research
In general, quantitative research focuses
on the following:
Collection of observable and Remember: The experimental and
measurable data nonexperimental types of quantitative
- Quantitative research collects research depend on the topic, the nature
information that can be: of the problem, the purpose of the
observed, counted, study, the research questions, ethical
measured, or expressed in considerations, and feasibility of being
numbers. Instead of saying investigated.
"The learners are intelligent."
The researcher measures
intelligence through an
examination. Example results:
Non-Experimental Research program, treatment, or intervention.
Instead, the researcher simply gathers
To describe phenomena,
information about what already exists.
examine relationships or
compare similarities and
differences between variables.
Experimental Research
- The purpose of non-
experimental research is to To determine whether one
understand and describe what variable causes changes in
is already happening. another.
No manipulation of variables. - Experimental research answers
- Manipulation means the questions like Does this
researcher intentionally intervention/program/treatme
changes or introduces nt work?
something. The researcher The researcher actively
doesn't provide treatment or manipulates the independent
intervention to give changes. variable.
The researcher only measures - The independent variable is the
existing conditions. variable that the researcher
Limited Control Over Variables changes. The researcher
- The researcher only observes; decides who receives the
many other factors cannot be intervention.
controlled. High control over other variables
- For example, suppose the - Experimental research
researcher studies Study Habits attempts to keep everything
and Academic Performance. else as similar as possible. So
Some students may also differ that, the results are due to the
in: motivation, intelligence, intervention, not other
family support, attendance, factors. The researcher tries to
health. These factors may ensure that both groups: take
influence academic the same examination, have
performance, but the the same testing time, receive
researcher cannot completely the same teacher, use the
control them. same classroom, receive the
No experimental or control same instructions and the
groups are required. only difference is the
- Since there is no intervention, intervention.
there is no need to divide Includes experimental and
respondents into: control groups, with random
Experimental Group and assignment.
Control Group. The researcher - Because an
simply studies the intervention/program/treatme
respondents. No group receives nt is introduced, there must be
a treatment. a basis for comparison, which is
Cannot establish causation; only the control group.
associations or descriptions. Tests the impact of a treatment
- It cannot prove that one (or an intervention) on an
variable causes another. outcome, controlling all other
factors that might influence that
In general: In non-experimental research,
outcome (Creswell, 2009).
the researcher is like an observer. The
- This is the main goal of
researcher does not introduce any
experimental research. The
researcher asks "Did the
intervention make a
difference?“
In general: experimental research is
different because the researcher actively
changes something. The researcher
introduces a program, treatment, strategy,
and intervention. This to determine
whether it produces an effect. Instead of
observing, the researcher tests.