📘 Python Programming Guide 3.

Variables

1. Introduction For every variable include:

 Program Structure: Python programs are sequences of statements,  Definition: Named storage for data.
functions, and classes. No explicit main() required.
 Syntax: x = 10
 Entry Point: Execution starts at the first line.
 Example:
 Comments: # single-line, triple quotes """ ... """ for
Code
docstrings.
name = "Alice"
 Identifiers: Names for variables/functions; case-sensitive.

 Keywords: Reserved words like if, else, def, class, return,

import. age = 25

 Memory Size: Dynamic, managed by Python.

2. Data Types  Range: Depends on type.
 int – whole numbers, unlimited size.  Default Value: None (must be assigned).
 float – decimal numbers (64-bit IEEE 754).  Common Mistakes: Mixing types, assuming fixed size.
 complex – numbers with real and imaginary parts (3+4j).

 str – text sequences. 4. Constants

 bool – True or False.  Python has no built-in const.
 list – ordered, mutable collection.  Convention: use UPPERCASE names (PI = 3.14159).
 tuple – ordered, immutable collection.  [Link] for symbolic constants.
 set – unordered, unique elements.

 dict – key-value pairs. 5. Operators

 NoneType – represents “no value”.  Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, //, %, **

 Comparison: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=

  Logical: and, or, not  \f form feed

 Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, /=  \v vertical tab

 Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>

 Unary: -x, +x 8. Input & Output

 Ternary: x if condition else y  print() – output.

 Precedence: Parentheses > Exponent > Multiplication/Division >  input() – user input (always string).
Addition/Subtraction > Comparisons > Logical.
 File I/O: open(), read(), write(), close().

 Context manager: with open(...) as f:.

6. Format Specifiers

 Old style: %d, %f, %s

9. Conditionals
 [Link](): "{} {}".format(a, b)
 if
 f-strings: f"{a} {b}"
 if-else
 Common mistakes: Mixing % and format().
 elif
7. Escape Sequences
 Nested if
 \n newline

 \t tab
10. Loops
 \\ backslash
 for – iterates over sequences.
 \" double quote
 while – repeats until condition false.
 \' single quote
 break, continue, pass.
 \b backspace
 Nested loops.
 \r carriage return
 Infinite loops (while True:).
 \a bell
11. Collections  Inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation.

 Lists: [1,2,3]

 Tuples: (1,2,3) 15. Exceptions

 Sets: {1,2,3}  try, except, finally.

 Dictionaries: {"key":"value"}  Common: ValueError, TypeError, IndexError, KeyError.

 Raising: raise Exception("error").

12. Strings

Important functions: 16. Dynamic Memory

 len(), upper(), lower(), strip(), split(), join(), replace(),  Automatic garbage collection.
find(), startswith(), endswith().
 del keyword.

 Reference counting.
13. Functions

 Declaration: def func():

17. File Handling
 Parameters: positional, keyword, default.
 open(), read(), write(), close().
 Arguments: values passed.
 Context manager: with open(...) as f:.
 Recursion: function calling itself.

 Return values: return x.

18. Decorators
 Lambda functions: lambda x: x+1.
 Function decorators: @staticmethod, @classmethod.

 Custom decorators.
14. Classes & Objects

 class keyword.
19. Iterators & Generators
 __init__ constructor.
 iter(), next().
 Attributes & methods.
  yield keyword.  Comments & docstrings.

 Code organization (modules, packages).

20. Libraries

 Standard: math, random, datetime, os, sys, json, re. 24. Mini Projects

 External: numpy, pandas, matplotlib, requests.  Calculator

 ATM Simulation

21. Debugging  Student Record System

 Syntax Errors.  Bank System

 Runtime Errors.  Inventory Management

 Logical Errors.  Library System

 Using pdb.  Quiz Game

22. Common Errors

 IndentationError

 TypeError

 NameError

 IndexError

 KeyError

23. Best Practices

 Naming conventions (PEP 8).

 Indentation (4 spaces).